controlling-movement.pdf VsdvsCsascasacasc
- 1. controlling movement Presented by: Mags and lato
- 2. How the Body Controls Movement 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain: Motor Cortex: Initiates voluntary movements. Basal Ganglia: Regulates and coordinates movement. Cerebellum: Fine-tunes and coordinates movements. Spinal Cord: • Relays signals between the brain and body. • Manages reflexes independently of the brain. 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Motor Neurons: • Upper Motor Neurons: From brain to spinal cord. • Lower Motor Neurons: From spinal cord to muscles. Sensory Neurons: Provide feedback on body position and environment. 3. Muscular System Skeletal Muscles: • Contract and relax to produce movement. Muscle Spindles: Receptors that detect muscle stretch and aid in coordination. 4. Feedback Mechanisms Proprioception: Sense of body position and movement. Visual and Vestibular Input: Helps in balancing and adjusting movements.
- 3. the role of neuromascular system and nervous system • The neuromuscular system facilitates the communication between nerves and muscles, allowing for voluntary and involuntary movements. It involves motor neurons transmitting signals to muscle fibers, triggering contraction and movement. Proper functioning of the neuromuscular system is essential for coordinated actions, reflexes, and posture maintenance. Neuromuscular System: Nervous System: • The nervous system controls and regulates bodily functions by transmitting electrical signals between the brain, spinal cord, and various body parts. It consists of two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which manage sensory input, motor responses, and cognitive functions. The nervous system is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, processing information, and enabling complex behaviors.
- 4. structure and function of the neuromascular system Muscles: • Muscles are tissues that generate force and produce movement by contracting and relaxing. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (responsible for voluntary movements), smooth (found in organs and responsible for involuntary movements), and cardiac (which controls heartbeats). Skeletal muscles, which attach to bones, are the primary drivers of movement in the body. Nerves: • Nerves are bundles of neurons that transmit electrical signals throughout the body. They carry messages between the brain, spinal cord, and muscles, enabling sensory perception, motor control, and coordination. Nerves are essential for communicating commands from the brain to the muscles and relaying sensory information back to the central nervous system. How They Work Together for Movement: • Movement occurs when the brain sends a signal through motor neurons to skeletal muscles, instructing them to contract. These motor neurons release neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction, triggering muscle fibers to shorten and generate force. As muscles contract, they pull on the bones, creating movement at the joints. Feedback from sensory neurons helps adjust and coordinate these movements, ensuring smooth and precise actions.
- 5. Motor neurons are critical for controlling movement by transmitting signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles, instructing them to contract or relax. Sensory feedback, on the other hand, provides real-time information from muscles, joints, and other tissues back to the brain, enabling adjustments to ensure smooth and coordinated movements. For example, when you pick up a glass, motor neurons activate the muscles in your arm, while sensory feedback informs the brain about the glass's weight, allowing you to apply the right amount of force. This interaction between motor neurons and sensory feedback ensures movements are precise and adaptive to changing conditions. importance of motor neurons and sensory feedback in controlling movement.
- 6. open-loop and closed-loop system Open-loop systems in the nervous system are characterized by movements or actions that occur without real-time feedback or adjustments; once initiated, the system operates according to a pre-set plan. Closed-loop systems, on the other hand, rely on continuous feedback to modify and adjust actions during execution. Open-loop systems are often used in rapid or automatic movements where feedback is not available, while closed-loop systems are utilized for slower, more deliberate movements where adjustments can be made in response to ongoing feedback. The key difference is that open-loop systems do not incorporate feedback for correction, whereas closed-loop systems do.
- 7. How the Open-loop System Functions: open-loop system closed-loop system Movement control without feedback, used for fast, automatic responses. How the Closed-loop System Functions Movement control with feedback, used for slower, deliberate responses.
- 8. Proprioception in Voluntary Movement Control The body senses movement and position through proprioception, which involves sensory receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints that send information to the brain about limb position and movement. This body awareness allows for coordination and balance without the need for visual input. Example: When you close your eyes and raise your arm, you can still feel its position in space, even without looking.
- 9. Vision and Movement Visual input plays a critical role in guiding movement by providing real-time information about the environment, object location, and body position relative to surroundings. In complex tasks, such as catching a ball or driving, visual feedback helps to coordinate and adjust movements with precision, allowing for quick corrections based on what is seen, enhancing accuracy and timing. Vision’s Role in Controlling Movement
- 10. Integrating Proprioception and Vision • The brain integrates sensory information from various systems, including proprioception, vision, and the vestibular system, to create a comprehensive understanding of the body’s position and movement in space. This information is processed in areas like the cerebellum and motor cortex, which help coordinate and fine-tune muscle actions for precise control. By continuously updating this sensory input, the brain adjusts movements in real-time to ensure accuracy and smooth execution. Combining Proprioception and Vision in Movement Control:
- 11. Types of Motor Skills • Fine motor skills involve precise, small muscle movements, such as writing or buttoning a shirt, and are controlled by the motor cortex with a high degree of coordination between sensory feedback and muscle control. Gross motor skills, like running or jumping, involve larger muscle groups and are controlled by broader neural circuits, including the cerebellum and basal ganglia, focusing on overall body movement rather than precision. • Fine motor skills require delicate control for accuracy, while gross motor skills emphasize power and coordination of larger movements. Different Types of Motor Skills:
- 12. The Role of Motor Programs in Skilled Movement Repetitive practice helps develop motor programs by reinforcing the neural pathways involved in a specific movement, allowing the brain to store and streamline the sequence of actions needed for the task. Over time, these movements become automatic, requiring less conscious effort, which leads to smoother and more efficient execution. With continued practice, the body relies on these ingrained motor programs, reducing errors and improving overall performance. Motor Programs for Well-learned Skills:
- 13. Anticipation Timing in Movement What is Anticipation Timing? Anticipation timing is the ability to predict and prepare for an event before it occurs based on cues or patterns, allowing for more effective and timely responses. It involves using past experiences and sensory information to forecast when and where an action will need to be executed, enhancing the precision and efficiency of movements.
- 14. Importance of Anticipation Timing Why Anticipation Timing is Crucial: Anticipation timing is crucial because it allows individuals to prepare and execute movements in sync with external stimuli, enhancing reaction speed and accuracy. In sports and other activities, successful performance often hinges on the ability to predict and align actions with external events, such as a soccer player positioning themselves to intercept a pass or a musician timing their notes with a rhythm. Effective anticipation timing reduces reaction time, increases accuracy, and improves overall efficiency in performance.
- 15. COORDINATIONOFEXTERNAL EVENTSANDMOTORRESPONSES How the does brain processes external information and plans appropriate responses? The brain processes external information through sensory systems that detect stimuli, which is then relayed to areas like the sensory cortex for interpretation. This information is integrated with past experiences and current context in the brain's higher-order regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, to plan and coordinate appropriate responses. The motor cortex then sends signals to the muscles to execute the planned actions, while feedback mechanisms help adjust and refine the response as needed.