Computer components

6.1 6. COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS REPRESENTED CONTRAST MAINFRAMES, MINICOMPUTERS, SUPERCOMPUTERS, PCs, WORKSTATIONS * 6.2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK * 6.3

CONTENTS WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM? CPU AND PRIMARY STORAGE COMPUTERS & COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES SECONDARY STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES INFO TECHNOLOGY TRENDS * 6.4

COMPUTER COMPONENTS BUSES 6.5 INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE PRIMARY STORAGE CPU OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors * HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED 6.6

EXAMPLES OF BYTES C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number * EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system) 6.7

COMPUTER TIME Millisecond 1/1000 second thousand 15min 40 sec Microsecond 1/1000 millisecond million 11.6 days Nanosecond 1/1000microsecond billion 31.7 years Picosecond 1/1000 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years * NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND # PER COMPARED 6.8

MEMORY SIZE KILOBYTE (KB): 2 10 bytes... 1024 bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 2 10 KB... “million” bytes GIGABYTE (GB): 2 10 MB... “billion” bytes TERABYTE (TB): 2 10 GB... “trillion” bytes * 6.9

COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956 6.10

COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 6.11

COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979 6.12

COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980 - PRESENT * 6.13

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) CONTROL UNIT 6.14 RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT ROM CLOCK

BUSES DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS 6.15 CPU PRIMARY STORAGE INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE

ADDRESSES IN MEMORY Each location can hold one BYTE Each location has an ADDRESS 6.17 101 102 103 201 301 202 203 302 303

TYPES OF MEMORY RAM : Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) * 6.16

ALU & CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC - LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system * 6.18

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS MAINFRAME MINICOMPUTER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) WORKSTATION SUPERCOMPUTER * 6.21

MAINFRAME LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 128 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS * 6.22

MINICOMPUTER MIDDLE-RANGE 5 0 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME * 6.23

DESKTOP OR PORTABLE PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * MICROCOMPUTER 6.24

WORKSTATION DESKTOP COMPUTER POWERFUL GRAPHICS EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES MULTI-TASKING USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS) * 6.25

SUPERCOMPUTER TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE * 6.26

SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL 6.27 TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 RESULT Program CPU Program CPU Program CPU TASK 2 CPU TASK 3 CPU TASK 1 RESULT

VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU WORD LENGTH: bits processed at one time MEGAHERTZ (CLOCK SPEED): one million cycles per second DATA BUS WIDTH: bits moved between CPU & other devices MOORE’S LAW: Processing power duplicates every 18 months * MICROPROCESSOR 6.28

EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORS 6.29

USES OF MICROPROCESSORS 6.30 NAME USE 80486 PCs 68040 MAC QUADRAS PENTIUM PCs PENTIUM PRO PCs PENTIUM (MMX) MULTIMEDIA PENTIUM II HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS PowerPC HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS ALPHA COMPAQ & DEC WORKSTATIONS PENTIUM III HIGH END PCs, SERVERS, WKST

CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE ONE STANDARD GREATER CONTROL DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS MORE FLEXIBILITY FASTER RESPONSE * CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED 6.31

NETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT: user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have SERVER: component (computer) having desired data, application, communications * CLIENT / SERVER 6.32

CLIENT / SERVER CLIENT SERVER USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES 6.33 REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE

DOWNSIZING TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL REDUCES COST SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST COOPERATIVE PROCESSING * 6.34

NETWORK COMPUTERS NETWORK COMPUTER: simplified desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server) TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO): total cost of owning technology resources (hardware, software, upgrades, maintenance, technical support, training) * 6.35

DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE * SECONDARY STORAGE 6.36

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC * 6.37

DISK PACK STORAGE LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES 6.38 CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK) DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5 READ/WRITE HEADS

TRACKS AND SECTORS EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA SECTOR 6.39 TRACKS DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 START OF TRACKS

CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES LAND: flat parts of disk surfa ce reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface sca tters light WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable CD-RW: CD - Rewritable DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data * OPTICAL STORAGE 6.40

ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS INEXPENSIVE STORED IN SAFE LOCATION CAN BE REUSED * MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE 6.42

PERIPHERAL DEVICES POINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICES * 6.43

POINTING DEVICES KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN * 6.44

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORMAT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): saves characters, format BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): special ink identifies bank, account, amount * 6.45

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION PEN-BASED INPUT: digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images & characters into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: devices that collect dat a from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) * 6.46

OUTPUT DEVICES CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE MULTIMEDIA * 6.47

DATA PROCESSING BATCH PROCESSING: transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. ON-LINE PROCESSING: transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. * 6.48

BATCH PROCESSING 6.50 KEYBOARD INPUT BATCH OF TRANSACTIONS SORTED TRANSACTION FILE OLD MASTER FILE NEW MASTER FILE VALIDATE AND UPDATE ERROR REPORTS REPORTS

ON-LINE PROCESSING 6.50 TRANSACTIONS KEYBOARD PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE MASTER FILE IMMEDIATE INPUT IMMEDIATE PROCESSING IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE

TECHNOLOGY TRENDS INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA VIRTUAL REALITY ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB SUPERCHIPS FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS SMART CARDS MICROMINIATURIZATION SOCIAL INTERFACES * 6.51

6.53 6. COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING

Computer components

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Computer components