2. Unicasting
• In unicast communication, there is one source
and one destination.
• The relationship between the source and the
destination is one-to-one.
• In this type of communication, both the
source and destination addresses, in the IP
datagram, are the unicast addresses assigned
to the hosts
3. In unicasting, the router forwards the
received packet through
only one of its interfaces.
Note
5. Broadcasting
In broadcast communication, the
relationship between the source and
the destination is one-to-all.
There is only one source, but all the
other hosts are the destinations.
6. Multicasting
In multicast communication, there is one
source and a group of destinations.
The relationship is one-to-many.
source address is a unicast address, but
the destination address is a group
address, which defines one or more
destinations.
The group address identifies the members
of the group.
7. In multicasting, the router may
forward the received packet
through several of its interfaces.
Note
13. In multicast routing, each involved
router needs to construct
a shortest path tree for each group.
Note
14. • When a router receives a multicast packet,
the situation is different from when it receives
a unicast packet.
• A multicast packet may have destinations in
more than one network.
• Forwarding of a single packet to members of a
group requires a shortest path tree
16. Source-Based Tree:
• In the source-based tree approach, each router needs
to have one shortest path tree for each group.
• The shortest path tree for a group defines the next hop
for each network that has loyal member(s) for that
group
• five groups in the domain: GI, G2, G3, G4, and G5.
• At the moment GI has loyal members in four networks,
G2 in three, G3 in two, G4 in two, and G5 in two.
• There is one shortest path tree for each group;
therefore there are five shortest path trees for five
groups.
18. Group-Shared Tree:
• In the group-shared tree approach, instead of
each router having m shortest path trees, only
one designated router, called the center core, or
rendezvous router, takes the responsibility of
distributing multicast traffic.
• The core has m shortest path trees in its routing
table.
• The rest of the routers in the domain have none.
If a router receives a multicast packet, it
encapsulates the packet in a unicast packet and
sends it to the core router
20. Multicast Distance Vector: DVMRP
• Multicast routing does not allow a router to send
its routing table to its neighbours.
• The multicast distance vector algorithm uses a
process based on four decision-making strategies.
– Flooding
– Reverse path forwarding (RPF)
– Reverse path Broadcasting (RPB)
– Reverse path Multicasting (RPM)
20
21. Flooding
• A router receives a packet and, without even
looking at the destination group address,
sends it out from every interface except the
one from which it was received.
• Every network with active members receives
the packet.
• This is a broadcast, not a multicast.
• It creates loops. A packet that has left the
router may come back again from another
interface or the same interface and be
forwarded again.
21
22. Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)
• RPF is a modified flooding strategy.
• To prevent loops, only one copy is forwarded; the
other copies are dropped.
• router forwards only the copy that has
travelled the shortest path from the source to
the router.
• To find this copy, RPF uses the unicast routing
table
• The router receives a packet and extracts the
source address (a unicast address).
22
24. • RPF guarantees that each network receives a
copy of the multicast packet
• RPF does not guarantee that each network
receives only one copy;
• a network may receive two or more copies.
The reason is that RPF is not based on the
destination address.
27. Reverse Path Broadcasting(RPB).
• To eliminate duplication, define only one
parent router for each network.
• A network can receive a multicast packet
from a particular source only through a
designated parent router.
• For each source, the router sends the packet
only out of those interfaces for which it is the
designated parent.
28. RPB
• RPB guarantees that the packet reaches every
network and that every network receives only
one copy
• The designated parent router can be the
router with the shortest path to the source
30. RPB creates a shortest path broadcast tree
from the source to each destination. It
guarantees that each destination receives one
and only one copy of the packet.
31. 32
Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM).
• RPB does not multicast the packet, it broadcasts it.
• multicast packet must reach only those networks
that have active members for that particular
group. This is called reverse path multicasting
(RPM).
• The designated parent router of each network is
responsible for holding the membership
information. This is done through the IGMP
protocol
32. Prune Message
•when a router connected to a network finds
that there is no interest in a multicast packet.
The router sends a prune message to the
upstream router so that it
can exclude the corresponding interface.
Graft Message
•one of its networks is again interested in
receiving the multicast packet. It can send a
graft message. The graft message forces the
upstream router to resume sending the
multicast messages.
34. RPM adds pruning and grafting to RPB to
create a multicast shortest
path tree that supports dynamic
membership changes.
35. Protocol Independent Multicast
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) is the
name given to two independent multicast
routing protocols:
•Protocol Independent Multicast, Dense Mode
(PIM-DM) and
•Protocol Independent Multicast, Sparse Mode
(PIM-SM).
36. • PIM-DM is used when there is a possibility
that each router is involved in multicasting
(dense mode).
• a protocol that broadcasts the packet because
almost all routers are involved in the process.
• PIM-DM is a source-based tree routing
protocol that uses RPF and pruning and
grafting strategies for multicasting.
37. • PIM-SM is used when there is a slight possibility
that each router is involved in multicasting
(sparse mode).
• PIM-SM is a group-shared tree routing protocol
that has a rendezvous point (RP) as the source of
the tree.
• Its operation is like CBT
• It is simpler because it does not require
acknowledgment from a join message
• It creates a backup set of RPs for each region to
cover RP failures.
• It can switch from a group-shared tree strategy
to a source-based tree strategy when necessary.
Editor's Notes
#32:Notes:
3.2 Network Layer: Multicast Addressing and Group Management 3-6
