Critical factor in technology
- 2. Classification of Technology Technology can be classified according to any of the following categories :- • State-of-the-art-technologies : Technologies that equal or surpass the competitors. • Proprietary technologies : Technologies protected by patents or secrecy agreements that provide a measurable competitive advantage. • Known technologies : Technologies that may be common to many organizations but are used in unique ways.
- 3. • Core technologies : Technologies that are essential to maintain a competitive position. • Leveraging technologies : Technologies that support several products, product lines, or classes of products. • Supporting technologies : Technologies that support the core technologies. • Pacing technologies : Technologies whose rate of development controls the rate of product process development. • Emerging technologies : Technologies that are currently under consideration for future products or
- 4. processes. • Scouting technologies : Formal tracking of potential product & process technologies for future study or application. • Idealized unknown basic technologies : Technologies that, if available, would provide a significant benefit in some aspect of life.
- 6. • Issues falling under the scope of MOT can be categorized as follows: 1. Methods and tools for effective management of resources 2. The business environment and the ability to manage the interface between the organization and the external environment 3. The structure and management of organizations 4. Management of R&D and engineering projects 5. Management of human resources under conditions of rapid technological and social change
- 7. “The decline of U.S. industrial competitiveness in the 1970s and 1980s is widely perceived to have resulted not from an inability to develop new technologies but from the failure to manage available and emerging technologies in an effective and timely manner” The unifying theme for the entire field of MOT is ‘technology as a creator of wealth’ The concern is the conditions dictated by changes in technology and by the global business environment
- 8. Resources The Business Environment The Structure & Management of Organizations Project Planning & Management Management of Human Resources
- 9. • Managers that live in competitive environment must be equipped with predictive methodologies and decision tools that are reliable, flexible, practical and fast. • Areas are considered critical: a. Methods of Performance Assessment b. The Measure of Performance of a Technology c. The Measure of Benefits from R&D Activities d. New Tools for Optimizing Decisions e. Alliances as Alternative to Rivalry • Their continued research, validation, refinement and application deserve a high priority.
- 10. • To remain competitive, a firm must anticipate and evaluate technological opportunities before other firms attain an insurmountable competitive edge. • The following are considered priority issues: a. The Integration of Technological and Strategic Plans b. The Impact of Third Parties on Technological Change c. Increasing the User’s Influence in the Selection and Application of Technologies d. Decreasing Social Resistance to the Introduction and Adoption of Technology in the Workplace e. Distributing the Benefits from New Technologies to Gain Acceptance f. Other Areas of Concern to the Firm
- 11. • Installation of technological gatekeepers, the encouragement of internal entrepreneurship and the increase of joint ventures in both R&D and production have major consequences for organizational structure. • The following topics are viewed as priority issues: a. Factors Leading to Reorganization of Technological Activities in Firms b. Evaluating the Impacts of Reorganization on Technical Activities (R&D and Manufacturing Engineering) c. The Effects of Different Organizational Structures on the Efficiency of the Product Development Cycle d. Facilitators and Inhibitors of Technological Innovations and Transfer within Organizations e. Documentation of the Decision Processes Leading to Organizational Changes
- 12. • Complex R&D projects require the mobilization of substantial resources and the coordination of activities. • Attention to the following items deserve special attention: a. Project Portfolio Selection b. Human Problems in Project Management c. Initiation of Innovative Ideas in Organizations: Top Down or Bottom Up? • Creating a balance between these divergent views • Understanding the dynamics of this balance • Finding and evaluating existing patterns and identifying their impact on organizational performance d. Postmortem Analyses of Projects
- 13. • Biggest challenge for organizations is harnessing and fully utilizing the capability of employees • Special attention should be accorded to the following points: a. The Effects of Technological Change on the Skill Requirements of the Workforce b. Matching and Training the Skilled Workforce to Meet the Requirements of New Technologies c. Obsolescence of Professional Staff and the Continuing Need for Professional Development Activities d. The Role of Technological Gatekeepers and Internal Entrepreneurs e. Social Consequences of Technological Change f. Other Areas of Importance
- 14. Scientific and Technological Capability •The strength of the national research •The quality of technical education •The strength of information technology infrastructure Market Demand •The scale of domestic markets •The openness of global markets as engines for innovation and its commercialization An Agent That Transforms This Capability into Goods and Services •Synergy between basic research and downstream technical activities such as design and production capabilities •Ability to continually modernize plant and equipment
- 15. Managing Operation Managing Innovation Creating Today’s Revenue Creating Tomorrow’s Revenue Single Route and Result Multiple Routes and Results Driven by Functional Teams Driven by Cross-Functional Teams Clear, Shared Goals Unclear, Often Conflicting Goals Traditional Players & Roles New Players & Role DOING THING RIGHTS DOING RIGHT THINGS
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- 17. Gap between suppliers and demanders 4Ps Marketing Strategy Market Positioning Product Definition 4 3 2 1
- 18. Organization will loose their competitiveness if fail to manage technologies in an effective and timely manner 5 essential issues in managing technology A new managing style to adapt the changes is require for organization survival in current environment
- 19. Methods of Minimizing Non-sampling Errors • Checking the sampling process • Preparation of questionnaire • Pilot survey • Fix procedures • Use of competent manpower • Provide information • Provide training • Use of experts • Checking data processing and analysis