Control statments in c
- 1. CONTROL STATEMENTS IN C By: Anupam Sharma Assistant Professor Faculty of Enggineering Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Technical Campus
- 2. 1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understanding meaning of a statement and statement block Learn about decision type control constructs in C and the way these are used Learn about looping type control constructs in C and the technique of putting them to use Learn about nested loops and their utility Learn the use of special control constructs such as goto, break, continue, and return
- 3. 2. CONTROL STATEMENTS INCLUDE Selection Statements • if • Nested if • • if-else • If-else ladder • switch Iteration Statements • for • while • do-while • Nested for/while Jump Statements • goto • break • continue • return
- 4. PROGRAM CONTROL STATEMENTS/CONSTRUCTS IN ‘C’ Program Control Statements/Constructs Selection/Branching Conditional Type if if-else if-else- ladder switch Unconditional Type break continue goto Iteration/Looping for while do- while
- 6. RELATIONAL OPERATORS To Specify Symbol Used less than < greater than > less than or equal to greater than or equal to <= >= To Specify Symbol Used Equal to == Not equal to != Logical AND && Logical OR || Negation ! Equality and Logical Operators
- 7. POINTS TO NOTE If an expression, involving the relational operator, is true, it is given a value of 1. If an expression is false, it is given a value of 0. Similarly, if a numeric expression is used as a test expression, any non-zero value (including negative) will be considered as true, while a zero value will be considered as false. Space can be given between operand and operator (relational or logical) but space is not allowed between any compound operator like <=, >=, ==, !=. It is also compiler error to reverse them. a == b and a = b are not similar, as == is a test for equality, a = b is an assignment operator. Therefore, the equality operator has to be used carefully. The relational operators have lower precedence than all arithmetic operators.
- 8. A FEW EXAMPLES The following declarations and initializations are given: int x=1, y=2, z=3; Then, The expression x>=y evaluates to 0 (false). The expression x+y evaluates to 3 (true). The expression x=y evaluates to 2 (true).
- 9. LOGICAL OPERATORS MAY BE MIXED WITHIN RELATIONAL EXPRESSIONS BUT ONE MUST ABIDE BY THEIR PRECEDENCE RULES WHICH IS AS FOLLOWS: NOT operator(!) AND operator&& OR operator||
- 10. OPERATOR SEMANTICS Operators Associativity () ++ (postfix) -- (postfix) left to right + (unary) - (unary) right to left ++ (prefix) -- (prefix) * / % left to right + - left to right < <= > >= left to right == != left to right && left to right || left to right ?: right to left = + = - = * = / = right to left , (comma operator) left to right
- 11. CONDITIONAL EXECUTION AND SELECTION Selection Statements The Conditional Operator The switch Statement
- 12. SELECTION STATEMENTS One-way decisions using if statement Two-way decisions using if-else statement Multi-way decisions Dangling else Problem
- 13. ONE-WAY DECISIONS USING IF STATEMENT Flowchart for if construct if(TestExpr) statementT; T F TestExpr statementT
- 14. WRITE A PROGRAM THAT PRINTS THE LARGEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS USING IF. Algorithm C Program 1. START #include <stdio.h> int main() { int A, B, C; printf("Enter the numbers A, B and C: "); scanf("%d %d %d", &A, &B, &C); if (A >= B && A >= C) printf("%d is the largest number.", A); if (B >= A && B >= C) printf("%d is the largest number.", B); if (C >= A && C >= B) printf("%d is the largest number.", C); return 0; } 2. PRINT “ENTER THREE NUMBERS” 3. INPUT A, B, C 4. MAX=A 5. IF B>MAX THEN MAX=B 6. IF C>MAX THEN MAX=C 7. PRINT “LARGEST NUMBER IS”, MAX 8. STOP
- 15. TWO-WAY DECISIONS USING IF-ELSE STATEMENT The form of a two-way decision is as follows: if(TestExpr) statement1; else statement2; Flowchart of if-else construct TestExpr statement 1 statement 2 T F
- 16. WRITE A PROGRAM CHECK WHETHER AN INTEGER IS ODD OR EVEN #include <stdio.h> int main() { int number; printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d", &number); if (number%2 == 0) // True if the remainder is 0 { printf("%d is an even integer.",number); } else { printf("%d is an odd integer.",number); } return 0; }
- 17. MULTI-WAY DECISIONS if(TestExpr1) statementT1; else if(TestExpr2) statementT2; else if(TestExpr3) statementT3; .. . else if(TestExprN) statementTN; else statementF; if-else-if ladder
- 18. FLOWCHART OF AN IF-ELSE-IF CONSTRUCT TestExpr TestExpr2 TestExprN TestExpr3 statementT2 statem entTN statementT3 statem entTF statementT1 T T T F F F F T
- 19. THE FOLLOWING PROGRAM CHECKS WHETHER A NUMBER GIVEN BY THE USER IS ZERO, POSITIVE, OR NEGATIVE #include <stdio.h> int main() { int x; printf(“n ENTER THE NUMBER:”); scanf(“%d”, &x); if(x > 0) printf(“x is positive n”); else if(x == 0) printf(“x is zero n”); else printf(“x is negative n”); return 0; }
- 20. NESTED IF When any if statement is written under another if statement, this cluster is called a nested if. The syntax for the nested is given here: Construct 1 Construct 2 if(TestExprA) { if(TestExprB) statement1; else statement2;} else statement3; if(TestExprA) {if(TestExprB) statement1; else statement2;} else { if(TestExprC) statement3; else statement3;}
- 21. A PROGRAM TO FIND THE LARGEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS USING THE NESTED IF ELSE #include <stdio.h> int main() { int A, B, C; printf("Enter three numbers: "); scanf("%d %d %d", &A, &B, &C); if (A >= B) { if (A >= C) printf("%d is the largest number.", A); else printf("%d is the largest number.", C); } else { if (B >= C) printf("%d is the largest number.", B); else printf("%d is the largest number.", C); } return 0; }
- 22. DANGLING ELSE PROBLEM This classic problem occurs when there is no matching else for each if. To avoid this problem, the simple C rule is that always pair an else to the most recent unpaired if in the current block. Consider the illustration shown here. The else is automatically paired with the closest if. But, it may be needed to associate an else with the outer if also.
- 23. SOLUTIONS TO DANGLING ELSE PROBLEM Use of null else Use of braces to enclose the true action of the second if With null else With braces if(TestExprA) if(TestExprB) statementBT; else ; else statementAF; if(TestExprA) { if(TestExprB) statementBT; } else statementAF;
- 24. 6. THE CONDITIONAL OPERATOR It has the following simple format: expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 It executes by first evaluating expr1, which is normally a relational expression, and then evaluates either expr2, if the first result was true, or expr3, if the first result was false. /*C program to find largest among three numbers using ternary operator */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int A, B, C, largest; printf("Enter three numbers: "); scanf("%d %d %d", &A, &B, &C); largest = A > B ? (A > C ? A : C) : (B > C ? B : C); printf("%d is the largest number.", largest); return 0; } Output: Enter three numbers : 2 8 1 8 is the largest number.
- 25. THE SWITCH STATEMENT The general format of a switch statement is switch(expr) { case constant1: statementList1; break; case constant2: statementList2; break; case constant3: statementList3; break; …………………………. …………………………. default: statement Listn; } The C switch construct
- 26. Example #include <stdio.h> int main() { int x = 2; switch (x) { case 1: printf("Choice is 1"); break; case 2: printf("Choice is 2"); break; case 3: printf("Choice is 3"); break; default: printf("Choice other than 1, 2 and 3"); break; } return 0; } Output: Choice is 2
- 27. SWITCH VS NESTED IF The switch differs from the else-if in that switch can test only for equality, whereas the if conditional expression can be of a test expression involving any type of relational operators and/or logical operators. A switch statement is usually more efficient than nested ifs. The switch statement can always be replaced with a series of else-if statements.
- 28. ITERATION AND REPETITIVE EXECUTION A loop allows one to execute a statement or block of statements repeatedly. There are mainly two types of iterations or loops – unbounded iteration or unbounded loop and bounded iteration or bounded loop. A loop can either be a pre-test loop or be a post-test loop as illustrated in the diagram. WHILE DO..WHILE FOR JUMP STATEMENTS BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
- 29. While while statement is a pretest loop. The basic syntax of the while statement is shown below:
- 30. Example While
- 31. Output
- 32. AN EXAMPLE #include <stdio.h> int main() { int c; c=5; // Initialization while(c>0) { // Test Expression printf(“ n %d”,c); c=c-1; // Updating } return 0; } This loop contains all the parts of a while loop. When executed in a program, this loop will give output 5 4 3 2 1
- 33. TESTING FOR FLOATING-POINT ‘EQUALITY’ float x; x = 0.0; while(x != 1.1) { x = x + 0.1; printf(“1.1 minus %f equals %.20gn”, x, 1.1 -x); } The above loop never terminates on many computers, because 0.1 cannot be accurately represented using binary numbers. Never test floating point numbers for exact equality, especially in loops. The correct way to make the test is to see if the two numbers are ‘approximately equal’.
- 34. While
- 35. Do…While
- 36. Do…While
- 37. Do…Whil e POINT TO NOTE With a do-while statement, the body of the loop is executed first and the test expression is checked after the loop body is executed. Thus, the do-while statement always executes the loop body at least once.
- 38. Difference
- 39. For Loop
- 40. For Loop
- 41. For Loop
- 42. For Loop
- 43. For Loop
- 44. For Loop
- 45. NESTED LOOPS A nested loop refers to a loop that is contained within another loop. If the following output has to be obtained on the screen 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 then the corresponding program will be #include <stdio.h> int main() { int row, col; for(row=1;row<=4;++row) { for(col=1;col<=row;++col) printf(“%d t”, row); printf(“n”); } return 0; }
- 46. Break Statement It is an jump instruction and can be used inside the switch and loop statements. The execution of the break statements causes the control transfer to the statement immediately after the loop.
- 47. Break Statement
- 48. Break Statement
- 49. Break Statement
- 50. Break Statement
- 51. Continue Statement It is a jump statement. It is used only inside the loop. Its execution does not exit from the loop but escape the loop for that iteration and transfer the control back to the loop for the new iteration.
- 55. “BREAK” AND “CONTINUE” STATEMENTS
- 56. Goto Statement It is used the alter the normal sequence of flow by transferring the control to some other part of the program unconditionally. It is followed by the label statement which determine the instruction to be handled next after the execution of the goto statement.
- 57. Goto Statement
- 58. Goto Statement
- 59. COMMON PROGRAMMING ERRORS Writing expressions like a<b<c or a==b==c etc. Use of = instead of == Forgetting to use braces for compound statement Dangling else Use of semicolon in loop Floating point equality