Control system
- 3. Definition: The control system is one of the three basic components of an automation system. The term unit operations usually refers to manufacturing operations; however, the term also applies to the operation of material handling and other industrial equipment. Let us begin our discussion by comparing industrial control as it is applied in the processing industries and how is applied in the discrete manufacturing industries.
- 4. Process Industries Vs Discrete Manufacturing Industries Process Industries Process industries perform their production operations on amounts of materials, because the materials tend to be liquids, gases, powders and similar materials. Discrete Manufacturing Industries whereas discrete manufacturing industries perform their operations on quantities of materials, because the materials tend to be discrete parts and products.
- 5. Typical Unit Operations in the Process Industries and Discrete Manufacturing Industries Process Industries Discrete Manufacturing Industries Chemical reactions Comminution Deposition (e.g .•chemical vapor deposition) Distillation Heating Mixing and blending of ingredients Separation of ingredients Casting Forging Extrusion Machining Mechanical Assembly Plastic molding Sheet metal stamping
- 6. Levels of Automation in the Two Industries
- 7. Variables and Parameters in the Two Industries The distinction between process industries and discrete manufacturing industries extends to the variables and parameters that characterize the respective production operations.
- 9. Continuous Variable In continuous control, the usual objective is to maintain the value of an output variable at a desired level, similar to the operation of a feedback control system. However, most continuous processes in the practical world consist of many separate feedback loops, all of which have to be controlled and coordinated to maintain the output variable at the desired value. A continuous variable (or parameter) is one that is uninterrupted as time proceeds, at least during the manufacturing operation. A continuous variable is generally considered to be analog, which means it can take on any value within a certain range. The variable is not restricted to a discrete set of values. Production operations in both the process industries and discrete parts manufacturing are characterized by continuous variables. Examples include force:, temperature, flow rate, pressure, and velocity. All of these variables (whichever ones apply to a given production process) are continuous over time during the process, and they can take on any of an infinite number of possible values within a certain practical range.
- 10. Discrete Variable A discrete variable (or parameter) is one that can take on only certain values within a given range. The most common type of discrete variable is binary, meaning it can take on either of two possible values, ON or OFF, open or closed, and so on. Examples of discrete binary variables and parameters in manufacturing include: limit switch open or closed, motor on or off, and work part present or not present in a fixture. Not all discrete variables (and parameters) are binary. Other possibilities are variables that can take on more than two possible values but less than an infinite number, that is, discrete variables other than binary. Examples include daily piece counts in a production operation and the display of a digital tachometer. A special form of discrete variable (and parameter) is pulse data, which consist of a train of pulses as shown in Figure 4.1.As a discrete variable, a pulse train might be used to indicate piece counts; for example, parts passing on a conveyor activate a photocell to produce a pulse for each part detected.
- 11. CONTINUOUS VERSUS DISCRETE CONTROL Industrial control systems used in the process industries have tended to emphasize the control of continuous variables and parameters. By contrast, the manufacturing industries produce discrete parts and products, and the controllers used here have tended to emphasize discrete variables and parameters. Just as we have two basic types of variables and parameters that characterize production operations, we also have two basic types of control: (1) continuous control, in which the variables and parameters are continuous and analog; and (2) discrete control, in which the variables and parameters are discrete, mostly binary discrete. Some of the differences between continuous control and discrete control are summarized in Table on next slide. In reality, most operations in the process and discrete manufacturing industries tend to include both continuous as well as discrete variables and parameters. Consequently, many industrial controllers are designed with the capability to receive, operate on, and transmit both types of signals and data.
- 12. Comparison Between Continuous Control and Discrete Control
- 13. Regulatory Control In regulatory control, the objective is to maintain process performance at a certain level or within a given tolerance band of that level. This is appropriate, for example, when the performance attribute is some measure of product quality, and it is important to keep the quality at the specified level Of within a specified range. In many applications, the performance measure of the process, sometimes called the index of performance must be calculated based on several output variables of the process.
- 15. Feed forward Control The strategy in feed forward control is to anticipate the effect of disturbances that will upset the process by sensing them and compensating for them before they can affect the process. As shown in Figure, the feed forward control elements sense the presence of a disturbance and take corrective action by adjusting a process parameter that compensates for any effect the disturbance will have on the process. In the ideal case, the compensation is completely effective. However, complete compensation is unlikely because of imperfections in the feedback measurements, actuator operations, and control algorithms, so feed forward control is usually combined with feedback control, as shown in figure. Regulatory and feed forward control are more closely associated with the process industries than with discrete product manufacturing.
- 17. Steady-State Optimization This term refers to a class of optimization techniques in which the process exhibits the following characteristics: (1) there is a well- defined index of performance, such as product cost, production rate, or process yield; (2) the relationship between the process variables and the index of performance is known; and (3) the values of the system parameters that optimize the index of performance can be determined mathematically. When these characteristics apply, the control algorithm is designed to make
- 18. Adaptive Control Steady-state optimal control & operates as an open-loop system. It works successfully when there are no disturbances that invalidate the known relationship between process parameters and process performance. When such disturbances are presentation the application, a self-correcting form of optimal control can be used, called adaptive control. Adaptive control combines feedback control and optimal control by measuring the relevant process variables during operation (as in feedback control) and using a control algorithm that attempts to optimize some index of performance (as in optimal control).
- 19. Adaptive Control 1. Identification function: In this function, the current value of the index of performance of the system is determined, based on measurements collected from the process. Since the environment changes over time, system performance also changes. Accordingly, the identification function must be accomplished more or less continuously over time during system operation 2. Decision function. Once system performance has been determined, the next function is to decide what changes should be made to improve performance. The decision function is implemented by means of the adaptive system's programmed algorithm. Depending on this algorithm. the decision may be to change one or more input parameters to the process, to alter some of the internal parameters of the controller, or other changes 3, Modification function, The third function of adaptive control is to implement the decision. Whereas decision is a logic function, modification is concerned with physical changes in the system. It involves hardware rather than software. In modification, the system parameters or process inputs are altered using available actuators to drive the system toward a more optimal state,
- 20. Adaptive Control
- 21. Configuration of an Adaptive control system
- 22. Discrete Control Systems In discrete control, the parameters and variables of the system are changed at discrete moments in time. The changes involve variables and parameters that are also discrete, typically binary (ON/OFF). The changes are defined in advance by means of a program of instructions, for example, a work cycle program