Csd 210 introduction to phonetics i and ii
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This document provides an introduction to phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It defines phonetics and discusses the subfields of articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and clinical phonetics. Key concepts covered include phonemes, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), ways of classifying vowels and consonants based on place and manner of articulation, and voicing. Vowels, diphthongs, and consonants are defined and examples of each are provided.
Csd 210 introduction to phonetics i and ii
- 1. Introduction to phonetics COMDIS 210: Survey of Communication Disorders
- 2. Definition of phonetics (Shriberg & Kent, 1982) The study of the perception and production of speech sounds (phonemes). The study of how speech sounds are produced and what their acoustic properties are. Articulatory phonetics (concerned with how sounds are formed) Acoustic phonetics (concerned with the acoustic properties of sounds)
- 3. Clinical phonetics involves the application of articulatory and acoustic phonetics to the study of speech sound (articulation and phonological) disorders.
- 4. Phonemes The smallest linguistic unit of sound that conveys meaning. One phoneme can change the entire meaning of a word. (e.g., b at, ha m , car s , r a n) “ Speech sounds” Includes consonants, vowels and diphthongs
- 5. Every language has a specific number of phonemes that are used. SAE uses about 40-44 phonemes 25 consonants 15 vowels & diphthongs Phonotactics : the rules defining permissible sequences of phonemes to form meaningful words. Each language has its own set of phonotactic rules.
- 6. The 3 major categories of phonemes Vowels Diphthongs Consonants Virgules (slashes) used to distinguish phonemes from letters.
- 7. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Universal symbol system for classifying phonemes. Each phoneme is represented by a single symbol from the IPA.
- 8. The IPA is a phonetic alphabet the describes and classifies each speech sound on the basis of how and where it is produced in the speech mechanism.
- 9. Vowels A vowel is a speech sound that is formed without a significant constriction of the oral and/or pharyngeal cavities, and that serves as a syllable nucleus. The position of the tongue distinguishes among almost all of the vowels in our language.
- 10. The tongue Muscular organ with no internal skeleton. Receives skeletal support from the mandible and hyoid bone. Divided into 5 parts:
- 11. The 5 parts of the tongue Body (mass or bulk of tongue) Position important to description of vowels Tip ( “apex” ; visible when tongue protruded between the lips) Used in over 50% of consonant contacts Blade (located behind the tip and in front of the dorsum. )
- 12. Dorsum (back of tongue) Root (long segment forming the front wall of the pharynx; reaches down from the dorsum to the epiglottis and larynx)
- 13. Articulatory features of vowels 1. High/Low (represents tongue height ) vowels produced near hard palate = high vowels vowels produced w/tongue depressed in mouth= low vowels Also can have mid-high , mid and mid-low vowels “ heat – hat-- hoot – hop” “ meat—mit—mate—met--mat”
- 14. IPA symbols for vowels Articulatory characteristics of vowels Table 9.1 (p. 288)
- 15. Front/Back/Central (represents tongue advancement ) Rounded/Unrounded (represents whether lips are rounded or unrounded)
- 16. Lax/tense (represents the feature of tenseness/ degree of muscle activity involved ) Tense vowels have a longer duration than lax vowels.
- 17. The vowel quadrilateral A diagram depicting the tongue positions of vowels. Tongue positions for vowels are specified as points falling on the sides of, or within, the quadrilateral. The quadrilateral has at its corners /i/ (high-front), /u/ (high-back), /ae/ (low-front) and /XXX/ (low-back).
- 18. Diphthongs Monophthong : “pure vowel”; a vowel having a single, unchanging sound quality. Diphthong : vowel-like sound produced with a gradually changing articulation and resulting in a complex, dynamic sound quality. Represented by a digraph (pair of symbols) Has “on-glide” and “off-glide” segments
- 19. Phonetic transcription of words using selected vowels or diphthongs sat sit seat suit set safe sign
- 20. soy sock saw life home sound soy town fame
- 21. Consonants A consonant is a speech sound that is produced with a significant constriction of the oral and/or pharyngeal cavities. Consonants , vowels and diphthongs can occur in the initial, medial and/or final positions of words.
- 22. The number of possible consonant sounds exceeds 100. The English language uses about 25. Consonants are classified by their place of constriction, the manner in which they are produced and whether they require voicing . Different consonants are produced by changing either place, manner and/or voicing.
- 23. Ways of categorizing consonants (3 dimensions of consonant articulation) Place Manner Voicing
- 24. PLACE of articulation Phonemes are classified according to the PLACE where the articulatory constriction occurs. “ WHERE” the sound is formed Labials/bilabials (lips) /p, b, m, w/ Dentals (teeth) /XXX,XXX)
- 25. Labiodentals (lips and tongue) /f,v/ Alveolars (alveolar ridge) /t, d, n, r, s , l/ Glottals (glottis) /h,w/
- 26. Velars (velum) /k, g, XXX/ Palatals (hard palate) /XXX, XXX, XXX, XXX, l)
- 27. MANNER of articulation Phonemes are classified according to HOW the articulatory constriction is created. “ How” the sound is formed. How the airflow is constricted by the articulator.
- 28. Table 9.2, p. 289 Stops (plosives) Airflow completely stopped (air pressure built) in the vocal tract before being released in a quick, explosive burst. Fricatives Airflow is continuous but forced through a tiny fissure in the vocal tract
- 29. Affricates (stop + fricative) Airflow completely stops (air pressure built) and then released in a continuous stream through a tiny fissure in the vocal tract. Nasals Airflow channels through the nasal cavity due to closure of the velopharyngeal port
- 30. Glides Articulators glide from a constricted to a more open position. Also called “semi-vowels” Liquids Tongue held tight at midline with openings laterally; air flows around the sides of the tongue
- 31. Voicing Phonemes are classified according to whether or not they are created via vocal fold vibration. Voiced All vowels; all diphthongs Consonants (see. p. 289) Voiceless
- 32. Voiced sounds Phonemes that are created via vocal fold vibration. All vowels are voiced. All diphthongs are voiced. Some consonants are voiced.
- 33. Additional classifications Obstruents Any sound formed with either a complete or narrow constriction of the vocal tract. Stops, fricatives, affricates Sonorants Any sound formed without turbulent airflow (or significant constriction) in the vocal tract. Vowels, diphthongs, nasals, glides, liquids
- 34. Allophone Phonetic variant of a phoneme If each phoneme represents a “family of sounds” , an allophone is one member of that family.
Editor's Notes
- #2: Bring #2 pencil 50 multiple choice or TF Identify structures in anatomy color pictures (multiple choice) Some phonetic transcription. Study PG 287 (first 5 vowels on 288) i I e E ae KNOW all constinants. Questions will come from lecture(ppts). 15Q on anatomy 15 Q phonetics 15 Q Diffrence between speech, languange, processing, terms 15 Q Know facts and figures for written assignment #1.
- #3: We will focus more on articulatory. Because it is how we use our body to make the sound
- #5: Like a vocal atom. Each vocal sound within a word is imporatant. HAT SAT MAT X-Initial A- medial phoneme T- Final Phoneme
- #6: Phonotactics – why sk(ittle) works and (boo)ks
- #7: Diphthong- cross between vowel and consonants
- #8: /s/ is not the same as s /s/ is the sound not the letter Sounds from all letters are represented so you can know what sounds are made regardless of meaning.
- #10: When it is made, everything is unobstructed.
- #11: Most sounds are made by how we position the toungue
- #16: Need to be able to transcribe a few words from 288 for exam.
- #20: 1. s ae -3, 5 14 10 13 15 16 S ae t sIt Sit (seat) sEt Sef Fem jEs (yes)
- #25: Labials (lips) Dentals made by teeth
- #29: Stops (p,d,t,d,g,k) (know what they are but not examples) Fricatives (funnles) (the f in fun, v in voice, th in thick,)
- #30: Affricates – cha and ja Choo choo, jap Nasals – m, n, ing
- #31: Glide – like a vowel but they go from restricted to open. W, Y Whisky, Yankee Liquids – Tongue curves up on the outside. R (ryne), L(linus), (S sara) Know the diffrences between the last 4 ones.
- #34: Obstruents – restriction Sonoranths – no restriction
- #35: Know this. Two vs mitten (the T) in two is much harder than in the middle of the word mitten Each phneam /a/, /b/, /c/… each has allophones, so each is like a family of sounds. Sets of twins or tripplits.