Concept, construct and variable by sajjad ahmad-upm
- 1. Concept, Construct and Variable SAJJAD AHMAD UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
- 2. Concept Concept gives a vivid picture on something, which helps to understand the category and diversity of particular related pragmatic phenomenon. an expression of an abstraction formed be generalization from particulars
- 3. Conceptualization is the refinement of abstract concepts
- 4. Construct Construct means focused abstract idea on something inferred from an observable phenomenon. is a concept that has been formulated so that it can be used in science
- 5. Variable ‘Variable’ means the factor or aspect of an issue or incident or a content which should be able to be measured. Variable is based on values. It varies from incident to incident, issue to issue. We may have example- if we are conducting a research on the present condition of village, there the demographic profile, economic condition, health and hygiene status could be considered as variables. It is a property that can take on different values, an empirical indicator of constructs
- 6. Attribute Variables Measured Variables, subjects characteristics cannot be manipulated Male/female these attributes were pre exisiting
- 7. Active Variables Manipulated variables "manipulation" means doing different things to different groups of subjects When a researcher does one thing to one group and somesomenting else to the other group -2 groups follow different directions
- 8. Types of Variables 1 • Dependent and Independent variables: An independent variable is presumed the cause of the dependent variable –the presumed effect. Dependent Variable (DV) is one which changes in relationship to changes in another variable (IV). 2 • Experimental and Measured variable: The experimental variables spell out the details of the investigators manipulations while the measured variables refer to measurements.
- 9. Types of Variables 3 • . Active and Assigned variables: Any variable which can be manipulated is called active variable and if that cannot be manipulated is called assigned variable. 4 • Qualitative and Quantitative Variables: the quantitative variable is one whose values or categories consist of numbers. On the other hand this variable category can be expressed numerically. But the qualitative variable consists of discrete categories rather than numerical units.
- 10. Types of Variables 5 • Moderator and Combined Variables: The moderator variable is a secondary independent variable which is selected for study to determine if it affects the relationship between the primary independent variable and the dependent variable. On the other hand the combined variable maintain the relationship with a cause ,relationship and effects.
- 11. Types of Variables • is capable of taking on an ordered set of values within a certain range values of a continuous variable reflect at least a rank order. Continuous variable • - belong to nominal measurement individuals are categorized by their possession of the characteristic that defines and sub set. To categorize means to assign an object or a sub class on the basis of having or not having a characteristic. Categorical variable
- 12. Further Reading Social Research Methods by: Alan Bryman Research Methods for Business Students by Mark N.K. Saunders and Philip Lewis