Walking project locomotor and the nervous system
- 1. Dr Apurba Krishna Chowdhury
- 2. The Walking Principal Project- Locomotion and the nervous system Normal Locomotor Motion of our Daily Life- Simple Walking
- 3. Nervous system The system of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and externalinternal and external stimuli.
- 4. Parts of Nervous system The nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system: The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body, including the neck and arms, torso, legs, skeletal muscles and internal organs. The brain sends messages through the spinal cord and nerves of the peripheral nervous system to control the movement of the muscles and the function of internal organs. Parts of Nervous system
- 5. Neuron The basic working unit of the nervous system is a cell called a neuron. The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body containing the nucleus, and special extensions called axons and dendrites. The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.outside of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system – receives sensory information from skin, joints and muscle and the autonomic nervous system- receives sensory information below the level of consciousness
- 6. Spinal Locomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program in lower thoraco-lumbar spine and proprio-ceptive feedback from body in the absence of central control by brain as in complete spinal cord injury Following Spinal cord injury, the spinal circuitry Components of spinal locomotion Following Spinal cord injury, the spinal circuitry below the lesion site does not become silent rather it continues to maintain active and functional neuronal properties although in a modified manner
- 7. Components of spinal locomotion
- 8. Centrally generated patterns The spinal cord executes rhythmical and sequential activation of muscles in locomotion. The central pattern generator (CPG) provides the basic locomotor rhythm and synergies by integrating commands from various sources that serve to initiate or modulate its output to meet the requirements of the environment. Components of spinal locomotion output to meet the requirements of the environment. CPG within the lumbosacral spinal cord segments represent an important component of the total circuitry that generates and controls posture and locomotion. This spinal circuitry can function independently in the absence of descending input from the brain to generate stable posture and locomotion and even modulate activity to match changing conditions (e.g., stepping over obstacles). This capability improve with training (spinal plasticity) and therefore it is believed that spinal cord has the capability to learn and memorize.
- 9. Sensory feedback The sensory feedback originates from muscles, joints, tendons and skin afferents as well as from special senses and dynamically adapts the locomotor pattern of spinal cord to the requirements of thespinal cord to the requirements of the environment. These afferent sensory receptors perceive deformation of tissue the amount of pressure (stretch or simply, placement), direction of movement, speed and velocity at which movement is occurring
- 11. The spinal cord processes and interprets proprioception in a manner similar to how our visual system processes information. When we view a painting, the brain interprets the total visual field, as opposed to processing each individual pixel of information independently, and then derives an image. At any instant the spinal cord receives an ensemble of information from all receptors throughout the body that signals a proprioceptive “image” that represents time and space, and it computes which neurons to excite next based on the most recently perceived “images.” The importance of the CPG is not simply its ability to generate repetitive cycles, but also to receive, interpret, and predict the appropriate sequences of actions during any part of the step cycle, i.e., state dependence. The peripheral input then provides important information from which the probabilities of a given set of neurons being active at any given time can be finely The peripheral input then provides important information from which the probabilities of a given set of neurons being active at any given time can be finely tuned to a given situation during a specific phase of a step cycle. Thus, the functional connectivity between mechanoreceptors and specific interneuronal populations within the spinal cord varies according to the physiological state. Even the efficacy of the monosynaptic input from muscle spindles to the motor neuron changes readily from one part of the step cycle to another, according to whether a subject is running or walking.
- 13. Sensory modulation of CPG The dynamic interactions between Spinal cord and sensory input are ensured by modulating transmission in locomotors pathways in a state- and phase-dependent manner. Proprioceptive inputs from extensors can, during stance, adjust the timing and amplitude of muscle activities of the limbs to the speed of locomotion but be silenced during the swing phase of the cycle.locomotion but be silenced during the swing phase of the cycle. Skin afferents participate predominantly in the correction of limb and foot placement during stance on uneven terrain, but skin stimuli can evoke different types of responses depending on when they occur within the step cycle. It is important to note that inputs from the hip appear to play a critical role in spinal locomotion.
- 15. Course Overview These were the contents of the program and I was expected to learn about the topics given below.
- 16. What I learned • Memory, Central Anatomy • Neuron-its parts, Glial Cell, Myelin, demylinization • Meninges, Peripheral Diseases, Brain Tumors • Electrical Language for signal • Action Potential, Neuro-transmittor, Receptors• Action Potential, Neuro-transmittor, Receptors • Botox • Perception, Stimulus, Visual Pathway • Vision and refractive errors • Hearing, Vestibular function, Cochlea
- 17. What I learned • Neural Tube-formation, defects, pattern • Telencephalon, Spinal dermatomes • Brain Stem, Forebrain, Visual Pathway • Intra Cranial Pressure • Blood brain perfusion, Strokes• Blood brain perfusion, Strokes • Voluntary movements • Posture control • Cerebellum, learning, memory, Learning • Homeostasis, hypothalamus, Pitutary
- 18. Subject Correlation and Knowledge applications What I learned what I can apply in routine daily life • Nervous system organization and divisions • How neurons work and conduct • Central nervous system organization and its disorders • Brian blood supply and injuries • Perceptions, illusions, visual disorders • Hearing mechanism and disorders• Hearing mechanism and disorders • Muscle movement and posture control • Movement and gait • Temperature regulation • Sleep Rhythms • Amnesia • Aphasia • Memory