Fundamentals of-computer

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
By:
Er. Anupam Sharma
Assistant professor
FOE,CGC-TC,Mohali

INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM
DATA is a collection of independent and unorganized facts.
INFORMATION is the processed and organized data presented in a meaningful
form.
DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing things in a sequence of steps.

COMPUTER is an electronic machine that
follows a set of instructions in order that it
may be able to accept and gather data and
transform these into information.

PROCESSING
SYSTEM
DATA INFORMATION

FUNCTIONS OF AN INFORMATION
PROCESSING SYSTEM
1. It accepts and gather data. (INPUT)
2. It processes data to become information. (PROCESSING)
3. It stores data and information. (STORE)
4. It presents information. (OUTPUT)

THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN
HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer system.
SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that tells the computer how to do its job.
PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use and operate the computer system, write
computer programs, and analyze and design the information system.

BASIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
BIT is a unit of information equivalent to the result of a choice between only 2
possible alternatives in the binary number system.
BYTE is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one character of alphanumeric
data) processed as a single unit for information.

A byte can be used to represent a single character, which can be:
 A letter
 A number
 A special character or symbol, or
 A space

1,024 bytes =1 kilobyte (K or
KB)
1,024 KB =1 megabyte
(MB)
1,024 MB =1 gigabyte (GB)
1,024 GB =1 Terabyte (TB)

BASIC PC HARDWARE
HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer system.

BASIC HARDWARE OF A PC SYSTEM
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory Unit
Input Devices
Output Devices
Secondary Storage Devices

1. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Brain of the computer.
It directs and controls the entire computer system and performs all arithmetic and
logical operations.

2. MEMORY UNIT
Where the programs and data are stored .
 READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains the pre-
programmed computer instructions such as the Basic Input
Output System (BIOS).
 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is used to store the
programs and data that you will run. Exists only when
there is power.

3. INPUT DEVICES
Allows data and programs to be sent to the CPU.
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Microphone
Webcam
Scanner

KEYBOARD
Traditional keyboards
Flexible keyboards
Ergonomic keyboards
Wireless keyboards
PDA keyboards

TWO TYPES OF MOUSE
Mechanical - a type of computer mouse that has a
rubber or metal ball on its underside and it can roll
in every direction.
Optical: This type uses a laser for detecting the
mouse's movement.

HOW A MOUSE HOOKS UP TO A
PC
PS/2 Mouse
Serial Mouse
USB/Cordless Mouse

OTHER POINTING DEVICES
Trackball
Track point
Touch pad
Touch Screen

Joystick – input device for computer games
Light Pens – light-sensitive penlike device
Stylus – penlike device commonly used with tablet
PCs and PDAs.

SCANNING DEVICES
Optical scanners
Card readers
Bar code readers
Character and mark recognition devices

IMAGE CAPTURING DEVICES
Digital Cameras
Digital Video Cameras

4. OUTPUT DEVICES
Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to our requests
and instructions.
Monitor
Audio Speakers
Printer

TYPES OF MONITOR
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

PRINTERS
IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by physically striking the paper. Ex. Daisy wheel
printers, line printers, dot matrix printers & band printers.
NON-IMPACT PRINTER does not apply pressure on the paper but instead produces
character by using lasers, ink spray, photography or heat.

Dot matrix
printer
Inkjet printerLaser
printer

5. SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
Attached to the computer system to allow you to store
programs and data permanently for the purpose of
retrieving them for future use.
Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom

FLOPPY DISK
The most common secondary storage device
3.5” disk – 1.44MB

HIGH-CAPACITY FLOPPY DISKS
Floppy disk cartridges
3 ½ inches in diameter
Stores more information
Zip disks

HARD DISK DRIVE OR HARD DISK
Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks
Holds a greater amount of data

OPTICAL DISCS
A standard part of modern desktop machines, especially used for
multimedia purposes and preferred in loading applications.

KINDS
Blue Ray Disk – 40G
Digital Versatile Disk
 DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
 DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
 Single Layer and Double Layer
Compact Disk
 CD-R – write once, 650MB
 CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB

OPTICAL DRIVES
CD-ROM read CDs
CD-Writer read/write CDs
DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
CD Writer read/write CDs
DVD Writer read/write DVDs

OTHER SECONDARY STORAGE
Solid-State Storage
 No moving parts
 Flash memory cards
 USB flash drives

Casing or cover
Power Supply
Motherboard
Microprocessor
Memory
Video Card
Sound card
Floppy disk drive
Hard disk drive
CD-ROM drive
MODEM
PARTS THAT BUILD UP A SYSTEM
UNIT

CASING OR COVER
The box or outer shell that houses most of the
computer, it is usually one of the most
overlooked parts of the PC.
Protects the computer circuits, cooling and
system organization.

POWER SUPPLY
Responsible for powering every device in your
computer.
Parts of a Power supply:
Disk drive connectors
Motherboard connector
Power supply fan
Power switch
Input voltage selector
Cover
Power plugs receptacle

MOTHERBOARD
The physical arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer’s basic circuitry and
components.
Components are:
Microprocessor
(Optional) Coprocessors
Memory
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
Expansion Slot
Interconnecting circuitry

EXPANSION SLOTS
Graphic cards
Sound cards
Modem cards
Network interface cards/network adapter

SOFTWARE
Instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the
form you want.
Software and programs are interchangeable.
Two major types:
 System and Applications

2 KINDS OF SOFTWARE
1. System Software enables the application software to interact with the computer
hardware.
Operating Systems are programs that coordinate
computer resources, provide an interface between
users and the computer; and run applications.
Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing
computer resources.
Device drivers are specialized programs designed to
allow particular input or output devices to communicate
with the rest of the computer system.

FUNCTIONS OF A SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Managing resources (memory, processing, storage, and devices like
printer).
Providing user interface
Running applications

2 KINDS OF SOFTWARE
2. Applications Software - provides the real functionality of a computer. It help
you use your computer to do specific types of work.
 Basic Applications, widely used in all career areas.
 Specialized Applications, more narrowly focused on specific
disciplines and occupations.

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM
DOS was the first widely installed operating system for personal
computers.
Command-driven

MS-DOS COMMANDS
A COMMAND is the name of a special program that
makes your computer carry out a task.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
Thru GUI, users can interact directly with the operating
system.
Microsoft Windows
Icons, Menus, Dialog boxes

FILES
FILE is simply a collection of information that you store on a disk or diskette.
Must have a unique name
Two parts: the filename and extension separated by a period.
RECIPE.DOC

EXTENSIONS
Use extension to make your filenames more descriptive.
 .DOC – word documents
 .XLS – excel documents
 .PPT – powerpoint documents

DIRECTORIES
One way of organizing the files on your computer Hard Disk
ROOT – one basic directory
Subdirectories

Fundamentals of-computer

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