Managing hardware assets

5 MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS c h a p t e r

LEARNING OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS DESCRIBE STORAGE, INPUT, OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES COMPARE MAINFRAME, MIDRANGE, PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERS *

LEARNING OBJECTIVES COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK ANALYZE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES *

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY SECONDARY STORAGE STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES TYPES OF COMPUTERS & SYSTEMS MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS *

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES 1. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS DECENTRALIZATION DEBATE 2. MAKING WISE TECHNOLOGY PURCHASING DECISIONS *

COMPUTER COMPONENTS BUSES INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE PRIMARY STORAGE CPU OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors * HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA

EXAMPLES OF BYTES C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number * EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system)

CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS CPU PRIMARY STORAGE INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) CONTROL UNIT RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT ROM CLOCK

ALU & CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system * © 2002 by Prentice Hall

STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTION PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds (millionth second) POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds (billionth second) * MACHINE CYCLE

COMPUTER TIME Millisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40 sec Microsecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days Nanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years * NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND # PER COMPARED

TYPES OF MEMORY RAM: Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable *

ADDRESSES IN MEMORY Each location can hold data Each location is a REGISTER 101 102 103 201 301 202 203 302 303

MEMORY SIZE KILOBYTE (KT): 2 10 bytes... 1024 bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 2 10 KB... “million” bytes GIGABYTE (GB): 2 10 MB... “billion” bytes TERABYTE (TB): 2 10 GB... “trillion” bytes *

VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU WORD LENGTH: Bits processed at one time MEGAHERTZ: One million cycles per second DATA BUS WIDTH: Bits moved between CPU & other devices REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC): Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): Enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applications * MICROPROCESSOR

SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMS TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 RESULT Program CPU Program CPU Program CPU TASK 2 CPU TASK 3 CPU TASK 1 RESULT

DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE * SECONDARY STORAGE

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC *

DISK PACK STORAGE LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces * CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK) DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5 READ/WRITE HEADS

TRACKS AND SECTORS EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA SECTOR TRACKS DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 START OF TRACKS

CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable CD-RW: CD - Rewritable DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data * OPTICAL STORAGE

STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME * HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3 MAGNETIC TAPE

ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS INEXPENSIVE STORED IN SAFE LOCATION CAN BE REUSED * MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN) HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES TAPE LIBRARIES DISK ARRAYS STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER: 3rd party rents storage space *

INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES POINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICES *

POINTING DEVICES: KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN *

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): Saves characters, format BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Special ink identifies bank, account, amount *

PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: Devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) * SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

OUTPUT DEVICES: CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE *

DATA PROCESSING BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. *

BATCH PROCESSING KEYBOARD INPUT BATCH OF TRANSACTIONS SORTED TRANSACTION FILE OLD MASTER FILE NEW MASTER FILE VALIDATE AND UPDATE ERROR REPORTS REPORTS

ON-LINE PROCESSING TRANSACTIONS KEYBOARD PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE MASTER FILE IMMEDIATE INPUT IMMEDIATE PROCESSING IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION STREAMING TECHNOLOGY MP3: Audio compression standard *

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS MAINFRAME MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER SERVER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) WORKSTATION SUPERCOMPUTER *

MAINFRAME LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS * MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER MIDDLE-RANGE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME *

DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * MICROCOMPUTER

NETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT: User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have SERVER: Component (computer) having desired data, application, communications * CLIENT / SERVER

CLIENT / SERVER CLIENT SERVER USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE

WORKSTATION DESKTOP COMPUTER POWERFUL GRAPHICS EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES MULTI-TASKING USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION: e.g.; CAD, engineering, graphics *

SUPERCOMPUTER TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE *

CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE ONE STANDARD GREATER CONTROL DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS MORE FLEXIBILITY FASTER RESPONSE * CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

DOWNSIZING TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL REDUCES COST SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST COOPERATIVE PROCESSING *

SHARING COMPUTERS NETWORK COMPUTER: Simplified desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server) PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: Networked computers share data, disk space, processing. Parallel processing on a smaller scale *

MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP : Hardware, software, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure PLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITY IDENTIFY TRENDS *

Managing hardware assets

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Managing hardware assets