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#include<unistd.h>
int execl(const char *pathname, const char *arg0,…);
int execv(const char *pathname, char *const argv[]);
int execle(const char *pathname, const char *arg0,…,
);
int execve(const char *pathname, char *constargv[],
char *constenvp[]);
int execlp(const char *filename, const char *arg0,…);
int execvp(const char *filename, char *const argv[]);
All sizr return –1 on error, no return on sucess](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/concurrentserveranditerativeserver1-1-240802063504-b3698034/85/Concurrent-Server-and-Iterative-Server-1-1-ppt-9-320.jpg)
Concurrent Server and Iterative Server (1)-1.ppt
- 1. PRESENTATION ON:- SERVERS o CONCURRENT SERVER • CONNECTION LESS • CONNECTION ORIENTED o ITERATIVE SERVER • CONNECTION LESS • CONNECTION ORIENTED
- 2. SERVERS CONCURRENT SERVER ITERATIVE SERVER • It is the server that handles multiple request at a time • However it’s implementation may not be required if the apptn. p/l handles it with ease • If the server is defined for a single process & if it perform lesser and of I/O options ,then also Concurrency is not desired • It is a server that processes one request at at time • Although , it may cause unnecessary delays in distributed n/ws & become performance bottlenecks • comparatively , they are easier to design & build & resulting code is simple & easy to modify
- 3. CONNECTION-ORIENTED SERVER • These servers use TCP as the transport layer p/l. • Here, TCP handles packets loss (error control),flow control & out of order delivery problems • Here , 3 ways handshake is used is used to establish & terminate a connection and whole data is transferred through communication • These servers provide reliability for data transmission
- 4. CONNECTION-LESS SERVERS • These servers use UDP as their transport layer protocol • These server avoid overhead of communication establishment & termination. • They do not suffer from resources depletion problem • They permit communication with multiple hosts (multiple connection) from a single socket • They do not provide reliability & usually clients take responsibility for retansmitting request in case of no. response or faulty response from server • It is usually duty of appltn. Layer p/l to provide reliability with the help of a complex sophisticated technique known as ‘adaptive retransmission’
- 5. • TCP offers point to point communication, while UDP offers TCP offers point to point communication, while UDP offers broadcasting & multicasting. All the future applications depend broadcasting & multicasting. All the future applications depend more on multicasting . Hence connectionless servers will be popular more on multicasting . Hence connectionless servers will be popular in future. in future. • Connectionless servers that use ‘ adaptive retransmission’ have Connectionless servers that use ‘ adaptive retransmission’ have complex programming complex programming
- 6. SERVERS Stateful Stateless • Stateful Servers maintain the status of ongoing interactions with clients. • Usually that use TCP are stateful servers • Stateless Servers do not maintain the states of current intraction with client • Usually these servers use UDP • Issue of statelessness arises from a need to ensure reliability, • Especially when using connectionless transport
- 7. Concurrent vs. iterative servers Iterative server process one request at a time Easy to build Unnecessary delay Concurrent server handles multiple requests at one time. More difficult to design and build Better performance
- 8. Fork and exec functions #include<unistd.h> int fork(); Return 0 in child, process ID of child in parent –1 on error There are two typical uses of fork 1. A process makes a copy of itself so that one copy handle one operation while the other copy does another task. 2. A process wants to execute another program. Since the only way to create a new process is by calling fork, the process first calls fork to make a copy of itself, and then one of the copies(child) calls exec to replace itself with the new program
- 9. exec #include<unistd.h> int execl(const char *pathname, const char *arg0,…); int execv(const char *pathname, char *const argv[]); int execle(const char *pathname, const char *arg0,…, ); int execve(const char *pathname, char *constargv[], char *constenvp[]); int execlp(const char *filename, const char *arg0,…); int execvp(const char *filename, char *const argv[]); All sizr return –1 on error, no return on sucess
- 10. Outline for typical concurrent server int pid,s, conn; S = Socket( .. ); // fill in server address Bind(s, ..); Listen(s, LISTNQ); while(1){ conn = Accept(s, ..); if( (pid = fork()) ==0) { close (s); doit( conn); close(conn); exit(0); } // end of if close(conn); }// end of while loop
- 11. Concurrent, connection-oriented Connection-oriented servers implement concurrency among connections rather than among individual requests. Connection between client-server handle more than a single request: The protocol allow a client to repeatedly send requests and receive responses without terminating the connection or creating a new one.
- 12. Algorithm-parent,madter 1. Create a socket and bind to the well-known address for the service being offered. Leave the socket unconnected 2. Place the socket in passive mode, making it ready for use by a server. 3. Repeatedly call accept to receive the next request from a client, and create a new process to handle the response
- 13. Algorithm-child,slave 1. Begin with a connection passed from the master(I.e. a socket for the connection) 2. Interact with the client using the connection: read request(s) and send back response(s) 3. Close the connection and exit. The slave exits after handling all requests from one client
- 14. Apparent concurrency using a single thread 1. Create a socket and bind to the well-known port for the service.add socket to the list of those on which I/O is possible. 2. Use select to wait for I/O on existing sockets 3. If original socket is ready, use accept to obtain the next connection, and add the new socket to the list of those on which I/O is possible. 4. If some socket other than the original is ready, use recv and read to obtain the next request, forma response, and use send or write to send the response back to the client 5. Continue processing with step 2.