COMPUTER NETWORKING
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This document provides an overview of computer networks, including their components, topology types, network types, the OSI model layers, TCP/IP protocol suite, connecting devices, applications, and conclusions. It defines what a network is, describes common network components like nodes and transmission medium. It explains physical topologies like bus, star, and ring, and network types like LAN, MAN, and WAN. It outlines the seven layers of the OSI model and describes the functions of the physical, data link, network, transport, and upper layers. It provides examples of network applications and concludes with references for additional reading.
COMPUTER NETWORKING
- 2. INTRODUCTION ABOUT NETWORK COMPONENTS PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY AND ITS TYPES TYPES OF NETWORK LAYERS IN OSI MODEL TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE CONNECTING DEVICES APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES
- 3. A network is a combination of hardware and software that sends data from one location to another. Two or more computers that are interconnected so they can exchange data, information & resources. A networked connection allows computer to communicate with other devices.
- 4. A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
- 7. every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. Need n(n - 1) physical links. Need n(n -1) /2 physical links.
- 8. Better privacy and security More robust •Installation is difficult •Reconfiguration is difficult
- 10. Each device needs only one link and one I/O port. Installation and reconfiguration is easy If the central hub fails, the whole network fails.
- 12. Installation is easy Require less cable and I/O port •If the backbone fails, the whole network fails. •Reconfiguration is difficult.
- 14. Fault identification is easy Every node is given equal access to the token •Adding or removing nodes disturb the network •Failure of node in a ring can affect the entire network.
- 17. A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building, or campus. Speeds are normally 100 or 1000 Mbps. LAN topologies are bus, ring, and star. LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
- 18. A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission of data, image, audio, and video information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or even the whole world. A WAN can be as dial-up line that connects a home computer to the Internet.
- 20. MAN means metropolitan area network. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a size between a LAN and a WAN. It normally covers the area inside a town or a city.
- 22. Open Systems Interconnection Standard Model for Data Communications Specified by International Standards Organization (ISO) Adopted by CCITT/ITU Official Model Explained in X.200 Series
- 23. The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream over a physical medium. The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
- 24. Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium Representation of bits Data rate Synchronization of bits Line configuration Physical topology Transmission mode Begin EndData Link Layer
- 25. Data Link layer adds header and trailer to the data received from the higher layer. It transports the data as Frame. This layer is responsible for the delivery of frames from node to node.
- 26. Framing Physical addressing Flow control Error control Access control LL Hdr Data Network Layer
- 27. Network layer adds header to the data received from the higher layer. It transports the data as Packets. This layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from source host to destination host.
- 28. Logical addressing Routing Net Hdr Data Transport Layer
- 29. Transport layer adds header to the data received from the higher layer. It transports the data as segments. This layer is responsible for the delivery of segments from one process to another process.
- 30. Service-point addressing Segmentation and reassembly Connection control Flow control Error control Trans Hdr Data Upper Layers
- 31. The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization. Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection. Characteristics Dialog control Synchronization
- 32. The presentation layer is responsible for translation, encryption and compression. Presentation layer defines the format in which the data is to be exchanged between the two communicating entities. Characteristics Translation Encryption Compression
- 33. The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user. Application layer interacts with application programs and is the highest level of OSI model. Examples of application layer are applications such as file transfer, electronic mail, remote login etc. Characteristics Network virtual terminal File transfer, access, and management Mail services Directory services
- 36. Data sharing Instant And Multiple Accesses Video Conferencing Internet Service Broad Casting Remote Access And Login Saves Cost
- 37. The development of the personal computer brought about tremendous changes for business, industry, science, and education. A similar revolution is occurring in data communications and networking. Technological advances are making it possible for communications links to carry more and faster signals. As a result, services are evolving to allow use of this expanded capacity.
- 38. Data communication and networking by Behrouz A. Forouzan Data and computer communication by William Stallings Computer Networks by Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie Computer networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum Computer Networking by James F. Kuruse, keith W. Ross.