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COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS
ENGINEERING IN REAL-TIME
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Research Notes on Computing and Communication Sciences
COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS
ENGINEERING IN REAL-TIME
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
Edited by
B. K. Mishra, PhD
Samarjeet Borah, PhD
Hemant Kasturiwale, PhD

First edition published 2023
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Computing and communications engineering in real-time application development / edited by B.K. Mishra, PhD,
Samarjeet Borah, PhD, Hemant Kasturiwale, PhD.
Names: Mishra, B. K. (Lecturer in electronics and telecommunications), editor. | Borah, Samarjeet, editor. |
Kasturiwale, Hemant, editor.
Description: First edition. | Series statement: Research notes on computing and communication sciences series | This
volume is a collection of selected peer-reviewed papers from the conference Multicon-W 2020, held at Thakur Col
lege of Engineering in Mumbai, India, held in February 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20220204640 | Canadiana (ebook) 20220204926 | ISBN 9781774638361 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9781774638378 (softcover) | ISBN 9781003277217 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Computer systems—Congresses. | LCSH: Digital communications—Congresses. | LCSH: Information
technology—Congresses. | LCSH: Electronics—Congresses. | LCGFT: Conference papers and proceedings.
Classification: LCC QA75.5 .C59 2023 | DDC 004—dc23
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
CIP data on file with US Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-1-77463-836-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-77463-837-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-00327-721-7 (ebk)

RESEARCH NOTES ON COMPUTING
AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCES
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Dr. Samarjeet Borah
Department of Computer Applications,
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology,
Sikkim Manipal University (SMU),
Majhitar, East Sikkim-737136, India
Email: samarjeet.b@smit.smu.edu.in
samarjeetborah@gmail.com
Brief Description of the Series
Computing can be defined as the practice in which computer technology is used
to do a goal-oriented assignment. It covers design and development of hardware
and software systems for various purposes. Computing devices are becoming
an integral part of life now-a-days, including desktops, laptops, hand-held
devices, smartphones, smart home appliances, etc. The evolution of the Internet
of Things (IoT) has further enriched the same. The domain is ever growing and
openingupmanynewendeavors,includingcloudcomputing,socialcomputing,
ubiquitous computing, parallel computing, grid computing, etc.
In parallel with computing, another field has emerged that deals with
the interconnection of devices. It is communication, and without which,
the modern world cannot be thought of. It works with a basic purpose of
transferring information from one place or person to another. This tech
nology has a great influence in modern day society. It influences business
and society by making the interchange of ideas and facts more efficient.
Communication technologies include the Internet, multimedia, e-mail,
telephone, and other sound-based and video-based communication means.
This new book series consists of both edited volumes as well as selected
papers from various conferences. Volumes of the series will contain
the latest research findings in the field of communication engineering,
computer science and engineering, and informatics. Therefore, the books
cater to the needs of researchers and readers of a broader spectrum.

vi Research Notes on Computing and Communication Sciences
Coverage & Approach
The series
• Covers a broad spectrum of research domains
• Presents on market-demanded product-based research works
• Discusses the latest developments in the field
The book series broadly considers contributions from the following fields:
• Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
• Big Data Analytics
• Broadband Convergence System and Integration Technologies
• Cellular and Mobile Communication
• Cloud Computing Technologies
• Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
• Computer and Information Security
• Computer Architecture
• Computer Graphics and Video Processing
• Control Systems
• Database Management Systems
• Data Mining
• Design Automation
• Digital Signal Processing
• GSM Communication
• High Performance Computing
• Human-Computer Interaction
• IoT and Blockchains
• Machine Learning
• Natural Language Processing
• Next Generation Communication Technologies
• Operating Systems & Networking
• Pervasive Computing and Cyber-Physical Systems
• Robotics and Automation
• Signal Processing
• Smart Internet of Everything
• SOC and System Platform Design Technologies
• Social Network Analysis
• Soft Computing

vii
Research Notes on Computing and Communication Sciences
Types of Volumes
This series presents recent developments in the domains of computing and
communications. It will include mostly the current works and research
findings, going on in various research labs, universities and institutions
and may lead to development of market demanded products. It reports
substantive results on a wide range of computational approaches applied
to a wide range of problems. The series provides volumes having works
with empirical studies, theoretical analysis or comparison to psychological
phenomena. The series includes the following types of volumes:
• Conference Proceedings
• Authored Volumes
• Edited Volumes
Volumes from the series must be suitable as reference books for researchers,
academicians, students, and industry professionals.
To propose suggestions for this book series, please contact the book series
editor-in-chief. Book manuscripts should be minimum 250–500 pages per
volume (11 point Times Roman in MS-Word with 1.5 line spacing).
Books and chapters in the series are included in Google Scholar and
selectively in Scopus and possibly other related abstracting/indexing services.

BOOKS IN THE RESEARCH
NOTES ON COMPUTING AND
COMMUNICATION SCIENCES SERIES
• Applied Soft Computing: Techniques and Applications
Editors: Samarjeet Borah and Ranjit Panigrahi
• Intelligent System Algorithms and Applications in Science and
Technology
Editors: Sunil Pathak, Pramod Kumar Bhatt, Sanjay Kumar Singh,
Ashutosh Tripathi, and Pankaj Kumar Pandey
• Intelligent IoT Systems for Big Data Analysis: Concepts,
Applications, Challenges, and Future Scope
Editors: Subhendu Kumar Pani, Pani Abhay Kumar,
Samal Puneet Mishra, Ruchi Doshi, and Tzung-Pei Hong
• Computing and Communications Engineering in Real-Time
Application Development
Editors: B. K. Mishra, Samarjeet Borah, and Hemant Kasturiwale

ABOUT THE EDITORS
B. K. Mishra, PhD, is a Professor of Electronics and Telecommunica
tions with expertise in communication systems and devices. He has to
his credits many technical books and textbooks. He has been program
chair for more than 12 national and international conferences. He has
been editor-in-chief of the more than 13 conference proceedings and
acted as an editor of McGraw Hill proceedings. He has more than 300
publications to his name in diverse areas of engineering education along
with application areas. He is an active IEEE member, ISTE life-time
member as well as an ACM member. He was a resource person for
numerous international conferences and has delivered many keynotes
at both the national and international levels. In the past few years, his
research interests have been focused on platforms capable of handling
the processing of communication protocols, photonics, and opto-devices.
He is also a registered research guide with many universities, including
SNDT, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, and Mumbai University,
India. Dr. Mishra received his BE in Electronics, his ME in Electronics
and Communication Engineering, and PhD in Engineering from Birla
Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India.
Samarjeet Borah, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Computer
Applications, SMIT, Sikkim Manipal University (SMU), Sikkim, India. Dr.
Borah handles various academics, research, and administrative activities
such as curriculum development, board of studies, doctoral research,
IT infrastructure management, etc., at Sikkim Manipal University. He
is involved with various funded projects from the All India Council for
Technical Education (AICTE) (Govt. of India), Department of Science and
Technology–Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (Govt. of India),
etc., in the capacity of principal investigator/co-principal investigator.
He has organized various national and international conferences such
as an ISRO-Sponsored Training Programme on Remote Sensing & GIS,

xii About the Editors
NCWBCB–2014, NER–WNLP 2014, IC3–2016, IC3–2018, ICDSM–
2019, ICAET–2020, IC3–2020, etc. Dr. Borah is involved with various
book volumes and journals of repute for Springer, IEEE, Inderscience, IGI
Global, etc., in the capacity of editor/guest editor/reviewer. He is editor-in
chief of the book series Research Notes on Computing and Communication
Sciences, Apple Academic Press, USA.
Hemant Kasturiwale, PhD, has more than 25 years of teaching and
research experience to his credit. He is currently an Associate Professor in
Electronics Engineering atThakur College of Engineering andTechnology,
Mumbai, India. He has written articles in the area of devices and real-time
systems. He has to his name more than 20 publications in reputed journals
and conference proceedings. He has worked with many reputed publica
tion houses and journals as a guest editor. He has worked as a convenor
as well as joint convenor for several international conferences held during
last several years. He is working as a reviewer for a journal is also an
associate editorial member. Dr. Kasturiwale received his BE in Electrical
Engineering from Government College of Engineering, Amravati; and his
ME in Electronics; and he is currently pursuing a PhD in Engineering.

ABOUT THE MULTICON-W 2020
CONFERENCE
Thakur College of Engineering and Technology (TCET) was established in
the academic year 2001–2002 with a clear objective of providing quality
technical education in tune with international standards and contemporary
global requirements. The efforts of TCET were conferred with autonomous
status for 10 years from the starting of academic year 2019–2020.
During the journey of excellence, many initiatives were taken by the
institute. Organizing annual conferences and workshops started in the
year 2010 with the objective of providing a common platform to nurture
young minds of the 21st century. In 2020, Multicon-W 2020 was planned
for February 28th and 29th, 2020, and was the 11th conference in this
series, scheduled in the leap year. It included four conferences and three
workshops with 34 parallel tracks. In the conference, around 489 articles
were presented during two days with a number of international papers
and a few papers from the fields of electronics and telecommunication,
electronics engineering, information technology, computer engineering, civil
engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering sciences and humanities,
training and placement, and examination and assessment reforms.
Other special features of Multicon-W 2020 included industry-oriented
technology workshops, research engineering colloquiums, engineering
workshops and a paper presentation contest.
The primary objectives were knowledge sharing, promoting research,
networking among the researchers and experts, industry–institute interaction,
interdisciplinary learning and research, promoting upcoming technologies,
understanding future trends and challenges, exploring emerging opportuni
ties in engineering education, and innovating to improve quality in technical
education. Such an endeavor provides direction to technical education plan
ners to reorient future technical programs to meet the global demands and
challenges in the domains of academics, industry, and research.
This volume contains 21 research papers selected from the four confer
ences under the Multicon-W 2020 umbrella. The proceedings include
research papers on fundamental engineering, technological advancements,

xiv About the Multicon-W 2020 Conference
basic engineering sciences, skill development, and education. All the
papers have been scrutinized and reviewed at multiple levels to ensure
quality. The Institute has taken due care to check for plagiarism and to
conform to the recommendations of the UGC with the help of Urkund
software.
Multicon-W began as a campaign over the last few years to promote
original research of scholars in relevant fields, to create new products
and processes, and to further innovate on ideas in engineering and tech
nology for the coming era. We are confident that the conference will help
in addressing issues such as global warming, environment and carbon
footprint, resource optimization, safety and security, and opportunities
for life-long learning with professional and social values. The theme is
dedicated to India as an inculcating research culture.
Organizing Multicon-W 2020 was a team effort of TCET. I would like
to take this opportunity to thank the management of the Thakur Educa
tion Group for their support, world-class infrastructure, and facilities. I
am grateful to all the authors who have contributed research papers for
this conference. I also wish to acknowledge the members of the review
committee for carrying out the arduous task of the peer-review process
of the submitted research papers. Finally, I thank all who are directly or
indirectly involved in the compilation of the conference proceedings.
—Dr. B. K. Mishra
Principal and Programme Chair
Multicon-W 2020

Contributors...................................................................................................... xvii
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xxi
Preface ...............................................................................................................xxv
1. Smart Car Parking System Using IoT and Cloud Technology...............1
P. G. Magdum, Sheetal Rathi, and S. R. Mangle
2. Design and Development of Motor Speed Controller Using
Brushless Direct Current Hub Motor for Electric Two-Wheeler...........9
Payal Narvekar, Richa Pandey, Anushka Sawant, and Hemant Kasturiwale
3. Design and Implementation of Fair FARE System Using IoT
for a Public Transport System .................................................................21
Sanjay C. Patil, Rajan Vijaykumar Singh, Nitin Arvind Kapri, and
Shashikant Shyamnarayan Maurya
4. Haze Mitigation and Visibility Restoration in Foggy
Conditions for Vehicles.............................................................................33
Prashila S. Borkar and Deepali Raikar
5. A Comprehensive Study of and Possible Solutions for a
Hostel Management System.....................................................................47
Lakshmi Jha and Harshali Patil
6. Fire Fighting Robot Using GUI and RF Technology .............................55
Harsh Jain, Akshat Doshi, Azhar Khan, and Prabhakar Nikam
7. Detecting DOS Attacks by Considering Energy Consumption
Based on Traditional Monitoring Charts and Proposed Parameters ..65
Sona D. Solanki and Jaymin Bhalan
8. Multiscale Rotation Invariant Local Features Extraction for
Hyperspectral Image Classification Using CNN....................................85
Sujata Alegavi and R. R. Sedamkar
9. Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data Using Named Entity
Recognition..............................................................................................101
Vinayak Ashok Bharadi
CONTENTS

10. Visual Cryptographic Approach for Authentication of
Social Media Contents............................................................................123
Niraj N. Gavde and Samarth Borkar
11. Comparative Analysis of Clustering Algorithms .................................139
Anand Khandare and Harshali Desai
12. IoT-Enabled Smart Container...............................................................153
Vinay Chaurasiya, Lovlesh Sing, Shivang Bhargav, and Sunil Khatri
13. Quantum Computing to Enhance Performance of
Machine Learning Algorithms...............................................................165
Shiwani Gupta and Namrata D. Deshmukh
14. Review of Lightweight Cryptography for Secure Data
Transmission in Resource Constraint Environment of IoT................179
Rahul Neve and Rajesh Bansode
15. Robust Reversible Watermarking Using Binary XORed....................191
Kamal Shah and Neha Raut
16. Telecom Customer Churn ......................................................................203
Anand Khandare, Atul Kumar Tiwari, Punit Savlesha, Yash Shetiya,
Suraj Naidu, and Karan Salunkhe
17. Implementing a Web Application to Provide Personalized
Preliminary Treatment for Diabetes Based on History.......................213
Rohit Sharma and Megharani Patil
18. Marine Trash Detection Using Deep Learning Models.......................231
Kimbrel Dias, Sadaf Ansari, and Ameeta Amonkar
19. Enhancing a Session-Hijacking Attack Using Session Security
on a Browser with Disposable Credentials Using OTC.......................243
Niki Modi
20. Grayscale Image Colorization Using Deep Learning: A Case Study .253
Rashmi Thakur and Sukhada Raut
21. Heart Rate Variability Analysis and Machine Learning for
Prediction of Cardiac Health .................................................................265
Hemant Kasturiwale, and Sujata N. Kale
Index.................................................................................................................279
xvi Contents

CONTRIBUTORS
Sujata Alegavi
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg., Thakur College of Engg & Tech, Mumbai,
India; E-mail: E-mail: sujata.dubal@thakureducation.org
Ameeta Amonkar
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Goa College of Engineering,
Goa, India
Sadaf Ansari
CSIR–National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India
Rajesh Bansode
Department of Information Technology, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, India
Jaymin Bhalan
Babaria Institute of Technology and Communication Engineering, Vadodara, India
Vinayak Ashok Bharadi
Department of Information Technology, Finolex Academy of Management and Technology,
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India; E-mail: vinayak.bharadi@famt.ac.in
Shivang Bhargav
Department of Electronics Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Kandivali,
India
Prashila S. Borkar
Department of Information Technology, Goa College of Engineering, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa, India;
E-mail: prash0202@gmail.com
Samarth Borkar
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Goa College of Engineering, Ponda-Goa, India
Vinay Chaurasiya
India
Harshali Desai
Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Mumbai, India
Namrata D. Deshmukh
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Mumbai, India
Kimbrel Dias
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Goa College of Engineering, Goa,
India; E-mail: diaskimbrel@gmail.com
Akshat Doshi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, TCET, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

xviii Contributors
Niraj N. Gavde
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Goa College of Engineering, Ponda-Goa, India;
E-mail: nirajgavde1811@gmail.com
Shiwani Gupta
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Mumbai,
India; E-mail: shiwani.gupta@thakureducation.org
Harsh Jain
Department of Mechanical Engineering, TCET, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India;
E-mail:jainharsh23499@gmail.com
Lakshmi Jha
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology,
Mumbai University, Maharashtra, India; E-mail: lakshmijha19@gmail.com
Sujata N. Kale
Faculty of Applied Electronics, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India
Nitin Arvind Kapri
Department of Electronics, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai, India
Hemant Kasturiwale
Department of Electronics Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai, India;
E-mail: hemantkasturiwale@gmail.com
Azhar Khan
Anand Khandare
Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Mumbai, India;
E-mail: anand.khandare1983@gmail.com
Sunil Khatri
India; E-mail id: sunil.khatri@thakureducation.org
P. G. Magdum
Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, Ambav, Devrukh, India;
E-mail: pandu.magdum@rediffmail.com
S. R. Mangle
Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, Ambav, Devrukh, India
Shashikant Shyamnarayan Maurya
Niki Modi
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engg. College, Kandivali, Mumbai, India;
E-mail: nikimodi0102@gmail.com
Suraj Naidu
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering and
Technology, Mumbai, India
Payal Narvekar
Department of Electronics Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai, India

xix
Contributors
Rahul Neve
Department of Information Technology, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, India;
E-mail: rahulneve@gmail.com
Prabhakar Nikam
Richa Pandey
Department of Electronics Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai,
India
Harshali Patil
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai
University, Maharashtra, India
Megharani Patil
Faculty of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Mumbai, India
Sanjay C. Patil
Faculty of Electronics Engineering., Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai, India;
E-mail: scpatil66@thakureducation.org
Deepali Raikar
Department of Information Technology, Goa College of Engineering, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa, India
Sheetal Rathi
Thakur College of engineering and Technology, Kandivali(E), Mumbai, India
Neha Raut
Department of IT Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, University of Mumbai,
Mumbai, India
Sukhada Raut
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, University of
Mumbai, Mumbai, India
Anushka Sawant
Department of Electronics Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Mumbai,
India
R. R. Sedamkar
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engg., & Tech, Mumbai, India
Kamal Shah
Department of IT Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, University of Mumbai,
Mumbai, India; E-mail: kamal.shah@thakureducation.org
Lovlesh Sing
India
Rajan Vijaykumar Singh
Karan Salunkhe

xx Contributors
Punit Savlesha
Yash Shetiya
Sona D. Solanki
Babaria Institute of Technology and Communication Engineering, Vadodara, India;
E-mail: solankisona28@gmail.com
Rohit Sharma
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Mumbai,
India; E-Mail: rohit.tps123@gmail.com
Rashmi Thakur
Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology,
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India; E-mail: thakurrashmik@gmail.com
Atul Kumar Tiwari
Technology, Mumbai, India; E-mail: atulktiwari310@gmail.com

ABBREVIATIONS
ADT android development tools
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
ANN artificial neural network
ApEn approximate entropy
AUV autonomous underwater vehicles
BLDC brushless direct current
CHF congestive heart failure
CLAHE contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization
CNNs convolution neural networks
CSI critical success index
DCNN deep convolutional neural network
DCT discrete cosine transforms
DFT discrete fourier transforms
DIAS digital image authentication system
DOS denial of service
DT-CWT Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform
DWT discrete wavelet transform
EAB ensemble AdaBoost
E-bike electric bike
ECC elliptic-curve cryptography
ECG electrocardiograms
ED entity disambiguation
eps epsilon
FCN fully connected network
FN false negative
FP false positive
FSDWT Faber-Schauder DWT transform
GHG greenhouse gas emissions
GUI graphical user interface
HCA hierarchical cluster analysis
HF heart failure
HSI hyperspectral images
IoT Internet of Things

xxii Abbreviations
IoU intersection over union
JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
ICMP internet control message protocol
IDE integrated development environment
IPE integrated programming environment
ISM industrial, scientific, and medical devices
IWT integer wavelet transforms
KNN k-nearest neighbor
LBP local binary pattern
LIBS local illumination-based background subtraction
LSB least significant bit
LSTM long short-term memory
mAP mean average precision
MCC Matthews correlation coefficient
ML machine learning
MSBT multiscale breaking ties
NC normalized correlations
NER named entity recognition
NLP natural language processing
NPV negative predictive value
NRC National Research Council Canada’s
OO object-oriented
OTC One-Time Cookie
PAM partitioning around medoid
PRNG pseudorandom generator
PSD power-spectral density
PSNR peak signal-to-noise ratio
PSNR pseudorandom number generator
PWVC pair-wise visual cryptography
QC quantum computing
ReLU Rectified Linear Unit
RF random forest
RHEL Red Hat Enterprise Linux
RL responsive learning
ROIs region of interests
RONI non-interest region
RPN region proposal network
RPS reverse proxy server

Abbreviations xxiii
RSA Rivest–Shamir–Adleman
SID Session ID
SMPS switched mode power supply
SMS short message service
SPIHT set portioning in hierarchical tree
SPN substitution permutation network
SPP Serial Port Protocol
SSE sum square error
SSIM structural similarity index measurement
SSWE sentiment-specific word embeddings
STS Security Token Services
SURF speeded-up robust features
SVM support vector machine
SYN synchronize
TEA Tiny Encryption Algorithm
TN true negative
TP true positive
VGG Visual Geometry Group
WTFM weighted text feature model
YOLACT You Only Look At Coefficients

PREFACE
The field of computing and communication is important in computer
science because it helps in designing broader mechanical or electrical
devices using real-time computing constraints with interconnected soft
ware, hardware, and mechanical components to improve the capabilities of
system processes. Embedded devices and computing in real time can be a
useful method for a number of applications. Research in this area will help
facilitate the potential production of these technologies for different appli
cations. Advanced embedded systems and new technologies networking
address automated systems, communications engineering, and real-time
systems. This research book presents developments on how they are used
in the embedded and real-time communications networks in the fields of
computational physics, network engineering, and telecommunications
engineering. This book is a foundational guide for educators, teachers,
scholars, clinicians, and IT professionals for its realistic and theoretical
studies. In addition to satisfying some of the non-real-time computing
criteria, real-time computing typically requires processing vast quantities
of data (e.g., for accurate results).
Twentieth-century computation typically is the most critical criterion
for computing results in real time at the millisecond level. The sum of
data is immense, and the results cannot be determined beforehand but the
user answers must be in real time. It is used primarily for the study and
retrieval of particular data. This book also seeks to underline the processing
performance by managing data with accurate computation outcomes. Data
created by the Internet of Things sensors can, for example, be continuous.
In the next segment. We will separately implement stream processing
systems. In the area of device control, scheduling, and administration,
real-time data computation and analytics will interpret and process data
continuously and in real time. Computers are also linked to each other
through networks, thus maximizing their utility. Moreover, as computers
can be built into almost any system, device arrays that work together for
consistent and common purposes can be developed.
The Internet, a complex collection of individual networks interlinked
in order to give its users the impression of a single, consistent network,

xxvi Preface
is the most common example of a network today. The Internet is, thus, a
network of networks. The Internet networks share a common architecture
(how the networks link) and protocols (data exchange standard) to allow
connectivity within and between the constituent networks. In this book,
we address cutting-edge modeling and processing work, a highly active
area of study in both the fields of research and industry for achieving accu
rate and computer-efficient real-time modeling algorithms and to design
automation tools that represent technological advancements in high-speed
and ultra-low-power communication architectures based on nanoscale
devices, in addition to traditional in-real-time systems.
This volume is a collection of selected peer-reviewed papers from the
conference Multicon-W 2020, held at Thakur College of Engineering in
Mumbai, India, held in February 2020.
The book deals with new outcomes of study, new models, algorithms,
applications of the above listed topics, and simulations. This volume
covers revised and expanded scientific papers by influential scientists.
Topics such as smart computing, network security, Wi-Fi, telephones,
power engineering, control, signal and image processing, machine
learning, control systems, and applications. Intelligent computing and
networking are included. The chapters in the book address topics such
as AI, artificial neural networks, computer graphics, data management
and mining, distributed computing, geostatistical and computer sciences,
learning algorithms, device stability, augmented reality, cloud computing,
architecture based on operation, semantic web, coding technology,
communication systems modeling and simulation, network architecture,
network pro-networks.
The book will be a leading source of knowledge for academics and
postgraduate students specializing in computer, communication, control and
management and an outstanding guide for computer, communication, control
and management science.

CHAPTER 1
SMART CAR PARKING SYSTEM USING
IoT AND CLOUD TECHNOLOGY
P. G. MAGDUM1*
, SHEETAL RATHI2
, and S. R. MANGLE1
1
Rajendra Mane College of Engineering and Technology, Ambav,
Devrukh, India
2
Thakur College of engineering and Technology, Kandivali (E),
Mumbai, India
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: pandu.magdum@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
In today’s world, several vehicles are constantly facing the problem of
car parking in urban and semi-urban cities. This leads to traffic conges
tion and also pollution. So there is a need to propose a smart parking
system which will reduce the problem of parking vehicles and manual
work as well. This system will assign an exact slot to the car driver to
park a car. This survey paper proposes the concept of the Internet of
Things (IoT) to sense the presence and movement of the vehicle in a
parking area. Using the mobile application, the car driver can find the
availability of parking space. The cloud provides high storage capacity
and computation power. This will offer car drivers a hassle-free and
quick car parking experience.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, several vehicles are constantly facing the problem of car
parking in urban and semi-urban cities. This leads to traffic congestion and
also pollution. So there is a need to propose a smart parking system which

2 Computing and Communications Engineering in Real-Time Application Development
will reduce the problem of parking vehicles and manual work as well. This
system will assign an exact slot to the car drivers to park their cars. The
Internet of Things (IoT) is used to sense the presence and the movement
of the vehicle in the parking area. The mobile application helps car drivers
to find proper parking space in a particular area. This mobile application
is wirelessly attached to the cloud, as the cloud provides high storage
capacity and computation power. This will offer car drivers a hassle-free
and quick car parking experience. One of the problems that a car driver
always faces in urban areas is parking. This position drives the develop
ment of one effective system to address the parking problem. The smart
parking system will save a way to use the parking resources by reducing
the time in searching for a suitable space. The proposed system is based on
IoT and cloud computing. The IoT relates to the Internet, physical objects,
and sensors.
It begins with identifying the communication devices. The overall
system can be monitored and controlled using remote computers
connected via the Internet. The two keywords in the Internet of Things
are “the Internet” and “things”. The Internet provides communication
between end-users through servers, computers, tablets, and mobile phones
connected using various communication protocols. The IoT provides
insight into where things (wearable, clock, alarm, household appliances,
surroundings, etc.) become very smart and act clearly through sensing,
computing, and communication by built-in small devices.
Now a day, there is great development in cloud computing and the
Internet of Things technologies. Here are some of the factors that compel
us to integrate the cloud1
:
a. Computational Power
The components in the IoT system have limited processing capaci
ties. The sensors in the system gather information and then processed
by powerful computational nodes. Cloud computing is useful to IoT
systems to perform real-time data processing that helps highly responsive
applications.
b. Storage Capacity
IoT generates large amounts of unstructured or semi-structured data that
need to be collected, accessed, processed, visualized, and shared. The

3
Smart Car Parking System Using IoT and Cloud Technology
cloud has unlimited and inexpensive storage capacity. It is a great solution
for handling data produced by the IoT.
c. Interoperability
The IoT encourages the use of heterogeneous devices, which leads to
compatibility issues. The cloud solves all arisen issues by providing
common platform. All the devices are connected to this common platform.
It is useful to interact and share information with each other.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
With the increasing numbers of vehicles, traffic, and pollution, it is
required to have a smart and efficient system for parking vehicles. This can
be achieved with the integration of IoT and cloud computing technology.
These technologies promote high computation power, efficient storage,
scalability, and uninterrupted communication for the heterogeneous
devices.1,2
This system can detect and transmit parking spot to a database.
The empty parking spots are detected and transmitted to the server by
using Raspberry-based system.3
The participatory sensing paradigm tool is
useful to track, monitor, and regulate the parking in a smart way.4
The RFID technology is cost-effective.5
RFID reader reads the RFID
tag and identifies the user information. The user registration with smart
parking system is required to get an RFID tag to the user which contains
a unique number.6
The emerging technology in wireless sensor network
is useful for the car parking management.7
Then mobile application helps
the user to book the appropriate car slot. Another replacement for mobile
application is to send a SMS (short message service).8
Through all this
survey, a better solution is found for efficient car parking system is to use
IoT and Cloud technology with android-based mobile application.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
To build smart car parking system in terms of mobile application which
will provide a hassle-free and quick car parking experience to user. This
can be achieved with the help of emerging technologies like IoT and Cloud
computing.

1.3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM
1.3.1.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Figure 1.1 indicates the working of smart parking system. This system
mainly consists of following heads:
FIGURE 1.1 System architecture of smart car parking system.
Source: Reprinted from Ref. [9]. Open access.
1. Cloud
The cloud acts as a database for storing all information related to parking
status and users who access this system. It maintains track of all user
information such as the time the car was parked, the length of time it was
parked, parking rent paid by the user with the payment method. Since the
cloud can store large amounts of data, the system can store many datasets
efficiently.Another function that the cloud offers is the continuous backup,
with the help of which data can be easily and quickly restored in the event
of a system failure.

5
2. Sensors
The role of the sensors is to detect the parking space and check whether it
is vacant or not. In the proposed system, passive infrared and ultrasound
sensors are recommended because they detect the parking slot occupied by
a vehicle and provide access to the WiFi network.
3. Mobile Application
The interaction between user and system is provided by the mobile applica
tion. Authentication and authorization are checked during the application
connected to the server. It provides information about vacant, occupied,
and booking of the slot. The end-user can check the free space, set the
parking duration, and pay via this mobile application.
4. Work flow
Step 1: User (car owner/driver) has to install application on their mobile
device.
Step 2: Search vacant parking slot through the mobile application.
Step 3: Check the available parking slot. If one slot is full, then they can
check for another slot where they can park their car.
Step 4: Select and book a vacant parking space.
Step 5: Pay amount through debit cards or credit cards.
Step 6: Once the car successfully parked in the selected parking slot, user
has to confirm the occupancy (Fig. 1.2).
1.4 CONCLUSION
With an increasing number of vehicles, every car owner/driver faces the
problem of parking cars in usual areas. This survey paper addresses the
issue of car parking by providing a mobile application to the user. This
application uses IoT and Cloud technologies for the car parking manage
ment. The real-time information of available parking slot and booking the
same slot for the parking facility is the main task of this application. This
will reduce time and manual efforts.

Start
Install the smart car parking
application on your mobile
device
Search for a parking area
around your destination.
Is parking area found
for the particular slot?
No Check for the
other slot
Yes
Select and book a particular
parking area
Select the amount based on
the duration car parking
Pay amount through debit
cards or credit cards
confirm your occupancy
End
FIGURE 1.2 Flowchart of system.
Source: Adapted from Ref. [9]. Open access.

7
KEYWORDS
• Internet of Things
• cloud
• smart parking
REFERENCES
1. Khanna, A.; Anand, R. IoT based Smart Parking System. International Conference
on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA) Maharashtra Institute of Technology,
Pune, India 22–24 Jan, 2016, 203, 118–127.
2. Atif, Y.; Ding, J.; Jeusfeld, M. A. Internet of Things Approach to Cloud Based Smart
Car Parking. The 7th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and
Pervasive Networks (EUSPN), 2016; pp 2938–2946.
3. Basavaraju, S. R. Automatic Smart Parking System using Internet of Things (IOT).
Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ. Dec. 2012, 5 (12), ISSN 2250-315.
4. Gupte, S.; Younis, M. Participatory-Sensing-Enabled Efficient Parking Management
in Modern Cities. 40th Ann. IEEE Conf. Local Comp. Netw., LCN 2015, 53, 931–938.
5. Vishwanath, Y.; Kuchalli, A. D.; Rakshit, D. Survey Paper on Smart Parking System
Based on Internet of Things. IJRTER 2016, ISSN (Online) 2455-1457.
6. Grodi, R.; Rawat, D. B. Smart Parking: Parking Occupancy Monitoring and Visualiza
tion System for Smart Cities. South East Con 2016, EISSN: 1558-058X, IEEE 201.
7. Moses, N.; Chincholkar, Y. D. Smart Parking System for Monitoring Vacant Parking.
Int. J. Adv. Res. Comp. Commun. Eng. Jun 2016, 5 (6), ISSN (Online) 2278-1021.
8. Daur, V.; Bhandari, P.; Jain, L.; Nalini, N. Smart Car Parking System. Int. J. Adv. Res.
Comp. Sci. Softw. Eng. May 2016, 6 (5), ISSN: 2277 128X.
9. Bachhav, J.D.; Mechkul, M.A. Smart Car Parking System. International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4 (6). June 2017. https://www.irjet.net/
archives/V4/i6/IRJET-V4I6741.pdf

CHAPTER 2
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER USING
BRUSHLESS DIRECT CURRENT HUB
MOTOR FOR ELECTRIC
TWO-WHEELER
PAYAL NARVEKAR, RICHA PANDEY, ANUSHKA SAWANT, and
HEMANT KASTURIWALE*
Department of Electronics Engineering, Thakur College of
Engineering & Technology, Mumbai, India
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: hemantkasturiwale@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The designing of the e-bike has been the need of the hour not only inWestern
countries but also in India. The need arises out of fuel constraints, pollution
aspects, and norms. The most important part of the system is the motor-
controlling mechanism. The speed controller is an electronic circuit that
not only controls the speed of an electric motor but also acts as a dynamic
brake. This controller unit draws power from the battery pack and sends
it to the motor core. The electric bike speed controller sends signals to the
vehicle's motor hub at various voltages. These signals detect the rotational
direction of a rotor in relation to the initiating coil. The proper functioning
of a speed control depends on different mechanisms being employed. Hall
effect sensors assist in detecting the rotor's orientation. E-bikes let you get
a good workout without stressing your muscles and lungs too much. The
facility to turn to electric speed control, gradually reducing your dependency
on electronic activity as your stamina grows and not only electrical speed
controls can help ensure a comfortable ride for everyone, regardless of

varying abilities and strengths. The chapter reveals the improvement in
performance using controller and other electronic circuits’ improvisation.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Brushless direct current (BLDC) is a synchronous motor where both
the stator and the rotating magnetic fields have the same frequency. The
BLDC engine has a longer life since brushes are not required. In addition,
it has a high speed without load and low energy loss.
The BLDC engine can be installed in 1-stage, 2-stage, and 3-stage
configurations. Among all the most famous configurations, three-phase
motors are used regularly in electric bikes (E-bikes). A direct current (DC)
interface has the core function to regularly read the throttle and change
the motor current. A technique called pulse width modulation or PWM is
used. Few features are as follows:
1. Low voltage cut-off:
Monitor the voltage of the battery and close it down if the voltage of the
battery is low. This shields the battery from over-discharging.
2. Limit over temperature:
Track the FET (field-effect transistor) power transistor temperature and
shut it down the motor if it gets excessively hot. The FET power transis
tors are protected.
3. Cutting over-current:
Decrease the motor current if an excessive amount of current is delivered.
It guarantees all motors and FET power transistors are protected.
4. Cut-off brake:
Shut down the motor when the brake is on. This is a security feature.
Instead of electromagnetic excitement, the use of permanent images
in electrical machines result in many advantages including no loss of
excitement, simpler design, improved Quality, and fast dynamic perfor
mance.1
Brushless dc motor engines differ from ACs (alternating currents)

11
Design and Development of Motor Speed Controller
synchronized motors, since the former integrates means for detecting rotor
or signals to (magnetic poles). The suggested a three-phase induction
motor speed control approach using the Fuzzy PI D controller, compared
with traditional MATLAB/Simulink PI D performance is for a smooth
system.6,9
The high-power BLDC motor loop control system, primarily
designing an IR2130 drive system, an H-bridge drive system, motor rota
tion control and a speed detection system. To improve the performance
of operation one uses the P ID algorithm, the control exhibits very good
performance by setting parameters. Experiments have shown that algo
rithms for both hardware and software control are accurate, stable.10
2.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND MATERIALS
2.2.1 HARDWARE
2.2.1.1 PIC16F877A/887
There are people who use assembly language for the programming PIC
MCUs, despite all. We will need an integrated development environment
in order to program the PIC microcontroller where the programming takes
place. A compiler that transforms our software into an intelligible MCU
structure called HEX documents. An integrated programming environ
ment that is used to dump into PIC MCUs, our hex text.
2.2.1.2 L293D
The L293D is designed to provide drive currents at voltages from 5 to 35
V in two directions of up to 600 mA. The two instruments are designed to
move separate inductive loads, such as relays and solenoids, in such a way.
2.2.2 SOFTWARE
2.2.2.1 MikroC
MikroC Pro is a development tool that works for the easy development of
applications for PIC controllers and embedded systems. It works with C

and C++ codes, compiles, runs, and converts the codes into hex files so
that it can be loaded into the schematic microcontroller on the simulation
softwares like Proteus.
2.2.2.2 PROTEUS
To design the circuit for simulation, Proteus Suite was used. We used
Proteus Professional Version 8 which is a software development for the
electronic design and automation. It includes libraries for the microcon
trollers and components for the preparation of schematics and also gives
the user the option to manufacture a printed circuit board blueprint.
2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Thespecificationreportdetailstheinstructionsforbuildinganelectricbicycle
with hardware. The study also lists the design criteria for an appropriate
selection of the main components of the electric bicycle, such as selection
of motors, selection of batteries, and selection of controllers. Already listed
are additional safety features for the controller and miscellaneous ranges of
mechanical components to design an elegant electric bicycle.
2.3.1 SOFTWARE RESULTS
Theprojectistodevelopamicrocontrollerforahubmotorusedintwowheelers
to control its speed with varying levels. This was achieved by simulating the
circuit on Proteus using MikroC for PIC controllers and then implementing it
on hardware. The simulation circuit is shown below (Fig. 2.1):
The DC motor used in this circuit was an active 12 V DC motor which
is voltage controlled. The load on the DC motor is controlled by using the
two push buttons provided. Without the buttons being pressed, the motor
functions at upto 61% load.
On pushing the buttons, the motor functions at 83% load. This simu
lation was done to test the circuit which was to be implemented using
hardware. This circuit worked as a prototype, the actual circuit replacing
the 12 V DC motor with a hub motor (250 W, 36 V) and a driver chip
which could drive a motor with these specifications.11

13
FIGURE
2.1
Results.

2.3.2 EXPECTED HARDWARE RESULTS
The current speed motor controllers used in E-bikes use BLDC hub motors
which leads to an increase in weight of the E-bike which may be a problem
for the user. For an E-bike to be user friendly, we need a controller which
is compact, light weighted, and ensures a long battery life. Hence this
project gives a gist of a speed motor controller which will assure that the
E-bike will have a long battery life so that the user does not need to charge
or change the battery frequently.
2.4 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
2.4.1 E-BIKE
FIGURE 2.2 E-bike.

15
The speed motor controller used in E-bikes is an important part of the
vehicle (Fig. 2.2). It performs numerous functions of the vehicle. The
controller forms the heart of the E-bike. Since it has a high powered micro-
controller, the range of the E-bike is around 35–45 km in complete electric
mode, whereas 50–60 km in pedal assist mode. The sensors present in the
controller sense how the crank moves and makes the motor give the user a
boost and makes the ride effortless.
2.4.2 ELECTRIC WHEELCHAIR
FIGURE 2.3 Electric wheelchair.
People who are restricted to using a wheelchair usually have to push it
themselves or ask for help (Fig. 2.3). Speed controllers can be used to drive
the wheels of the wheelchair which will be connected to a motor. This can

also find use in sports for the disabled that use motorized wheelchairs. In
such applications, motor speed controllers will play an important role.
2.4.3 ELECTRIC SCOOTER
FIGURE 2.4 Electric scooter.
A similar type of speed motor controller system can be used to design
an electric-scooter (Fig. 2.4). Unlike a normal scooter, this application
would provide a zero-emissions solution for a convenient two wheeler.
Such vehicles will help to reduce pollution and replace traffic caused due
to cars.
2.4.4 CONVEYOR BELT SYSTEMS
Conveyor belt systems are very common applications of speed controlled
motors (Fig. 2.5). They are used in elevators, escalators, and baggage

High Speed
Low Speed
Motor
Control Circuit
FIGURE 2.5 Conveyor belt system.
17
belts. The speed of these can be controlled, for example, in applications
like moving walkways at airports or in restaurants.
2.5 CONCLUSION
Recent advances in science and technology include a good range of high-
performance BLDC motor drive applications in areas such as medical
facilities, transport, HVAC (high voltage alternating current), motion
control, many industrial tools, and thus speed controllers are necessary
for home electrical appliances to perform various tasks. BLDC engines
have speed control capability, meaning that speed, torque, and even direc
tion of rotation are adjusted to suit new requirements at any moment. The
purpose of this project is to use the microcontroller PIC16F877A/887

to model a BLDC motor speed controller. It’s a real-time, closed-loop
system. If there’s a POT difference, the controller can keep the speed at
the desired speed. Motor speed is quickly regulated back to the desired
value by varying the PWM signal from the microcontroller to the motor
driver. The same specified speed is reflected on the LCD panel. BLDC
motors have been proven to be advantageous over brushed DC motors and
induction motors. The operation of a BLDC hub motor is noiseless and has
a very high efficiency. Because of these benefits, BLDC motors replace
applications wherever brushed DC motors and induction motors are
usually used. In addition to a wide speed control set, it offers high torque.
For both clockwise and counterclockwise directions, test results for the
motor controller are checked and some of the benefits of the proposed
work are basic yet efficient hardware circuit, accurate control algorithm,
and excellent speed control under both load and no-load environments.
Using a PIC microcontroller, the control algorithm used is incredibly easy
to implement. Even for higher rating motors, the built and implemented
concept model can still be implemented.
KEYWORDS
• PIC controller
• MikroC
• Proteus
• BLDC hub motor
• E-bike
REFERENCES
1. Das, B.; Chakraborty, S.; Kasari, P. M.; Chakraborti, A.; Bhowmik, M. Speed Control
of BLDC Motor Using Soft Computing Technique and Its Stability Analysis. IJCA
2017, 3 (5), ISSN (Online) 2249-071X.
2. Kenjo, T. Permanent-Magnet and Brushless DC Motors; Oxford University Press,
January 16, 1985; 194 pages; ISBN-10: 0198562179.
3. Singh, B.; Singh, S. State of the Art on Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor
Drives. J. Power Electron. Jan. 2009, 9 (1), 17 pages.

Other documents randomly have
different content

Fording a Shallow Arm of the Mývatn. Turf
Cottage in the Distance.
Contorted, Twisted and Crumpled Lava at
Skútustaðir.
The Mývatn region is the most fascinating, the most weird as well
as the most beautiful place in all Iceland. I believe it to be the fairest
spot in all that land of sun-kissed and wind-swept enchantment. The
lake is twenty miles long and its deepest place is not over twelve
feet. There are places where the water is hot and others where the

water flows from under the lava in ice-cold streams into the lake. At
the entrance of these streams there is excellent trout fishing. The
lake is dotted with islands, each a small crater, each fringed to the
edge of the water with the fragrant Angelica, each clothed with
grass nearly to the summit and each summit black and red,
scorched, blistered and horrent. Hundreds of these low craters fringe
the southern end of the lake and are scattered over the adjoining
farms, especially the farm of Skútustaðir. They are an exact
representation of the mountains of the moon as viewed through a
powerful telescope. To the geologist the Mývatn craters are of rare
interest, for nowhere else on the earth are they duplicated in the
numbers and in their peculiar formation. They rest like huge ant hills
on a level plain, each is circular in form and many of them are
confluent at the base. The slopes of many of the mounds are
covered with bombs and of characteristic type. The character of the
bombs on the slopes of widely separated craters is different,
indicating a different period of eruption and a different composition
of lava which entered into their formation.
One of the craters deserves a special description. It is shaped like
an inverted funnel with the stem cut off at the apex of the funnel.
Out of this orifice the lava was hurled in liquid drops to so great a
height in the air that it cooled and the bombs returned to the crater
and around it like a shower of grape-shot. It must have been a
wonderful sight, the spraying of the upper air with liquid lava like
water from a hose and to such an altitude that the stream broke into
drops and every drop cooled before it returned to earth. A few of the
bombs are fused together because they collided in a viscid condition.
Others are flattened because the mass struck the earth before they
had become rigid; but most of them are spherical and vary in size
from tiny pellets to a croquet ball.
There are several tintrons around Mývatn and in the adjacent
region of Húsavik. A tintron is a hornito, or more correctly speaking,
a lava chimney. A hornito is a veritable lava oven from which issues
smoke and fumes and it may be level or even sunk below the level
of the general surface of the lava sheet; while a tintron, like a

factory chimney with a spreading base, rises from the level ground
to the height of many feet. It is evident from examination that they
were formed by the spouting of lava in a liquid state so hot as to
have lost its viscousness, and, like geyser-formations, that which fell
upon the rim cooled and continual spoutings built the tintron. We
ascended one of the tintrons beside the lake and gazed down into its
black depths. The outer surface at the base is clothed with grass
while the tintron proper is encrusted with lichens. What a rugged
and forbidding aspect is presented in the interior! Deep, deep down
into the earth extends the flue, its wall hung with lava stalactites and
patches of lava that solidified as the material dripped back into the
interior after an explosion.
Of the scores of craters around Mývatn that I explored, only one
contained water,—except those in the lake,—and this one is known
as Thangbrandspollr, Thangbrand’s Pool. Thangbrand was a Saxon
Priest whom Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway (995-1000 A. D.) sent
to Iceland to perform a wholesale christening of the pagans. King
Olaf forced Christianity upon his subjects at the point of the sword,
killing and plundering all who refused to forsake the worship of Thor
and Odin and take the christening. Thangbrand was chosen for the
Icelandic mission because of his inhuman and zealous methods. He
had, what he deserved, little success. We read that,—
[9]“Hall let himself be christened and all his household.”
It was merely the act without any conversion from Scandinavian
polytheism. Again we read,—
“Winterlid, the Scald, made a scurvy rime about him,”
Thangbrand. And again we find,—
[10]“Thorvald, the Guileful, and Winterlid, the Scald, made a
scurvy rime about Thangbrand, but he slew them both. Thangbrand
abode three winters in Iceland, and was the bane of men or ever he
departed thence.”
It is reported in Iceland that this Pool is the place where
Thangbrand christened his converts. Since it is authentic that he

passed the time in Iceland at the home of Hall, which was in the
southeast of Iceland, it is not likely that this is the real pool,
although it is true that christenings took place in this pool at very
early times. The Vikings did not take very kindly to the christening
and the following facts will be of interest to those who dispute over
the correct method of baptism. When the priests found that the
Icelanders were the most stubborn of all the pagans of their
experience about the rite of christening, the priests changed their
tactics and performed their christenings in the warm pools adjacent
to the hot springs. Their method of baptism in the eleventh century
in Iceland may be inferred.
The Saga references show that the Mývatn region was an
important place in the early days of colonization and in subsequent
centuries and we reluctantly close the old annals so full of interest to
the antiquarian and the historian, and turn again to a more general
view of the Mývatn of the present. The view from Skútustaðir is
remarkable and of great variety. In the foreground, the quiet lake,
alive with water fowl and fringed with prosperous farms, presents a
picture of pastoral peace and beauty; in the distance across the lake
rise clouds of steam and sulfurous gases from the sizzling solfataras
of Námaskarð, Sulfur-Pass; to the left rises the innocent looking
peaks of Krafla, Creeping, and Leirnúkr, Mud-Peak, two famous
volcanoes; to the right, the prominent feature in the landscape is
Hverfjall, Hot-Spring-Mountain. Hverfjall is a large circular crater of
the explosion type. It stands 700 feet above the level of the plain
and is 4875 feet in diameter across the top. It is four miles in
circumference at the summit of the rim. The interior is a mass of
fragments and crushed rubble. There is a large mound in the center
composed of crumpled lava with angular edges. It is doubtful if lava
ever flowed from this great crater, although there was said to have
been an eruption in 1728. I found no evidence of such eruption,
other than that of a violent upheaval of the crust due to internal
explosions of a mighty character. A force beyond human
comprehension or calculation thrust upwards this enormous mass

and dropped the titanic fragments in the form of this circular wall
700 feet high here,—
“Wide ruin spread the elements around,
His havoc leagues on leagues you may descry.”
The farm at Skútustaðir is one to which my thoughts often revert.
I spent some time there in 1910 and was so charmed with the place
and delighted with the Dean and his family that I returned to it for a
more extended visit in 1913. The Dean has since moved to Hólmar,
Eskifjörðr. Skútustaðir is a scene unmatched in Iceland, the lake, the
sloping uplands clothed with excellent grass and sprinkled with a
wealth of Arctic flowers, the flocks and herds in the succulent
pastures, the farm buildings, Thinghús and church grouped on an
eminence between two bodies of water and the grand panorama of
meadows, rivers and volcanoes, with their ascending columns and
clouds of steam,—a panorama that is well worth a summer and ten
thousand miles of travel. On each of my visits the haying was in full
swing. The men rose early to cut the grass in the dew and paused at
midday for a long rest and a plunge in the lake while the raking,
bundling and stacking continued well into the night. Numerous cocks
of hay rose from the closely pared turf, many wild ducks led their
young from one sheet of water to the other, crossing the yard
between the buildings or pausing around the haycocks to pick the
numerous insects or venturing close to the doorways of the buildings
for bits of food. Along the margin of the lake I found many of the
swimming sandpipers, Lobipes hyperboreus, the Northern Phalarope.
It is a beautiful bird and at Mývatn it is so tame that one may sit
quietly on the bank and coax it up within a few feet of the shore
where it will dart about picking up the insects thrown to it. I devoted
an hour to studying this bird, feeding it in groups of several and in
taking their photographs. What a shame it is that New England birds
are not treated with the same thoughtfulness as the birds of Iceland!
These birds were within a minute’s walk of the house.

We strolled around the east side of the lake to the north shore and
for three days made our headquarters at Reykjahlið, Smoking-Pass,
a remnant of a once prosperous farm which has been destroyed by
the lava pouring from the vents of the foot hills that surround
Leirhnúkr. English travellers of casual observation have stated that
this great flood of lava came from the volcano itself but if they had
taken the trouble to follow the streams of lava from the farm to their
source, they would have found that a deep valley runs between
these foothills and the real volcano of Leirhnúkr. This lava flowed
during the years 1725, 1727, 1728 and 1729. Leirhnúkr was active at
the same time, hence their error in attributing this sheet of lava to
the volcano. The volcano has enough havoc to its discredit without
charging it with the crime of ruining the fertile plains at the north
end of the lake. In 1729 an extensive tract of grazing and mowing
land of rare fertility was overflowed by molten rock. Some branches
of the stream entered the lake and quenched their ardent fires, one
branch flowed to the northeast corner of the church and was
arrested in its flow within two feet of the building. Here the stream
divided into two arms and flowed around the edifice reuniting about
sixty feet from the opposite corner, leaving the church entirely
unharmed in the midst of the terrific heat of its fiery glow. Says
Henderson, who mused at length over the incident,—
“Who knows but the effectual earnest prayer of some pious
individual, or some designs of mercy, may have been the cause fixed
in the eternal purpose of Jehovah for the preservation of this
edifice?”
On this same farm, and at some distance from the margin of the
lake, there is a deep rift in the plain, the descent into which is made
with little difficulty. There is an abundance of water in the rift at a
temperature of 90°F. The place is called Stórigjá, Large-Rift, and is a
result of prehistoric earthquake action. The rift is very deep and
extends up near to the hot mountain from whence issues the hot
water. The water in the bed of the chasm is clear as crystal and
reflects most beautifully the narrow streak of sky and the flower
encrusted walls. Here the wild geranium and ferns grow abundantly,

almost tropically, on the walls and in the clefts of the rocks. It was a
novel experience to take a swim deep down in the crust of the earth
in this hot water of emerald hue, to look up the chasm and see the
towering ridges wreathed with rising steam and then to turn about
and gaze towards the snow-capped peaks beyond the other end of
the rift. The bath is invigorating and puts vigor and elasticity into the
body to such a degree that it is noticeable for hours afterwards. It
has been thought to be strongly radio-active.
No journey to Reykjahlið would be complete without a visit to the
small island of Slútness, one of the extinct craters in the lake. It is a
paradise for ducks. Having obtained permission of the farmer at
Grimstaðir, Grim’s-Farm, who owns the island, we rowed out to the
island accompanied by the farmer and Ólafur. Such a place for ducks
we had never seen; they breed in thousands on the small islands in
the lake and in the retired creeks, but the island of Slútness is one
great nest for ducks. The farmer told us that he had already taken
over 13,000 eggs from the island that season, and had left sufficient
for breeding purposes. These eggs are packed in water-glass for
winter consumption. One may walk across the island in three
minutes with ease and this makes the number of birds seem all the
larger. During the nesting season it is not possible to step anywhere
without taking precaution not to tread upon the birds. Here one may
see the Golden Eyed Duck, Clangula Islandica, in all its glory, lift it
from the nest for photographing and return it without any apparent
disturbance to the bird. The eider duck, Somateria Mollissima
Dresseri, is abundant on this island, though usually seeking the sea
coast during the nesting season. The island itself, even if the birds
were missing, is charming. It is circular in form, with the crater
portion filled with water to the level of the lake. It is in this water
that the ducklings take their first swimming exercises. In many
places it was literally covered with the puffy brown balls that darted
hither and yon amid the loud scolding of the numerous mothers in
their efforts to keep the different families from getting inextricably
mixed. Around the margin of the basin there is a remarkable plant
society with numerous members, wonderful for this high latitude,

above Lat. 65°-30´. The mountain ash and Arctic willow form dense
thickets near the margin of the pool and close to the water the
Angelica, Angelica officinalis, stands to a height of five feet and
when crushed fills the air with the fragrance of its oil. This plant
grows luxuriantly on many portions of the lake shore as well as on
the islands and it is highly prized by the inhabitants. The list of
plants which we collected here is too long to give in full. There were
over thirty specimens of flowering plants, among which we noticed
the violets in dense mats, vigorous geraniums, Geranium
maculatum, with larger and deeper colored blossoms than in New
England, dandelions and arnica in great profusion, asters, marigolds
and wild pinks. This island will yield a good deal of information to
the botanist interested in Ecology and in the variation of species.
The house at Reykjahlið, is an ancient one built of turf and stone
with the usual turf roof, covered with grass in a flourishing condition.
In front of the house is the only windmill that I have seen in Iceland.
The sails are of galvanized iron and laid on the yards in squares like
the glass in a window. The mill is a small affair and is used to grind
barley and rye for the use of the family. No grain is raised in the
country but it is all imported from Europe and ground as needed.
The entrance to the house, like the one described in the chapter on
Hekla, is through a hallway with an age-trodden floor. The guest
room is finished in wood and we found it neat and clean. We are
glad to report this state of cleanliness because the English writers
tell strange tales about the uncleanliness of this house and its
vermin-infested guest room. The people at the farm spoke no
English but they waited upon us with the customary Icelandic
cordiality and we thoroughly enjoyed the several meals prepared
especially for our table. The trout came fresh from the lake and the
prime eggs from ducks’ nests on the islands.

A Hot Water Fall at Hveravellir.
Slútness, Crater Island in the Mývatn. Home of
the Golden Eyed Duck.
One day I found a magnificent specimen of an edible mushroom,
Lycoperdon giganteum, and to the horror of the people on the farm
I requested that it be cooked. This specimen was ten inches in
diameter, hard, white and in prime condition. It had been long since
we had tasted mushrooms and our vegetable diet had been a
sparing one since we left the steamer, so I persisted, through Ólafur,

that “the Americans really mean that they wish this mushroom
cooked and they will eat it.” Our directions were carefully followed
and the Lycoperdon came to the table well prepared and in full
flavor. What consternation it created in the kitchen we will never
know, save that there was much talking there and uproarious
laughter in that department during the cooking process. The maiden
who brought it to the table came in with a blushing face and ill-
concealed laughter at some remarks that followed as she left the
kitchen. It certainly was delicious and after we had dipped deeply
into the contents of the tureen, Ólafur was persuaded to try it and
the farmer standing in the doorway looked aghast when he saw
Ólafur eat it. Ólafur pronounced it good and invited the farmer to try
it but the latter shook his head in a manner to convince us that he
had no idea of being so unwise as to eat such a thing. On the
following morning when I called for the remainder, the response
was,—“it is all gone.” Whether they threw it away or whether it was
eaten after consultation with Ólafur I will never know for a certainty
but I believe that it was eaten, also I believe that every sizable
Lycoperdon growing on this farm in the future is destined for the
stew pan with real cream.
We tarried at the farm for three days and during this time we had
every possible attention paid to our comfort. The farmer always
came to our room during meals and took coffee with us and smoked
a cigar at the end. He always proffered his snuff horn to me but I
was impolite enough to refuse this courtesy. Snuff taking is universal
among the men. When two men meet upon the trail, whether they
know each other or not, they salute, each brings out the snuff horn
and the horns are exchanged. A little is then poured upon the back
of the left wrist from which it is snuffed up the right and then the
left nostril. One or two violent sneezes follow, each man trying to
sneeze the louder in compliment to the finer quality of the other’s
snuff, though it often happens that both horns were filled out of the
same jar in the store. The sneezing over, they again shake hands,
salute and ride their several ways.

I
CHAPTER XIV
KRAFLA
… “The mountain’s head
Stupendous rose; crags, bare and bleachen, spread
In wild confusion,—fearful to the eye,—
In barren greatness, while the valleys lie
Crouching beneath, in their brown vesture clad,
And silent all.”
—Cottle.
n the early morning we mounted the best of our ponies for the
toilsome ascent of Krafla, Creeping. We crossed the intervening
ridge of mountains through the pass of Námaskarð, Solfatara-
Pass, which is a deep defile in the volcanic range. At the base of
this ridge there are spread out broad plains of multi-colored
earth from which clouds of steam and sulfur gases ascend,
which are visible for many miles across the lake. With caution we
picked a way for the ponies amid the fumaroles and entered the
pass. As far as the eye can range, this slope of the mountain is
strewn with crystals of sulfur and gypsum interspersed with alum
and needle zeolites in various forms. This slope is thinly crusted and
perforated, like a skimmer, with orifices whence issue vile smelling
gases to mingle with the steam and become dissipated in the upper
air.
From the summit of the pass an extensive view of the Mývatns
Öraefa, Desolate Lava of Mývatn, is obtained towards the northeast.
It is a trackless ruin wrought by the combined labors of several
volcanoes and contains no vegetation save patches of lichens that

nourish a small herd of reindeer. At the foot of the slope upon which
we halted a vast plain spreads out into the Öraefa. This plain is
covered with a thin crust of chemical earths which rest upon a
substratum of viscid, hot and sulfur-permeated clay. At the margin
we left the ponies and ventured cautiously upon the crust, recalling
the experience of Dr. Hooker in a similar situation at Krisuvik, where
he nearly lost his life by sinking into the hot mass. The crust will
support the curious traveller if he is sufficiently cautious in choosing
his route by sounding the shell in front of him with a staff. It
reminded me of an experience I had when a boy in watching my
father cross a river upon thin ice, where he sounded the ice step by
step in advance with the pole of his axe while I followed with great
temerity over the cracking ice. As I expressed my fear of breaking
through, he replied, “it will hold as long as it cracks.” And so with the
sulfur crust above the seething furies, “it will hold as long as it
cracks.” Woe to him who fails to sound this undulating crust before
his advancing steps! All of this crust is composed of sublimated
chemicals brought to the surface by the superheated gases. The
crystals are various in form according to their chemical constituents
and together they present a discordant color scheme, much like a
painter’s palette where the various color daubs have run together. As
one crunches the crystals beneath his feet he has the sensation of
walking with hob-nails through a jeweller’s showcase.
This Arctic Phlegethon is mottled with pits of boiling bolus. There
are four principal groups of these mud cauldrons, each in a basin of
baked mud, elevated a few feet above the level of the plain. In 1910
one of these groups contained seven cauldrons, the largest being
thirty feet in diameter. The cauldrons are not permanent but crust
over from time to time and new ones form in the adjacent areas.
The mud rises slowly in a gigantic bubble, like the sticky bubbles on
the surface of hot molasses candy, until the gas pressure is sufficient
to burst the film, when a cloud of gases suddenly shoots upward, a
hot shower of mud is ejected and then the entire mass slides back
into the bowels of the earth with a horrid, sickening gasp. It is now
safe to mount the rim and watch the mass as it slowly wells upwards

for another display. Standing in a bath of vapors one looks backward
over the track whence he came and notes tiny columns of steam
marking the trail along which he so recently advanced. Every place
in the crust that was punctured with the staff is slowly changing into
a cauldron like the one at his feet and the traveller experiences a
sensation of uneasiness, knowing, as he does, that in a brief time a
new line of cauldrons will be in operation and for the first time he
fully realizes the insecurity of his position and he longs for the
solidity of the lava ridge where he left the hobbled ponies.
Because it suggests the food that may be provided for the guests
of the Inferno, the Icelander has named the material within the
smoking cauldrons “hell-broth” and the name can not be improved.
They boil and splutter, spatter and emit abundant volumes of steam
and make a great fuss over the little matter of a solid nature that is
ejected. These spiteful explosions are worthy of greater results.

“And still the smouldering flame lurks underground
And tosses boiling fountains to the sky.”
For two hours we wandered among the fumaroles and fountains of
seething mud. Oftentimes the crust cracked viciously beneath our
feet and we retreated precipitously to a thicker portion of the shell
which covers this vast subterranean fire. It gave us much
amusement to plug up the orifices of the small fumaroles with plastic
clay and sulfur and to wait for them to burst forth spitefully and hurl
out a shower of scorching mud.
Following a narrow sheep trail between the edge of the lava and
the high ridge that connects Námarskartð with Leirnúkr and Krafla,
we arrived at a lonely spot, a deserted Icelandic farm with tumbled
down buildings, which gave evidence of having been a prosperous
stead before the lava flood spread its fiery wings over the valley.
Here we paused for lunch. Among our steamer gifts was a package
which was marked for us to open some day when we desired a
change from our regular fare. We put it into our hamper that
morning and rejoiced to find a bottle of delicious olives. We washed
down this lunch with acid water from the brook, which we later
found to have its origin in one of the craters of Krafla. On our return
from the summit, the ponies, who had had no water for several
hours, went eagerly to this brook but after one taste they trotted
along. Curious to know why they would not drink since they had
freely done so in the morning, I dismounted and tasted the water. It
had become much more acid and I could account for it only by
supposing that a larger volume than usual had issued from the
crater and that there had been less snow water for its dilution than
when we had lunched.
The climb soon began in earnest. In a long series of zigzag curves
we crossed ridge after ridge of sticky clay interspersed with volcanic
ash and pumice. Having gained the summit of the ash ridges we

photographed the distant peak of Krafla, traversed a bit of high
moorland containing a small crater lake of blue water, entered a
sheltered valley between the upper peak of Krafla and
Hrafntinnuhryggr, Raven-Peaks-Back, a ridge of obsidian or Icelandic
agate. Enormous masses of jet black obsidian of the purest form rise
from this ridge and millions of these glass boulders are piled in a
talus at the base of the cliffs. I secured an excellent specimen seven
inches in diameter, pointed at one side and with a beautiful and
double conchoidal fracture for the science museum at Springfield,
Mass.
We left the tired ponies to graze in the bit of grass while we made
the final ascent of the mountain, which is far above the craters. The
slope is steep and is clothed with a thick mat of birches to the very
edge of the snow in the ravine. These birches are so small that an
entire tree, roots, stem, leaves and catkin may be placed upon a five
cent piece without projecting. We saw many tracks of reindeer and
picked up a fine set of antlers of the last casting. The herd of these
animals in the vicinity of Krafla is thriving as they are undisturbed by
the natives.
On the very tip-top of the mountain we erected a cairn and
deposited a record of our ascent in a metal cylinder. We then
photographed the official flag of the Arctic Club of America and
examined the broad and horrent country surrounding the base of
this volcano. Before I went to Iceland my mountain climbing had
been confined to the mountains of New Hampshire, where a
magnificent, virgin forest clothes the middle and lower slopes. To
stand upon any mountain in Iceland, with White Mountain
impressions in the mind, and gaze at the barrenness of the
surrounding country affords the greatest possible contrast.
The view from the summit of Krafla is imposing but not so
extensive as from Hekla. Unlike Hekla the craters are on the slope
and far below the summit. The top of Krafla is a jumbled mass of
disintegrating granophyre. The view down the eastern slope and
across the intervening space to Leirnúkr is plutonic and exceedingly

wild. In the distance a mass of lava hangs upon the side of Leirnúkr
like a petrified waterfall, nearer and on the middle slopes of Krafla
are several old craters filled with water from which columns of steam
continually ascend. One of them is a double crater with confluent
edges. It is filled with water which boils violently along the side next
to the summit of the mountain. The craters are at an elevation of
1700 feet above sea level and in the days when Henderson visited
them they were in a violent state of action. On July 15, 1910, we
found them provokingly quiet. At some distance down the mountain
below the crater lakes there is a great rift cutting deeply into the
side of the mountain. Here we found considerable activity. The cleft
was so filled with clouds of steam that my photograph of it reveals
little except the belching vapors. If I had had a phonograph I could
have brought home a record of growling, roaring, impatient
muttering that burst into explosive thunders that would have been of
scientific interest at least if not to the popular ear. The odors of
sulfur gases were sufficiently strong to stifle any one except a
chemist accustomed to the fragrance of the laboratory. If I had had
an instrument to record odors I could have brought away a
collection of these simple and multiple combinations of smells that
would have startled the dullest of olefactory nerves. The name of
this rift in Icelandic is Víti, signifying Hell, well named.
Krafla is not dead, merely sleeping. In the past centuries it has
wrought great havoc. The eruption of May 17, 1724, was so violent
that the ashes and pumice on the eastern shore of Mývatn were
deposited to a depth of over three feet. The connection between
Krafla and Leirnúkr is close, in reality they are one volcano with
different craters. Leirnúkr had a violent eruption in 1725, to which
reference was made in the preceding chapter, and during the
following four years there were three more eruptions that did great
damage.
The extended view from Krafla is desolate and dreary in the
extreme. When the eye ranges beyond the smoking slopes of mighty
Krafla it meets the greatest lava desolation in the north of Iceland.
In the distance flashes of the Jökulsá, Ice-Mountain-River, are seen

as it labors through the twisted lava to plunge into the abyss of the
Dettifoss. The southern view commands the low volcanoes
surrounding Mývatn. To the left rises the obsidian mountain and at
our very feet ascend the roaring columns out of Víti to their
dissipation in the upper air.
Descending to our ponies we decided to traverse the unexplored
portion of the mountain by a spiral route. We soon became
entangled in an intricate mesh of deep, soft gullies. The great depth
of these gullies, the ridges of dry ashes that surmounted them, the
steep, viscid slopes and the beds filled with running water hot and
odorous, wherein a peculiar alga thrives, and the intervening
reaches of slumpy snow afforded us two hours of very laborious
work. Cautiously we proceeded, leading the ponies, searching for
places to descend the slopes and then working much harder to get
out of the ravine, only to find it necessary to repeat the performance
many times. The trusting beasts followed our ignominious slides into
the gulches and after much coaxing managed to scramble up after
us into the dry ashes at the top. We photographed these gullies,
descended to the sheep trail and after three and one half hours of
hard riding returned to our comfortable quarters at Reykjalíð farm,
where we did ample justice to the supper which the farmer’s
daughter had prepared for us. On the menu was an excellent item
that was new to us, a sweet purple soup.
The minerals and lava specimens that I had collected up to this
time were packed and left with the farmer who engaged for a kroner
to transport them to Húsavik when he went to this trading station in
the autumn. In due course of time the box, which I had left to his
care, arrived safely in Springfield,—another instance of the
faithfulness of the Icelander in keeping his word. The reader will
note the difference in the cost of packing a box of seventy-five
pounds on the back of a pony for two days and the tariff of the
Express Companies of America.
On the morrow we rode through the lava beds that fringe the
eastern shore of Mývatn just after a clearing shower and the sunlight

upon the crater islands, the lichen-encrusted lava ridges and the play
of light upon the water of the land-locked pools was of surprising
beauty. As we neared Kálfstrond, Calf-Strand, an Icelandic shepherd
dog ran out to meet us and gave a noisy welcome. For the size of
the dog the Iceland variety has the strongest lungs of any member
of the canine family. They will run for half a mile to meet the
traveller yelping and crying and will often follow him for miles after
leaving the farm. One of these fluffy balls of animation stayed with
us for several days and resisted all our efforts to leave him behind.
We left him in a stable with instructions to keep him till some one
returned to the farm from whence he had run away but at noon as
we were fording a river he joyously arrived. The cold stream was no
obstacle, he was the first on the opposite shore and stayed with us
until we arrived at Reykjavik. He lost no opportunity to get into our
room at the hotel, invariably found us if we went for a walk and
when we pushed from the landing in a small boat to go out into the
stream to board our steamer for home, he jumped from the wharf
into the boat and stuck to us till we ascended the gang plank and as
the boat pulled ashore he gave one long and mournful cry. My heart
has often turned towards the faithfulness and the attachment of this
little fellow and often do I wonder if he is following the sheep over
his native hills forgetful of the summer’s escapade when he ran away
to associate with strangers.
Beneath the lava ridges great streams of water from the
neighboring mountains pour into the lake and around these inlets
there is always excellent trout fishing. The trout are large and
abundant. Between the lake and Hverfjall the lava is rifted into deep
ravines and mighty cliffs which, in their castellated and architectural
forms, coated with lichens, present more the appearance of being
the handiwork of man than that of subterranean powers assisted by
the frosts of time. Little imagination is necessary to view in this mass
of plutonic rock the Gothic arches of a long deserted cloister, and in
that pile of ragged crust, the ramparts and bastions of a mediaeval
fortress. Lofty piles stand side by side upon the plain suggestive of
triumphal arches whose capstone has fallen to the ground.

On arriving at Skútustaðir we found that Baron Klinckowström, his
son Harald and Walter Friedeberg, whom we had met on the Botnia,
had arrived and established themselves in the Thinghús. Here they
were busy in preparing bird skins for museums in Stockholm, Berlin,
and the private collection of Harald. It was a pleasure to see a youth
like Harald cling for hours to the trying labor of preparing bird skins.
Later I examined his large and excellent collection of mounted birds
at his father’s castle at Stafsund near Stockholm and I could not help
admiring the energy and perseverance of the youth as well as the
skill manifest in mounting this collection, all of which was the work
of his unaided hands. The boy with a purpose, who lives largely in
the open, even though he may be deprived of the university, is sure
to obtain a most liberal education, an education that comes through
the eye and is augmented by thought. Later, when I had had a
chance to study the daily life of a boy in the public schools of
Sweden and draw a comparison with that of an American youth, I
understood how that little country of mountains and lakes had
produced so many remarkable men, such as Berzelius, Linnaeus,
Bergman, Scheele and Arrhenius. It is the spirit that dominates the
boy in successful education, not the special advantages of his
equipment.

Flag of the Arctic Club of America on the
Summit of Krafla.
Obsidian Ridge, Hrafntinnuhryggr, near Summit
of Krafla.
We had planned to leave Skútustaðir at eight in the morning but it
was one in the afternoon when we parted from our genial host. His
little daughter opened the tún gate and we rode out upon the great
heath which reaches from Mývatn to Ljósavatn. The great delay was
caused by the straying of the ponies. A week before I had swapped

a pony with the farmer at Ljósavatn. The pony had taken it into his
wise little head to return to his old home without the trouble of
carrying his pack and he was followed by three of our riding ponies.
It was several hours before Ólafur overtook them and returned to
the lake. The innumerable midges around the lake greatly annoy the
ponies and often cause them to wander. Sometimes they are so
violently attacked by swarms of these insects that they will rush
headlong into the water to rid themselves of their tormentors. When
the grass is good and the wind and midges do not annoy, they do
not wander but graze quietly during the night and are easily
captured when wanted. A child with a string will go to the grazing
land, fasten it around the lower jaw of one of the ponies, mount and
drive the troup to the farm house to be saddled. It is never
necessary, as it often is in New England, to spend an hour to coax a
horse with a measure of grain. The Icelandic horse is a type peculiar
to the country. He is the descendant of the Scandinavian steed taken
to that country centuries since by the early settlers. He has become
thoroughly inured to the conditions and has developed
characteristics not found in any other breed of horses. His weight is
from 500 to 600 pounds, though some run a little heavier. The mane
is very thick and long; the tail is a great brush about ten inches in
diameter and unless clipped drags upon the ground. In the driving
wind, rain or sleet, the pony turns his tail to the storm and with
lowered head, if untethered, walks out the gale. The wind spreads
the thick hair over his hips and even though matted upon the
surface with sleet it becomes an admirable protection. The hair of
the tail is very long and is used by the farmers for making ropes to
bind hay. The horses are well built, usually fat, free from blemishes,
slender in the legs, wide between the eyes, broad backed and deep
chested. Their sagacity is remarkable. In fording rivers, in crossing
the ragged lava, in picking their way over stone-strewn heaths,
across quaking bogs, or in the rugged defiles or on the precipitous
slopes of the trailless mountains, they are the wisest, kindest, surest
and the finest saddle horses.

The endurance of these little steeds is a continual surprise to the
stranger. In the bogs and in rubble riding they are extremely
cautious and if they are allowed to negotiate the difficult places in
their own way, will never bring the rider to grief. I said they were
sure footed and the fact that I have been thrown a few times is not
contrary to the statement. When a pony is ridden at an eight mile
pace down a declivity thickly strewn with loose stones, if he
stumbles three times a month it should not be attributed to the pony
as a fault but rather to the recklessness of his rider. Their living is
obtained entirely out of doors. In the spring the young horses are
driven into the mountains where they run wild until late in the
autumn when they are taken to the farm for the winter. It is only
occasionally during the most severe portion of the winter that they
are provided with hay and never with grain, except work-horses in
the city. When four years old they are broken to the saddle. There
are about 50,000 ponies in the country and hundreds are exported
to Denmark and Scotland yearly. The steamer upon which we
returned from Iceland the first summer carried 376 ponies. The
saddle ponies have different steps, some amble, some trot, some
gallop, some pace,—all have at least two of these methods while
some of them have all of these methods and a good rider can take
his choice or have his pony change from one to another.
A troup of ponies on a journey will usually stay together. Although
we frequently passed through mountain pastures where scores of
horses were grazing, we never knew one of our ponies to leave the
company of his own companions. On arrival at a farm the ponies are
led with a string, for the Icelander is jealous of every blade of grass
within his enclosure and it is a mark of discourtesy to permit the
ponies to graze about the buildings. The best ponies are raised in
the rich valleys of the north rivers and it is there that the Icelandic
gentleman goes for his fancy saddle horse, as the Yankee formerly
went to Kentucky.
The straying of the ponies is not the only cause of a late departure
in the morning. The Icelander is never in a hurry. Every night we
held a solemn council with the guide and it was usually agreed that

we would leave at nine in the morning, sometimes the time set was
eight. But, if the ponies had not strayed then it was found that
several of them must be shod; if they did not need shoeing the
saddles needed attention; if the saddles were in good condition then
the morning coffee was late, so that we usually started two hours
after the appointed time.
The best advice to a prospective Yankee in Iceland is,—Do not
fret. Go and take photographs while the ponies are being saddled.
When they are saddled go and take some more. When everything is
ready, start. To the nervous and rushing American this is an unusual
procedure. But, the charm of Icelandic travel is the abundance of
time, freedom from any real cause for worry and the knowledge that
darkness can not overtake the summer traveller, no matter where or
when he travels. There is also the certainty that he will receive a
cordial reception, no matter when he arrives. Impatient Americans
need a summer on horseback in Iceland to curb their impetuosity.
One day we had a pleasant experience in calling at a farm house
where lived friends of our guide. We were invited into the guest
room which contained a narrow bed, a big round table and an organ
made in Brattleboro, Vt. Our host produced the usual horn of snuff
and with it some excellent cigars. He then played and sang to us in
Icelandic,—“There’s a Land that is Fairer than Day.” He wished us to
photograph his children but their mother first insisted in putting
them through the hair-combing process. After this they were lined
up in front of the house, seven in a row. After repeated efforts on
the part of the older ones to keep the hands of their baby brother
out of his mouth the picture was taken with success. The mother
disappeared for half an hour and then returned with coffee and
freshly made pancakes rolled in sugar.
The host and hostess then showed us all over their house, a turf
structure and typical of the older houses in the country. Such farm
houses contain narrow, windowless corridors, winding in labyrinthian
maze from room to room. In this house one passageway led to a
large open mound where a fire is made to smoke fish and meat and

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