The document discusses bucket sort, a distribution-based sorting algorithm. It works by distributing the elements of an array into buckets representing ranges of values. Each element is added to the appropriate bucket based on its value. The buckets are then sorted individually if needed, and their elements are returned to the original array in sorted order. Bucket sort has a runtime of O(n) when the ranges of values are known, but requires additional space for the buckets. Examples are provided for sorting integers and doubles using bucket sort.