cost12eppt_14.ppt
- 1. CHAPTER 14 Cost Allocation, Customer Profitability Analysis, and Sales-Variance Analysis
- 2. 14-2 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Cost Allocation Assigning indirect costs to cost objects These costs are not traced Indirect costs often comprise a large percentage of Total Overall Costs
- 3. 14-3 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Purposes of Cost Allocation 1. To provide information for economic decisions 2. To motivate managers and other employees 3. To justify costs or compute reimbursement amounts 4. To measure income and assets for reporting to tax authorities
- 4. 14-4 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Six-Function Value Chain Research & Development Distribution Marketing Production Design Customer Service TIME Traditional Life Cycle approach may not yield the costs necessary to meet the four-purpose criteria for cost allocation Costs necessary for decision making may pull costs from some or all of these six functions
- 5. 14-5 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Criteria for Cost-Allocation Decisions Cause and Effect – variables are identified that cause resources to be consumed Most credible to operating managers Integral part of ABC Benefits Received – the beneficiaries of the outputs of the cost object are charged with costs in proportion to the benefits received
- 6. 14-6 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Criteria for Cost-Allocation Decisions Fairness (Equity) – the basis for establishing a price satisfactory to the government and its suppliers Cost allocation here is viewed as a “reasonable” or “fair” means of establishing selling price Ability to Bear – costs are allocated in proportion to the cost object’s ability to bear them Generally, larger or more profitable objects receive proportionally more of the allocated costs
- 7. 14-7 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Customer Revenues and Customer Costs Customer-Profitability Analysis is the reporting and analysis of revenues earned from customers and costs incurred to earn those revenues An analysis of customer differences in revenues and costs can provide insight into why differences exist in the operating income earned from different customers
- 8. 14-8 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Customer Revenues Price discounting is the reduction of selling prices to encourage increases in customer purchases Lower sales price is a tradeoff for larger sales volumes Discounts should be tracked by customer and salesperson
- 9. 14-9 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Customer Cost Analysis Customer Cost Hierarchy categorizes costs related to customers into different cost pools on the basis of different: types of drivers cost-allocation bases degrees of difficulty in determining cause-and- effect or benefits-received relationships
- 10. 14-10 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Customer Cost Hierarchy Example 1. Customer output unit-level costs 2. Customer batch-level costs 3. Customer-sustaining costs 4. Distribution-channel costs 5. Corporate-sustaining costs
- 11. 14-11 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Other Factors in Evaluating Customer Profitability Likelihood of customer retention Potential for sales growth Long-run customer profitability Increases in overall demand from having well-known customers Ability to learn from customers
- 12. 14-12 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Sales Variances Level 1: Static-budget variance – the difference between an actual result and the static-budgeted amount Level 2: Flexible-budget variance – the difference between an actual result and the flexible-budgeted amount Level 2: Sales-volume variance Level 3: Sales-quantity variance Level 3: Sales-mix variance
- 13. 14-13 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Sales-Mix Variance Measures shifts between selling more or less of higher or lower profitable products Budgeted Sales-Mix Percentage Actual Sales-Mix Percentage X Budgeted Contribution Margin per Unit Sales-Mix Variance = Actual Units of All Products Sold X
- 14. 14-14 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Sales-Quantity Variance Budgeted Units of all Products Sold Actual Units of All Products Sold Budgeted Contribution Margin per Unit Sales- Quantity Variance = Budgeted Sales-Mix Percentage X X
- 15. 14-15 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Market-Share Variance Budgeted Market Share Actual Market Share X Budgeted Contribution Margin per Composite Unit for Budgeted Mix Market- Share Variance = Actual Market Size in Units X
- 16. 14-16 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Market-Size Variance Budgeted Market Size Actual Market Size Budgeted Contribution Margin per Composite Unit for Budgeted Mix Market-Size Variance = Budgeted Market Share X X
- 17. 14-17 To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Market-Share and Market-Size Variances Limitation: reliable information on the actual size and share of various markets is not always available These are considered Level 4 variances (a decomposition of the Sales-Quantity variance