Cvs system by amar.aniruddhsinh,nirmal (d2 d)2017 copy
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The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, detailing the structure and function of the heart, its chambers, and the blood circulation process. It explains the heart's conduction system, cardiac cycle, and the importance of heart valves, as well as blood pressure measurement and its variations. Additionally, it discusses factors that affect blood pressure, including temperature and chemicals.
![The Heart: Cardiac Output
• Cardiac output (CO)
– Amount of blood pumped by each side of the
heart in one minute
– CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
• Stroke volume
– Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in
one contraction
Government Engineering College Gandhinagar](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cvssystembyamar-170928051947/85/Cvs-system-by-amar-aniruddhsinh-nirmal-d2-d-2017-copy-14-320.jpg)
Cvs system by amar.aniruddhsinh,nirmal (d2 d)2017 copy
- 1. The Cardiovascular System CHAVDA ANIRUDDHSINH J. PANDEY AMAR A. PATEL NIRMAL M. Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 2. The Cardiovascular System • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels – The heart pumps blood – Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body • The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 3. The Heart • Location – Thorax between the lungs – Pointed apex directed toward left hip • About the size of your fist Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 4. The Heart Wall: 3 layers • Epicardium • Outside layer • This layer is the parietal pericardium • Connective tissue layer • Myocardium • Middle layer • Mostly cardiac muscle • Endocardium • Inner layer • Endothelium Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 5. Heart valve Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 6. External Heart Anatomy Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 7. The Heart: Chambers • Right and left side act as separate pumps • Four chambers – Atria • Receiving chambers – Right atrium – Left atrium – Ventricles • Discharging chambers – Right ventricle – Left ventricle Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 8. Blood Circulation Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 9. The Heart: Valves • Allow blood to flow in only one direction • Four valves – Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles • Bicuspid valve (left) • Tricuspid valve (right) – Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Aortic semilunar valve Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 10. Operation of Heart Valves Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 11. The Heart: Conduction System • Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) – Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way • Special tissue sets the pace • Sinoatrial node (SA) - Pacemaker • Atrioventricular node (AV) • Atrioventricular bundle • Bundle branches • Purkinje fibers Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 12. Heart Contractions • Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node • Sequential stimulation occurs at other autorhythmic cells Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 13. The Heart: Cardiac Cycle • Cardiac cycle – events of one complete heart beat – Mid-to-late diastole – blood flows into ventricles – Ventricular systole – blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood – Early diastole – atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 14. The Heart: Cardiac Output • Cardiac output (CO) – Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute – CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV]) • Stroke volume – Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 15. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System • Taking blood to the tissues and back – Arteries – Arterioles – Capillaries – Venules – Veins Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 16. Blood Pressure • Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries – Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction – Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax • Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 17. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 18. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors • Temperature – Heat has a vasodilation effect – Cold has a vasoconstricting effect • Chemicals – Various substances can cause increases or decreases Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
- 19. Variations in Blood Pressure • Human normal range is variable – Normal • 140–110 mm Hg systolic • 80–75 mm Hg diastolic – Hypotension • Low systolic (below 110 mm HG) • Often associated with illness – Hypertension • High systolic (above 140 mm HG) • Can be dangerous if it is chronic Government Engineering College Gandhinagar
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