COMPUTER NETWORKING
- 1. Name : tayyaba noor batch : bsse 02 assigned by : sir rafique Bhutto subject : information technology Topic : computer networking
- 3. Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share resources with each other. These networked devices use a system of rules, called communications protocols, to transmit information over physical or wireless technologies. NETWORKS: A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. “Computer network’’ to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information.
- 4. How does a computer network work? Nodes and links are the basic building blocks in computer networking. A network node may be data communication equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub or, switch, or data terminal equipment (DTE) such as two or more computers and printers. A link refers to the transmission media connecting two nodes. Links may be physical, like cable wires or optical fibers, or free space used by wireless networks. In a working computer network, nodes follow a set of rules or protocols that define how to send and receive electronic data via the links. The computer network architecture defines the design of these physical and logical components. It provides the specifications for the network’s physical components, functional organization, protocols, and procedures.
- 5. What do computer networks do? Computer networks were first created in the late 1950s for use in the military and defense. They were initially used to transmit data over telephone lines and had limited commercial and scientific applications. With the advent of internet technologies, a computer network has become indispensable for enterprises. Modern-day network solutions deliver more than connectivity. They are critical for the digital transformation and success of businesses today. Underlying network capabilities have become more programmable, automated, and secure.
- 6. Modern computer networks can: Operate virtually The underlying physical network infrastructure can be logically partitioned to create multiple "overlay" networks. In an overlay computer network, the nodes are virtually linked, and data can be transmitted between them through multiple physical paths. For example, many enterprise networks are overlaid on the internet. Integrate on a large scale Modern networking services connect physically distributed computer networks. These services can optimize network functions through automation and monitoring to create one large-scale, high-performance network. Network services can be scaled up or down based on demand. Respond quickly to changing conditions Many computer networks are software-defined. Traffic can be routed and controlled centrally using a digital interface. These computer networks support virtual traffic management. Provide data security All networking solutions come with in-built security features like encryption and access control. Third-party solutions like antivirus software, firewalls, and antimalware can be integrated to make the network more secure.
- 7. What are the types of enterprise computer networks? Depending on the organization's size and requirements, there are three common types of enterprise private networks: Local area network (LAN) A LAN is an interconnected system limited in size and geography. It typically connects computers and devices within a single office or building. It is used by small companies or as a test network for small-scale prototyping. Wide area networks (WAN) An enterprise network spanning buildings, cities, and even countries, is called a wide area network (WAN). While local area networks are used to transmit data at higher speeds within close proximity, WANs are set up for long- distance communication that is secure and dependable. SD-WAN or software-defined WAN is virtual WAN architecture controlled by software technologies. An SD- WAN offers more flexible and dependable connectivity services that can be controlled at the application level without sacrificing security and quality of service.
- 8. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN is a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings. A MAN is larger than a local area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area network (WAN). MANs do not have to be in urban areas; the term "metropolitan" implies the size of the network, not the demographics of the area that it serves.
- 9. Classes of transmission media; Guided Media: Guided media, which are those that provide a medium from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Twisted-Pair Cable: A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together. One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used only as a ground reference. Twisted-Pair Cable: A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together. One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used only as a ground reference.
- 10. Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signals of higher frequency ranges than those in twisted pair cable. coax has a central core conductor of solid or stranded wire (usuallycopper) enclosed in an insulating sheath, which is, in turn, encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a combination of the two. Coaxial cable was widely used in analog telephone networks,digital telephone networks Cable TV networks also use coaxial cables. Another common application of coaxial cable is in traditional Ethernet LANs. Fiber-Optic Cable A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the form of light. Light travels in a straight line as long as it is moving through a single uniform substance. If a ray of light traveling through one substance suddenly enters another substance (of a different density), the ray changes direction. Bending of light ray Optical fibers use reflection to guide light through a channel. A glass or plastic core is surrounded by a cladding of less dense glass or plastic.
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