computer fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals
and its Organization
By
Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science, Nizam College

NIZAM
COLLEGE
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)
Contents
Computer Fundamentals
 Computer Definition
 Characteristics of Computers
 Brief History of Computers
 Evolution of Computers
 Categories of Computers
 Computer Hardware
 Computer Software
 Limitations of Computer
 Uses and Impact of Computer Contd

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Contents
Computer Organization
 Central Processing Unit
o Components
o Types of Computer Memory
o Communication Pathways
o Computer Registers
Input/output Devices
Programming
Ms. Humera Shaziya

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Computer Definition
 A Computer is a machine that can solve problems by
accepting data, performing certain operations and
presenting the results to the user.
 Computer Science is the study of the operating principles of
computers, PLs and algorithms for solving theoretical and
practical problems
 Data Processing is defined as the process of transforming
data (raw facts) into useful information (processed data)
by the computer.
Ms. Humera Shaziya

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Computer System
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Block Diagram of a Computer

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Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
Reliability
Storage Capability
Flexibility
Reduced Cost
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Brief History of Computers
 3000 B.C The Abacus
 1642 – Blaise Pascal-Mechanical Digital Calculator
 1822 – Charles Babbage (Father of Computer)-Difference Engine
 1840 – Augusta Ada (The first Programmer)-Binary data Storage
 1850 – George Boole-Boolean Logic
 1940 – Von Neumann-Stored Program Concept
 1944 – Aiken-Mark I (First automatic calculator)
 1947 – Mauchly and Eckert-ENIAC (General Purpose Computer)
 1949 – Englishman Maurice-EDSAC
 1949 – Mauchly, Eckert and Von Neumann-EDVAC a-b
 1950 – Turing-ACE(Automatic Computing Engine)
 1950 – Grace Hopper-UNIVAC I compiler
 1951 – Mauchlyand Eckert-first commercial computer UNIVAC I Contd
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Brief History of Computers
 1957 – Backus-FORTRAN
 1959 – Kilby and Noyce-Integrated Circuits
 1959 – Hopper-COBOL
 1960 – Gene Amdahl-Mainframe Computer- IBM System/360
 1963 – Oslen-Mini Computer-PDPI
 1965 – Dr. John Kemeny-BASIC
 1970 – Intel Corporation-Memory chip and Microprocessor
 1975 – H.Edward Roberts (Father of Microcomputer)-Microcomputer
 1976 –Seymour Cray-CRAY-I Super Computer
 1977 – Stephan Wozniak-Apple Micro Computer
 1980 – IBM-Personal Computers
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Evolution of Computers
Generations
 First Generation (1951-1959)
 Second Generation (1959-1965)
 Third Generation (1965-1971)
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
 Fifth Generation (Future)
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First Generation Computers
 Electronic Circuitry – Vacuum tubes
 Input Mechanism – Punched Cards
 Output Mechanism – Punched Cards and Paper
 External Storage – Magnetic Tapes
 Processing Mode – Batch Processing
 Languages Supported – Machine and Assembly languages
 Examples – UNIVAC I, IBM 650, Burroughs 220
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Second Generation Computers
 Electronic Circuitry – Transistors
 Input Mechanism – Punched Cards and Magnetic Tapes
 Output Mechanism – Punched Cards and Paper
 External Storage – Magnetic Tapes
 Processing Mode – Multi-Processing Processing
 Languages Supported –FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC PL/1
 Examples – IBM 1400 and 7000 series, GE 635
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Third Generation Computers
 Electronic Circuitry – Integrated Circuits
 Input Mechanism – Keyboard
 Output Mechanism – Monitor
 External Storage – Magnetic Disks
 Languages Supported – PASCAL, RPG(Report Program
Generator)
 Examples – IBM System 360
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Fourth Generation Computers
 Introduction of Microcomputers
 Electronic Circuitry – Miniaturization of Integrated Circuits
 Input Mechanism – Keyboard
 Output Mechanism – Monitor
 External Storage – Magnetic Disks
 Languages Supported – Language C, C++, SQL
 Examples – IBM System 370
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Fifth Generation Computers
Advanced Supercomputers
Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems
Knowledge Discovery
Superior speed, accuracy and reliability
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Categories of Computers
According to size
 Super Computers
 Mainframe Computers
 Mini Computers
 Micro Computers or Personal Computers
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Computer Hardware
The physical components of a computer
system its modules and peripherals
constitute hardware
Computer Hardware includes
 CPU
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
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Computer Software
It is set of instructions grouped into
programs that make the system function in
the desired ways
Software categories
 System Software
 Application Software
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System Software
Operating System
Translators
 Assemblers
 Compilers
 Interpreters
Device Drivers
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Application Software
User written application packages
Pre written application packages
 MS-Office
 RDBMS
 Graphics Package
 Communication Package
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Computer Limitations
Cannot think
Work well provided programs are reliable
Perform tasks given by the user
To make system perform its intended task,
application logic must be definite
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Uses and Impact of Computer
Business and Industry
Health Care
Education
Humanities
Science and Technology
Recreation and Entertainment
Government
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
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Central Processing Unit - CPU
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Registers
Control Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Block Diagram of CPU

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CPU
 It is the brain of computer
 It executes the instructions
 It performs the process part of INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT
cycle
 It is mounted on motherboard
 A microprocessor chip contains the circuits and special
storage locations called registers needed to perform the
arithmetic- logic and control functions
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CPU Characteristics
Word Size
 16 bit
 32 bit
 64 bit
Clock Speed
 The no. of pulses it uses each second
 Speed at which instruction is executed
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CPU Characteristics
Primary Storage Capacity
 Registers – that speed up the processing
Instruction Set
 Built-in set of machine instructions that the CPU
responds
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Components of CPU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit – ALU
 Actual data processing occurs
Control Unit
 Direct s the sequences of events necessary to
execute the instruction
Registers
 Temporary storage location within the CPU
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Types of Computer Memory
 Cache Memory
 Registers
 Primary Memory
 RAM
 ROM
 Secondary Memory
 Magnetic Tapes
 Magnetic Disks
 Optical Disks
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Communication Pathway
Various components on motherboard linked
together by a set of parallel wires known as
a bus
Bus Types
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus
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Working of CPU
CPU executes an instruction in two cycles
 Instruction Cycle
 Execution Cycle
Instruction cycle is made up of fetch and
decode phases
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Registers
 The no and types of registers differ in different
CPUs
 The size of the register affect the processing
power of computer system
 Common registers are
 Accumulator
 Program Counter
 Instruction Register
 Data Register
Ms. Humera Shaziya

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Input/output Devices
Input is the process of entering and
translating incoming data into machine
readable form.
Output is the process of translating data in
machine-readable form into a human
understandable form
I/O devices are known as Peripherals
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Input Devices
 Punched Cards and Card Readers
 Keyboards
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Track Ball
 Touch Screen
 Light Pen
 Optical Mark Recognition
 Optical Bar Recognition
 Optical Character Recognition
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Output Devices
Hard-Copy Devices
 Printer
o Dot-Matrix
o Ink-Jet
o Laser Printer
 Plotter
Soft-Copy Device
 Monitor
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Connection
 CPU is connected to various peripherals by a
special h/w called interface
 An interface connection is often called a port
 The s/w used by the computer to communicate
with other devices is called a driver
 There are two types of interface
 Parallel
 Serial
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Programming
 It is the process of writing programs to instruct
computer to perform the desired task
 The set of instructions given to a computer is
known as a program
 A program is written in a programming language
 Basically two types of PL exists
 Low-Level Languages
 High-Level Languages
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Types of PL
Low – Level Languages
 Machine-Level Language
 Assembly-Level Language
High – Level Languages
 Procedural Languages
 Object-Oriented Languages
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C- Language
It is a procedural language
It is a high-level language
But, sometimes it is called as Middle-Level
Language
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Example Program
A C-lang program to print greetings
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
print(“Hello World”);
}
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Conclusion
 Computer is a general-purpose machine
 It is able to perform variety of tasks
 From scientific computations and mathematical
calculations to spell checking in a word document
 From daily routine operations to research in
various fields
 Hence computer is essential part of our live that
has made the life comfortable
Ms. Humera Shaziya

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Questions?
Ms. Humera Shaziya

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Thank You
Ms. Humera Shaziya

computer fundamentals

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computer fundamentals