Costs of development
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The document discusses several social, economic, political, cultural and environmental costs associated with development and globalization. It notes that while globalization can contribute to reducing poverty and protecting workers' rights, it can also increase environmental degradation and the failure of local businesses due to pressure to lower costs. Development can negatively impact communities through increased consumerism, crime, urbanization and the loss of cultural identity. Specific examples of costs discussed include pollution, deforestation, impacts on indigenous cultures from Amazon development, and the widespread use of child labor in industries like garment and soccer ball production in South Asia and Africa.
Costs of development
- 2. Race to the Bottom?Globalization contributes to and diminishes impact of development. Globalization can contribute to rising levels of poverty and failing local business and environmental degradation.Globalization can also pressure companies to recognize workers rights, prohibit forced and child labor and reduce environmental damage
- 3. Costs of DevelopmentOpportunity Cost: Passing up an opportunity to achieve a greater benefitPolicymakers must weight the costs of development against benefits of developmentInterdependence from globalization can affect places far away.Pollution in China can have an effect on the world.Demand for low costs increase demands for sweatshop labor in Asia
- 4. Social and Cultural Costs of DevelopmentLoss of sense of community, pursuit of consumerism, decline in cultural identity, increase in drug and alcohol abuse. As industries locate in societies, people adjust to conform to their requirementsMore time devoted to work, equals less interaction
- 5. United Arab EmiratesSocial alienation, pressure to make money and increased exposure to values of modern societies contribute to rise of social problems.Drug abuse, alcoholism and prostitution have accompanied UAE’s rapid economic growthDubai 1990Dubai Today
- 6. Destruction of the AmazonMost cultures are durable but those closely linked to environment are threatened with extinctionDevelopment of Amazon has ignored indigenous cultures.
- 7. Escalation of Criminal ActivitiesModernization weakens social bonds that helped to reduce crime.Urbanization, destruction of communities, individualism, alienation and consumerism cause crime rates to rise.Rising prosperity, unequal distribution, and breakdown of traditional societies, makes developing countries vulnerable to widespread crime.
- 8. MexicoMexico City leading example of widespread and uncontrollable crimeRampant Muggings, burglaries, and car thefts.94% of all violent crimes never solved or prosecuted6,200 people killed in drug wars in 2008Salary of Police Officers $200 a month, means incentive to collaborate with criminals and accept bribes.
- 9. Child Labor218 million children, age 5-14 are working.317.4 work outside the home part-timePressure to compete makes countries produce at low price.Child labor, the cheapest labor of all.70% employed in agricultureWithout income from child, many families would not survive
- 10. Child Labor by NumbersIndia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines: 153.5 million children employedAfrica: 80 millionLatin America and Caribbean: 17 million300,000-1 million in the US
- 11. India100 million children work, largest number of child laborers in the worldPoverty and caste system reinforce the practice Landless, illiterate parents expect children to helpTypical rural family with two children earn less than $1 a day.Work in dangerous conditionsMost families too poor to abandon system of child labor.
- 12. PakistanUntil 1999, Pakistan relied primarily on child labor for the soccer ball industryInternational pressure is forcing Pakistan to eliminate child workers and employ women.‘Social Labeling’ (no sweat label)
- 13. BangladeshMany children work in garment industry (70% of exports)Women in factories earn $30 a month.Bangladesh adopted a structural adjustment programProgram required cuts in govt. spending on health care, education, nutrition and programs that benefit poor.Reduced govt. expenditure, forced more families to rely on children for income.
- 14. SweatshopsAs old as industrialization Many are small businesses owned by locals who make products for various companiesMany workers earn less than $1 a day and work 12-14 hours a day, 6-7 days a weekWal-Mart, Gap, Reebok, Nike, Starbucks, Walt Disney and Mattel
- 15. Economic and Political CostsConsumerism and DevelopmentWhat’s the relationship between these two concepts?How has Tourism impacted consumerism?Negative side-effectsFast foodAlcohol abuseSmoking
- 16. Urbanization and DevelopmentWorld becoming increasingly urbanized (65% by 2025)10 of 13 most populated cities in developing countriesUrbanization increases demand for scarce resourceShantytowns destroyed for developmentSevere traffic and air pollution problemsUnsanitary living conditions, limited access to clean waters, untreated sewage.
- 18. Decline of Agriculture and Economic DevelopmentUrbanization influence many farmers to leave the rural areas in search of a better life in the citiesFewer farmers=less foodShopping malls, airports, roads and highways, tourist facilities, harbors, hospitals, schools reduce land available for agriculture
- 19. Environmental CostsEnvironmental Costs of DevelopmentPollution, pollution, and more…pollutionHow bad is it in Ecuador?Many companies are exempt from weak environmental laws and have caused widespread destruction
- 20. Polluted WaterMost water pollution caused by untreated human wasteGanges River- crowded cities dump millions of gallons of untreated human and industrial waste into the riverGanges believed to cleanse sins by drinking and bathing in it.
- 21. Causes and Effects of PollutionAutomobiles, factories, and coalToxic chemicals cross the Pacific and pollute California, Oregon and Washington.Leads to respiratory disease, lung and heart disease, premature births/deathsWHO- Mexico City’s pollution equal to smoking 2 packs of cigarettes a day.China, India, Mexico and Brazil have increased gas prices by 121% to reduce emissions
- 22. DeforestationDeforestationHow is deforestation linked to modernization?Pressures from populationThe growth of commercial farmingCattle RanchingDesertificationGovernment ProgramsIndonesia’s Transmigration ProgramTrans-Amazon HighwayDo they work?
- 23. Dam ConstructionDam ConstructionWhy would you build a dam?Success in Egypt (Aswan High Dam)?Success in China (Three Gorges Dam)?