Cyber_Safety_Manual.pdf about the awareness

LETS
BE SMART ONLINE
CYBER
CYBER
Safety
HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS OF SECONDARY & SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Year of Publication: 2020
CBSE in collaboration with Cyber Peace Foundation

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T
Patrons:
Advisory, Editorial and Creative Inputs:
Value adder and Co-ordinator:
Dr. Praggya M. Singh, Joint Secretary (Academics), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
Capt. Vineet Kumar, President, Cyber Peace Foundation.
Content Developed and Curated by Cyber Peace Foundation:
Ms. Neelam Singh | Ms. Karuna Bishnoi | Ms. Janice Verghese | Ms. Akanksha Kapur | Mr. Kumar Vikram | Ms. Aditi Pradhan
Ms. Dhruvi Shah | Ms. Jemisha Bhalsod | Ms. Ayushi Shukla
Our gratitude to Ms. Anita Karwal, IAS, for her advisory, editorial and creative inputs for this Manual during her tenure as
Chairperson, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
Mr. SN Pradhan, IPS, Director General, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
Sh. Anurag Tripathi, IRPS, Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
Dr. Antriksh Johri, Director( Information Technology),Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
Dr. Joseph Emmanuel, Director( Academics),Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
Dr. Biswajit Saha, Director( Skill Education& Training),Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
Sh. Rakesh Maheshwari, Group Coordinator, Cyber Laws and e-Security, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
Dr. Debarati Haldar, Professor, Legal Studies, Karnavati University.
Dr. Manoj Sharma, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS).
Dr. Rachna Bhargava and Dr. Rajesh Sagar, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS).
Dr. HK Kaul, Developing Library Network (DELNET).
Sh. Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank', Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India.
Sh. Sanjay Dhotre, Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Government of India.
Ms. Anita Karwal, IAS, Secretary, Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development,
Government of India.

06 DIGITAL HEALTH AND WELLNESS
INTRODUCTION 1
4
9
15
24
29
42
DIGITAL ACCESS
01
DIGITAL LITERACY
02
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
03
DIGITAL COMMERCE
04
CONTENTS
05 DIGITAL ETIQUETTE

CONTENTS
08 DIGITAL SECURITY
07 DIGITAL RIGHTS, FREEDOMS AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
49
55
72
82
83
84
DIGITAL LAW
USEFUL RESOURCES
ANSWERS
USEFUL CONTACTS

I N T R O D U C T I O N
Technological advances are changing the world in ways
that could not have been imagined. The emergence of
advanced digital innovations are providing new opportunities
to connect and learn, and have begun influencing every aspect
of human life.
Children and young people have shown greater ability to adapt
and adopt digital devices and innovations, which augurs well
for the future. They use the devices and apps for a variety of
functions, including self-expression, communication,
networking, research, entertainment, and much more. The
internet has enabled children to become active social agents
and to mobilise for social, ecological and other causes. They
are increasingly able to project their voices with
unprecedented reach.
However, an assumption is often made that young people
have superior skills with digital technology, which surpass
those of their parents and teachers.
It may or may not be right. Many young people are confident
in using a wide range of technologies and often turn to the
internet for information. They seem able to learn to operate
unfamiliar hardware or software very quickly and may take on
the role of teaching adults how to use computers and the
internet. But the confidence with digital technology can also
be misleading.
Many of them frequently struggle when applying them to
research tasks. They can find it difficult to work out whether
information on an unfamiliar website is trustworthy, and rely
on their chosen search engine’s rankings for their selection of
material. They may not understand how search terms work or
of the powerful commercial forces that can result in a
particular company being top of the search engine’s list. They
may not be aware of the lurking risks and threats and the fact
that some of their actions can invite them trouble.
Furthermore, the digital skills and knowledge are not evenly
spread amongst all young people. Dearth of research on the
subject has prevented a nuanced analysis of who are most
likely to lag behind in the opportunities afforded by
technological advances. However, there is general agreement
among those working on cyber safety and security among
children and young people that gender is a major impediment.
Social norms have impeded girls’ access to opportunities,
including the access and use of digital devices and the
internet. Many of them belonging to socially or economically
marginalised families in rural, semi-urban and urban areas
have either no access, or limited, or supervised access to
digital technologies, which could enable them to exercise their
agency, autonomy and rights in an increasingly
interconnected world.
The exploration of new vistas and acquisition of rich
experiences online require a strong element of caution. After
all, every light has its shadow. The technologies can be
misused or overused in ways that are detrimental to the users
and even non-users.
UNICEF in its Child Online Protection in India report in 2016
had presented the following typology of risks and threats
1 | Introduction

3
|
Cyber
Safety
Booklet
for
Children
The above classification presents a birds’ eye view of the risks and threats which contribute to the vulnerability of
children and young people in the digital age. The other side of the coin is resilience among them, which needs to be
nurtured and strengthened in order to empower them for the challenges and opportunities introduced by digital
technologies.
The optimal safeguard for children is to facilitate their access to the internet, protect their privacy, encourage
self-expression, and ensure that they can recognise potential dangers and know what to do about them. The concept of
digital citizenship has emerged as a useful framework of various facets that need to be developed and strengthened.
Source: UNICEF India Report
2 | Introduction
Figure 1: Manifestations of child online threats, abuse and exploitation in india
Emotional
harassment
Defamation
& exposure
Imtimidation
Social
exclusion
Sexual
harrassment
Production and
consumption of child
sexual abuse materials
Ideological
indoctrination
and recruitment
Threats or act of
extreme violence
Attacks on devices:
malware infection
Exposure to
inappropriate
content: Pharming
Identity theft:
phishing, hacking,
privacy breach
Malvertising
Blackmail and
financial extortion
Commercial sexual
exploitation and
trafficking
Sexual solicitation
Aggressive sexual solicitation
Cyber bullying
Online sexual
abuse
Online sexual
exploitation
Cyber
radicalization
Online attacks
& frauds
Online enticement
Producing and
consuming pirated
music and videos
Financial fraud
Enticement to
drug trafficking
G R O O M I N G
Self-harm:
sexting, self-exposure
Harmful behaviour: exposure
to inappropraite content,
Access to alcohol and drugs
Illegal behaviour: cheating
plagiarism, gambling,
drug trafficking

Digital Access:
Equitable distribution of technology and online resources is an
important issue from the perspective of human rights and social
justice.
Digital Literacy:
Understanding technology and its use is the basic condition for
optimising its benefits.
Digital Communication:
The electronic exchange of information with other people, through
emails, cell-phones and instant messaging, constantly and
without delay.
Digital Commerce:
Increasing buying and selling of goods and services has opened
vistas for the sellers, service providers, and consumers.
Digital Etiquette:
Digital etiquette describes the norms or appropriate and
responsible behaviours while using technology devices.
Digital Health and Wellness:
Digital well-being is balancing your online and offline lives and
using tools efficiently to make the most of technology and the
internet.
Digital Rights, Freedoms and
Responsibilities:
A collective sense of rights and responsibilities is important in a
digital society for maintaining social harmony.
Digital Security:
Awareness of potential online risks, threats and attacks and the
ways and means of preventing them are important skills to have
in an interconnected world.
Digital Law:
At the core of digital citizenship are basic ethics, which are
reflected in national and international laws.
Basically, there are nine elements of digital citizenship
3 | Introduction

D I G I TA L A C C E S S
1.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL ACCESS?
The telecom market is very competitive with various mobile
companies trying to offer the best and cheapest plans which
has led to the world’s cheapest mobile data packs being
offered in India. A study conducted across 230 countries over
a period of one month found that Indians pay an average of
Rs 18 for a gigabyte of data compared to the global average
of Rs 600. The internet usage in India has exceeded half a
billion people as of December 2018. The usage is equal for
both rural and urban India with mobile phones being the
primary source to access the internet.
Technological innovations can be seen everywhere, in our
homes, classrooms and in our surroundings too. The
following categories of devices perform different but
interlinked functions.
a) Mobile phones, desktop and laptop computers, tablets
b) E-readers, e.g., Kindle.
c) Dongle and Wi-Fi router.
d) Internet connected printer.
e) Internet Of Things (IoT) Devices: Smartwatches, Smart TV,
Smart refrigerators, home assistants (e.g., Alexa, Google
Home and Siri).
f) Whiteboards and smart boards in smart classrooms.
These innovations have made lives easier than ever, but
misuse and exploitation can lead to unanticipated risks. The
Internet is an interconnection of networks that uses internet
protocol to link devices worldwide. With digital devices and
access to the internet, several functions can be performed
quickly and simultaneously. For instance: sending and
receiving email, using social media, watching movies and
television series, accessing large open information library
from millions of websites, and writing blogs.
1.2 NEWER VISTAS WITH DIGITAL
DEVICES AND INTERNET
Digital technology is primarily used these days with new
physical communications media, such as satellite and fibre
optic transmission. A modem is used to convert the digital
information in the computer, mobile phone, and other such
devices to analog signals for the phone line and to convert
analog phone signals to digital information for the computer.
Analog
Signal
Digital
Signal
4 | Digital Access

1.3 NAVIGATING THE CYBERSPACE
The internet may be considered as a vast network that
enables an individual to obtain any kind of information
available. “The world wide web, commonly known as www, is
one of the most used legitimate platforms to navigate using
search engines like Google, Yahoo, Bing and DuckDuckGo.
This is just the tip of the iceberg.”
Internet And The World Wide Web
https://www.statista.com/chart/17518/internet-use-one-minute/
A Minute on the Internet in 2019
Estimated data created on the internet in one minute
The No Go Zone: Deep Web And Dark Net
Public
Frequently used sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Amazon
which makes up about 4 to 6 percent of internet usage. The
remaining 94 or 96 percent is the Deep web and the Dark
Net.
DARK WEB
An encrypted network that is available to a selective group not
accessible by all which is accessible via authorization, specific
software, and configurations. This is a marketplace for illegal goods
such as drugs, firearms, and stolen credit cards numbers. The dark
web is also used for human trafficking, exchanges of child
pornography due to anonymity.
DEEP WEB
A network where data is stored in
inaccessible databases. It includes all web
pages, websites, networks, and online
communities that are intentionally and/or
unintentionally hidden that cannot be
accessed using Google or other regular
search engines. The deep web is used for
activities such as hacking and piracy.
5 | Digital Access
Pakistan had banned YouTube for about three years following violent protests
across major cities against the uploading of an anti-Islam film on the site in
September 2012. It permitted a new version of YouTube, which allowed the Pakistan
Telecommunication Authority (PTA) to seek access to offending material to be
blocked within the country.
China has blocked Google, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, as well as thousands
of other foreign websites, including The New York Times and Chinese Wikipedia,
over the past decade. Nonetheless, it has not disrupted the access of Chinese
people to internet. A range of Chinese websites such as Baidu, WeChat/Weixin,
Sogou, So 360) perform the same functions even though with a strong dose of
censorship.
The internet and world wide web do not respect territorial
boundaries, the role of the national laws and mechanisms is
limited in the management of the cyberspace. The servers of
most internet service providers are in the United States and
Western Europe which is beyond Indian law or any other
national law. International law provides for some
mechanisms for negotiations on varied aspects of
cyberspace management and security. One example is the
global consensus of unacceptable child sexual abuse
material put online leading governments to cooperate to
bring down the pages.
Digital technologies allow users to go beyond national and
geographic boundaries where the government could block
internet service providers. The government can also place
restrictions on internet service providers with regards to any
content deemed illegal or offensive.
Administration Of The Cyberspace
WATCH
WATCH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yABC7LzJLLg&t=5s

6 | Digital Access
Over the past few years digital access has become easier
with devices becoming cheaper and more widely available. A
range of smartphones from expensive to inexpensive are
available with competitive packages offered by internet
service providers.
Some attributes that define the people who are more likely to
have digital access include:
* Working knowledge of English as most of the applications
are presented in English.
* The knowledge of how to use a computer and related
technologies.
* Easy access to digital devices and the internet.
* Ownership of the internet connected digital devices
this enables the individual to receive and send information
quickly compared to those who are not good at using
technology.
Accessibility is uniform in that both urban and rural areas use
the internet to gain information. However, socio-cultural
barriers have restricted access to some important groups in
society to digital technologies. This is often due to biased
perception of women and girls not needing internet or for
their safety they are restricted. Equal opportunities for all
ages and gender needs to be established.
1.4 BARRIERS TO DIGITAL ACCESS
The idea of a network of computers was thought of in the early 1960s. It
was tried in different ways, and finally ARPANET was created. WIth time,
many more changes were made and finally the internet became what we
see it as today.
Source: Presentation by Dr Govind Former Senior Director, MeitY, and Ex CEO, National Internet Exchange of India and Advisor, Cyber Peace Foundation
WATCH
WATCH
v=JoxHL6EvPd8

A C T I V I T Y 1
1. Deepweb (use -2 series)
Bccmucz
Bccnucz
Accnvcz
Accmvcz
2. Darknet (use 1st to last switch)
Tenkrad
Tendark
Dkarent
Tenkard
3. Bits (use +5 series)
FNYX
FMXY
GNYX
GMYX
5. Analog (Replacing vowels with vowels and -1 for consonant)
Emikuf
Epunah
Arediq
Emikof
4. Bytes (use -1,+1 series)
Zasfr
Czsfr
Bxtim
Azsfr
For example, in the -2 series, every letter in the word gets replaced by the letter preceding two places in the alphabet. So 'apple'
will become "ynnjc", "tree"will become "rpcc" and so on. In the +1 series, every letter in the word is replaced by the next letter in the
alphabet. So "cat" becomes, "dbu", "sit" becomes "tju". Using similar algorithms, find the encrypted terms.
THE FOLLOWING WORDS HAVE TO BE ENCRYPTED USING DIFFERENT ALGORITHMS.

1
A C T I V I T Y 2
EVERY INDIAN SHOULD HAVE DIGITAL ACCESS.
2 3
Do you agree with this statement? Provide at least three reasons in support of your answer.

2.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL LITERACY?
Digital Literacy is one of the important 21st Century Literacy
Skills. Digital literacy is the ability to use digital technology
safely while staying within the bounds of social responsibility.
It allows students, who are increasingly getting access to
digital devices and the internet, to learn how to minimise risks
and maximise benefits that come with using digital
technologies. For instance: many students enjoy playing
online games, however, they need to understand the potential
risks associated with online gaming and accordingly take the
necessary
2.2 EIGHT COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL
LITERACY
1. Functional skills .
2. Creativity.
3. Critical thinking and evaluation.
4. Cultural and social understanding.
5. Collaboration.
6. Ability to find and select information .
7. Effective communication.
8. E-safety.
precautions. One such precaution includes installing a good
antivirus software in order to protect personal information
that is stored on your digital devices. Therefore, in order to
become a digitally literate individual it is important to
understand the different components within digital literacy.
D I G I TA L L I T E R A C Y
Have your
digital devices
been installed
with antivirus
software?
POINTS
TO
REMEMBER
When did you
last update the
antivirus
software on your
digital devices?
9 | Digital Literacy
WATCH
WATCH
v=YQq3hTHw6TQ

Functional skills include the three Rs : reading, writing and
arithmetic. In order to be a digitally literate individual, any
student must know how to complete basic internet searches,
work on spreadsheets etc. This allows you to access and use
the several technologies present in devices, creatively and
critically. This not only provides students with a new
approach to their learning content but also develops their
professional skills. Other functional skills also include online
banking, for instance, many students use apps such a
Zomato, Amazon, Swiggy and so on, wherein they use online
payment methods. Everyone must know the safe way of
sharing financial and personal information so that the risks of
financial frauds, privacy breach, identity theft, unauthorised
access and siphoning of money are minimised.
Functional Skills
Digital technologies facilitate self-expression, creativity and
learning by enabling users to use different tools present. For
instance: many young adults use social media platforms
such as Youtube, Instagram, Tik Tok etc. To create content
and share it with their friends and other audiences. This has
become a new form of self-expression, wherein, individuals
create an ‘online persona’. However, in many cases this can
lead to negative consequences as many social media
personalities tend to overshare information about their
personal lives, which may be used against them. Thus, they
must learn to review the content they share online and should
only provide information that is essential and absolutely
necessary.
Creativity
Children and young people are actively using digital media
to participate in social and cultural life outside school.
Making and sharing media has become an important part of
how children communicate with each other these days.
Children have to know how to negotiate information in text,
visual, audio and so on and how to represent meaning
effectively and creatively through these media. Children
create and edit their own cartoons, videos, animations,
music or other media and share these with friends. Many
children may be sharing videos, YouTube, jokes, photos etc
with their friends with the aim of having fun or
communicating with them. Digital literacy will help to
expand and extend your creative use of technology actively
in your social and cultural interactions.
Cultural And Social Understanding
Collaboration is working among and across personal and
global networks to achieve common goals. Due to the
interconnected world, the effects of what is happening in
one place can have repercussions in other places, what is
affecting a few can affect very many.
Collaboration
Critical thinking is essential to being digitally literate as you
learn not to take information available on the internet at its
face value. It is important to pause and reflect when surfing
online as careless decisions online could lead to
miscommunication or exposure to cybercrime.
Critical Thinking And Evaluation
Oh! That‛s great.
Where did you
read this?
Dad! Scientists
have
found
fishes
that
can
breathe
in
space
W
ait!
www.fakingnews.com
I‛ll have
to
rem
ove
this
post
from
all
the
social m
edia
handles
IDENTIFYING FAKE NEWS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Online browsing has made research much easier but in
many ways more challenging. Now one has easier access to
virtually endless information. The challenge is to check the
veracity of the sources as well as the information.
Ability To Find And Select Information
If yes, they are claiming personal responsibility
for the information that is being conveyed. If the
information is inaccurate, their reputation and
probably career could suffer. Has the author
mentioned the resources used? If yes, this can
help verify the information.
Information changes very fast, thanks to the
Internet and to verify if it is still valid, a date is
necessary. The information may not be relevant
or credible if there is no date at all.
Web design is surprisingly important in verifying
a website’s credibility. If someone didn’t put work
into their website to make it look good, you can’t
trust that they’ve put the necessary effort into
verifying their information.
Everything on the internet or on a social network
should not be taken at face value. A lot of
motivated or misleading information and fake
news is circulated through networks. An
unbiased judgement based on critical thinking
can help determine if the information is
trustworthy. The recipient of information needs
to decide on the veracity of the message, if need
be cross-checking it from multiple sources.
The domain names say a lot about websites,
.com, .edu, and .gov are among the most
credible domain endings for websites. Other
variations are much less credible. So check the
URL name. If any of those three options end a
URL, it indicates the website’s credibility.
The logic is simple - it reflects how seriously the
production and dissemination of information is
taken. If there was no attempt to check the
grammar and spelling, probably the accuracy of
the information was not checked carefully.
Is the author listed on the information/news?
A date shows if the information is current.
Is the website designed properly?
Are the spelling and grammar in the writing correct?
Credibility of information.
Is the domain credible?
01
02
03
05
04
06
The following message was circulated through WhatsApp in
India in 2018. It seemed credible due to its style of
presentation and language. But careful scrutiny and
investigations revealed that it was false. The United States
has banned the import of Kinder Joy, due to their import
laws banning all commodities containing anything inedible
inside, in this case the toy packed in Kinder Joy.
However, this news was presented in a slightly modified
manner, and the messages implored readers to ban the
chocolate as it was claimed to be harmful to health.
BFF
last seen today at 13:25
Type a message
5:20 PM
5:18 PM
Are you Serious????
BFF
last seen today at 13:25
Type a message
5:20 PM
5:18 PM
Are you Serious????
Countless resources on the Internet provide information about digital
technologies. Some are free while others seek payment for access to the
full range of information materials. For example:
E-Pathshala, initiated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD) and the National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT), hosts resources for teachers, students, parents, researchers
and educators that is available on the Web, Android, IOS and Windows
platforms. A wide variety of print and non-print materials, including
textbooks, audio, video and periodicals can be accessed online or
downloaded for offline use at
https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/solutions
Khan Academy makes available a range of online tools and short video
lessons on its YouTube™ channel and website www.khanacademy.org,
which students can use to understand various lessons and concepts
easily.
Various open source resources, video lectures on YouTube™, skillshare
and GitHub are available to enhance technological skills, including
software development and coding. Your teachers can recommend other
useful websites and portals. And you can also do your own online
research.
Online resources for digital education

Digital technologies now facilitate immediate
communication which may be one to one, one to many, or
among many. This can be through voice calls, video calls,
instant messaging platforms, SMSes, etc. To be digitally
literate, students must understand how to engage in this form
of communication safely and responsibly.
Effective Communication
Put simply e-safety refers to staying safe online, and as
internet-accessible devices are given to people of younger
ages, it's important that we're able to protect them from
harmful content and services. This includes: cyber-bullying,
pornography, online exploitation, cyber crimes etc.
E-safety
WATCH
WATCH
v=-nU07_041t4&t=5s
WATCH
WATCH
v=bXYi-b6tiV8&t=79s
WATCH
WATCH
v=fcHtksYEt-Y

A C T I V I T Y 1
State whether the following statements are true or false
a) The domain name of any website does not, in any
way, indicate the website’s credibility.
b) When reading offline, the resources may take
several seconds to open as the entire file is encrypted.
However, once that process is complete, pages open
rapidly.
c) Critical thinking is one of the components of digital
literacy that involves the process of evaluating
information, questioning it, and determining if it’s
worthwhile or not.
d) E- Pathshala, an initiative of Ministry of Electronics
and Telecommunication (MeitY) and the National
Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT), hosts resources for teachers, students,
parents, researchers and educators.
e) Critical thinking not only improves our functional
skills but also facilitates learning and provides new
avenues for professional advancement.
f) Digital literacy involves the ability to read,
understand and interpret digital processes whereas,
digital communication is the ability to communicate,
connect and interact with others.

A C T I V I T Y 2
Is the information given below reliable or not?
Give reasons to support your answer.

Real lives
Offline activities
Face-to-face communication
Life in local community
More engagement demands
Careful communication
History remembered
Direct socialising
Personal Interactions
Relatively private existence
Limited information
Greater responsibility for
personal actions
Parents feel more in control
Online activities
Text messaging
Life in worldwide web
More escape opportunities
Less inhibited communication
History recorded (digital footprints)
Evasion of responsibility possible
with perceived anonymity
Social networking
Internet connections
Greater public interactions
Unlimited information
Parents feel less in control
Online lives
Real versus virtual lives
3.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
Digital communication is the ability to read, understand and
interpret digital processes to connect and interact with
others. It can help stimulate social relations in cyberspace.
The users are able to stay in touch with friends or make new
friends. Those who are not good with social relations can use
it to compensate and build new positive relationships.
Mobile phones are the primary source of access to the
internet in India. The world’s cheapest mobile data packs
have been offered in India as mobile companies in a
competitive telecom market have tried to offer the best and
cheapest plans. A study conducted across 230 countries
over a period of one month found that Indians were paying an
average of Rs 18 for a gigabyte of data compared to the
global average of Rs 600. Not surprisingly, the number of
internet users in India was more than half a billion with the
usage being equal for both rural and urban areas.
In a simple one-way communication, there is a sender who
uses a medium such as a phone to send a message to a
receiver. Verbal communication involves someone speaking
and someone listening. Interpersonal communication occurs
when the sender and receiver exchange their roles, and speak
and listen to each other through a process that facilitates
understanding, agreement or disagreement. Visual
communication involves someone showing a visual product
(e.g., a picture, video, animation) and someone watching.
Digital communication in the virtual world can allow for
interaction between more than one person such as an email
can be copied to many people. However, it requires a balance
between the real and the virtual world.
Circuitry of digital
communication
Box 3.1: Circuitry of digital communication
D I G I TA L
C O M M U N I C AT I O N
15 | Digital Communication

Everyone needs to be conscious of the differences between
real and virtual life and use technology in a way that it does
not become a substitute for real life communication but
remains a smart additional channel which is not allowed to
compromise basic good interpersonal communication skills
essential for success in all aspects of our life.
In-the-moment communication through instant messaging,
texting, and posting comments online is common. It does not
allow enough time to reflect, react and respond on the basis
of informed understanding of conversations that are getting
rude or mean. But learning to exit such conversations is
essential. You may have to sign off instant messaging, not
respond to a rude text, or stop yourself from posting a
comment on Facebook or Instagram.
Social media has provided children with a platform to
express themselves to a limited audience - typically those
who are similar and have comparable values, beliefs and
attitudes. As a result, it has made communicating with
different people more difficult.
There is a tendency to use internet as a substitute for real
relationships and the content we encounter online can
influence us by creating an artificial digital environment.
Moderate use of the internet and a balance between offline
and online lives is crucial for adding value to our life and work
while minimising risks and harm. Being smart online means
being aware of the potential threats, opportunities and risks
that might occur without losing sight of the things that are
most important in our lives.
Online activities provide an opportunity for expressing our
opinions, testing attitudes, and exploring identity and social
relationships. But many of us are tempted to take risks, often
under the misperception that we are anonymous online.
Sometimes we show weak control over the time spent online
activities, and setting and focusing on priorities. Outdoor
activities are essential for good health and can also help to
prevent excessive use of digital devices and addiction to
online activities, such as gaming.
The expansion of the internet has led to a shift from
face-to-face communication to digital communication. Even
people in close proximity can be found exchanging messages
on their mobile phones.
3.2 OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS
Take responsibility for your online
communication.
Forward information or posts only after verifying the source
and contents.
Avoid sharing posts that are
offensive or obscene.
Responsible Sharing

“Stranger Danger”
Personal information that you share can be used against
you. Review the content that you wish to share online and
necessary.
Use trusted sources for downloading online. Downloading
songs and movies from untrusted sources may be illegal and
you should not be sharing these with your friends. Use
trusted websites or platforms, like Google Play Store, Apple
App Store etc.
Personal Responsibility For Information
Posted Online And Sent Via Text
Often family, friends, acquaintances and strangers post
photographs on social networking sites. Usually they do not
seek consent of the person whose photograph they post.
While their intention may not be bad, the photograph can be
misused by a wide variety of other people. It is a good idea to
convey your concerns if you do not want your photographs
posted.
Sharenting and its risks
Many parents overshare pictures of their
children online and in the process undermine
their right to privacy, cause embarrassment,
hurt and bullying, and damage online
reputation.
Sharenting reveals aspects of children’s life on
social media without their consent. They may
be too young to fully understand but it is
important to consider the consequences from
their perspective. Posting of a picture of a child
with a funny caption, relating to their hair or
facial expression, could upset them when they
are older or make them a butt of bullying by
others. Every post contributes to a record of
photos, shared links and comments. This
record is hard to delete and can shape the
child’s online reputation.
As in real life, there are strangers, acquaintances and friends
online. How one communicates, how much and what kind of
information is shared depends on the equation and level of
trust people have in one another.
It is important to choose online friends wisely. Be wary of
new online friends. Do not trust them easily because who
knows who they are. There are many cases of people faking
identities with not so good intentions. They may be people
known to you, who wish to dig out more information out of
you. They may be strangers, who wish to gain and then betray
your trust.
“Posting Photographs”

“Grooming”
Viewing Inappropriate Content
Gaming
Recognize Ways That People Online May Seek
To Persuade You.
Sometimes strangers, or even people who are known, build an
emotional connection with children and young people online
or face-to-face to gain their trust for the purposes of sexual
abuse or exploitation. Many children and young people begin
to feel that a special friendship or relationship is developing
and do not understand that they are being groomed.
“Grooming” is subtle but has serious consequences.
a) Bribing: This can range from offering money and gifts. The
gifts may even be in the form of points or lives and in-game
rewards in an online game.
b) Flattery: Constant attention and praise can be a way of
winning the affection of the targeted child.
c) Sexualized games and intimacy building: Gradual introduc-
tion of subtly sexual allusions in conversation or during play
are used to test the child’s vulnerability. If the child positively
responds to his overtures, he will attempt to build further
intimacy with the child.
d) Desensitization: They try to desensitize the child to sexual
acts by showing the child, pornography and child sexual
abuse imagery. Constant exposure to explicit content may
‘normalize’ sexual behavior for the child and ‘desensitize’
her/him.
e) Threats and blackmail: They employ forceful coercion to
gain access to the child.
f) Scattergun approach: When they do not know what the
child will respond to, they may try all of the above in an effort
to win the child’s attention and interest.
Inform and discuss with friends, family members, teachers or
anyone you trust any annoying or uncomfortable occurrence
or activity such as extra friendly behaviour, cyber stalking,
bullying and strange behavior online.
While accessing the internet you may come across content
that is not suitable for your age, the content may include
images or information adult in nature, maybe sexually explicit
or very violent. Accessing inappropriate content is possible
through websites, gaming apps or by clicking links which may
be intentional or unintentional. One way to avoid this is to use
apps and games that are suitable for your age.
Games can offer children a way to escape from the real world
and immerse themselves in a virtual world. Increasingly,
children play games on mobile phones, consoles, laptops,
computers, portable gaming devices and social media. While
playing you could interact with other gamers through a
microphone or a webcam. Cybercriminals can find a way to
victimise children through befriending them online,
cyberbullying or sharing inappropriate content. Children
should be made aware of the risks and how to handle certain
situations.
Hi !
I keep receiving unwanted vulgar
pictures and links to sexually explicit
content. I don’t like this.
Please make it stop!
If you are going through something similar,
do not hesitate to report such profiles.
a) Some games let children play and chat with anyone in the
world. There are many aggressive players online who may
bully you.
Potential Risks Associated With Online Gaming

Some players play simply to bully or harass others. They may
use inappropriate language or cheat others. It is important for
you to be careful.
b) Some young people through online games are abusing the
fear around the challenge to encourage others to self-harm
and carry out various dares and post the results online under
the guise of some game challenge. Do not give in to such
provocation and/or challenge. Stop playing such games and
inform your parents/ elders.
c) Many adults and cyber criminals pretend to be children
while playing online games. They may try to befriend you by
giving tips about the games, sharing points with you and
trying to win your trust. They may use this opportunity to get
your personal information or influencing you for a one-to-one
meeting.
d) Some games may have content which might upset you.
This could include violence, horror, or sex or induce you to
self-harm. Do not play these games and talk to an adult if you
are upset.
e) Online games are sedentary in nature and children can be
involved for long periods without moving around. It is good
advice to take breaks every hour or alternate online games
with outdoor activities.
f) Be aware of when you feel like you might be getting
addicted to online gaming. Check if your online games,
stop you from seeing your friends or family.
i) Take the place of doing homework
ii) Make it hard to stop thinking about playing
iii) Make you unable to stop playing, even when you need to
If you feel this is happening, it’s a good idea to get support.
Talking to someone you trust, preferably an adult or a
professional counsellor. Either they may be able to help or
help you find someone who can help.
Know the risks, exercise good judgment and seek advice.
What you do online has the potential to affect everyone – at
home, at school and around the world. Practicing responsible
online habits benefits the digital community.
3.3 SAFETY AND SECURITY DURING
ONLINE GAMING
Good
practices:
How
you
can
protect
yourself
while
playing
games
online
a) Check the age classification of the games you want to
play. Stick to the ones that have been indicated for your
age group.
b) Never install games downloaded from free online
gaming websites that are not reputed. Never download
games by clicking on links received on mail or text
message or through a pop up.
a) Always install a good antivirus software on your
computer, smartphone or other handheld devices.
Regularly update the antivirus and other applications.
b) Do not share personal information like name, date of
birth, address or phone numbers while playing online
games.
c) Never share your passwords with anyone. You should
use a complex password for your online gaming account
and other online accounts. It is a good practice to change
your password at regular intervals.
d) Never use voice chat or webcam while playing online
games. This may share your identity with other players and
attract cyber bullies and other cyber criminals.
e) Never share your or your parent's credit card/debit card
details with anyone when you are playing online games.
They may ask credit or debit card details. Never share such
details with anyone.
Prudent Selection Of Games To Play
Protect Personal Information
GOOD PRACTICES:
HOW YOU CAN PROTECT YOURSELF
WHILE PLAYING GAMES ONLINE
https://youtu.be/kvgJIFn_e04
WATCH
WATCH
sleep.

a) Know the tools that are available to deal with aggressive
or inappropriate conduct online. Learn how to block, mute,
delete and report on the games and consoles being used.
b) If you face any challenge in online gaming world,
immediately inform your parents or elders so that they can
support and guide you.
c) Never meet in person with someone from your online
gaming world. In real life they may be very different. Cyber
criminals may befriend you and try meeting you or getting
your personal information. They may have wrong intentions.
Set limits to your online friendships as well as online
communication with real life friends. There has to be a limit to
what you share or exchange in terms of written words,
photographs or videos. Remember, once online, you may not
be able to control who will actually see it, prevent breach of
trust and misuse and potential risk and harm to your person
and reputation.
“An act whereby the perpetrator satisfies his anger and
frustration for a broken relationship through publicising false,
sexually provocative portrayal of his/her victim, by misusing
the information that he may have known naturally and that he
may have stored in his personal computer, or may have been
conveyed to his electronic device by the victim herself, or may
have been stored in the device with the consent of the victim
herself; and which may essentially have been done to defame
the victim.”
Teenagers in the age-group of 14 to 18 years are the worst
victims of revenge porn as well as the perpetrators
themselves, which is a matter of concern. Some teenage
students who have been in a relationship and end it find their
explicit photographs circulated on social media platforms or
tags her in the pictures or sends her a link. When such
images go viral, students are often harassed and bullied by
their peers – branded with insult and in the end, isolated. A
teenager may be targeted by her jealous classmates, her
ex-boyfriend or even an unknown friend on social media who
Know How To Respond To Online Challenges
Limits In Friendships
Revenge Pornography
A class 8th girl’s Instagram account was hacked by one
of her classmates. He used her account to send obscene
messages and videos to her friends and also to all the
people who were added in her account. Next day her
friends didn’t talk to her nicely and those who did were
rude in their behaviour. The girl did not understand the
situation and this kept on happening for a week. The girl
was in despair and asked one of her friend as to why is
everybody avoiding her. She was surprised that all this
had happened. She spoke to her friends, clarified the
situation and sorted the problem. The problem that still
remains is that her account is still being used by
someone even though most of her friends have reported
that account.
Learnings: Always make sure that you use strong
passwords and do not reveal them to anybody, not even
your best friends. Make sure that if something like this
happens, you tell it to your parents, elders, and teachers.
Also in such cases report to cybercrime branch of the
police.

may be victimising her because she stopped communicating
with him when she realised the dangers of online
relationships.
Revenge pornography can lead to students dropping out of
schools and preferring to stay home or change schools. This
may make students go into depression or feel isolated.
Students often do not report such cases to teachers or
parents due to the fear of the problem becoming bigger.
While some teenagers may know the dangers of sexting, peer
pressure forces them to indulge in this as due to peer
pressure and not wanting to be left out of the group. Children
should not succumb to peer pressure, especially to take risks
of this kind which can be extremely embarrassing and
damage their reputation. In extreme cases children have been
driven to suicide. Do not give in to pressure. If you lose your
inhibitions you also lose control. Once you have pressed the
enter key you cannot retrieve your message and may make
yourself vulnerable to potential harm and exploitation.
However, teenagers need to understand gender relations.
Boys must learn to interact with girls on equal terms and
respect them and their desires as those of human beings, not
simply as objects of respect or desires. Consent must be an
important part of relationships. Pictures,
videos and other material shared in
confidence cannot be published on social
media without the permission of the person
just because the other person does not want
to continue in the relationship. Youngsters
must learn to cope with rejection as it is a
part of life but not the end of the world.
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=0AxfdpuyHS4&t=148s
WATCH
WATCH

A C T I V I T Y 1
A C T I V I T Y 2
Classify the following statements as legitimate or illegitimate
while chatting with online friends or while surfing
online websites/gaming.
Substitute one word for the following statements
Statement 1 – If you disclose your age and address of your residence,
you shall be getting 350 bonus point for the current session of the game.
Statement 2 – I like the way, this conversation has been continuing,
I wonder what it would be like to catch up with you in real life.
Statement 3 – I have all the details of all our conversation in this chat box,
if you do not send me pictures that I ask you for, I would make these
conversations public, without hiding our identity.
Statement 4 – I am sending you some video attachments,
and after watching the same, you have to send me similar videos.
Statement 5 - Hey tell me the sizes of your chest and waist,
so that accordingly, we can design a costume for you, before entering
into the next level of this gaming session.
A way of communication where a sender who sends a message
through a medium to a receiver is known as
A

involves an act of giving constant attention and praise
in order to win the affection of the targeted child.
B
offers young people a sense of escape from the reality
of the world and, at times, it can make them feel that they are a part of a
community. C
An act of posting, or distributing, or sharing of any sexually explicit images or
videos of the victim on the social media websites to take revenge against a
broken relationship is known as
D
A C T I V I T Y 3
What steps should be taken while playing an online game,
which involve interactions with strangers?

D I G I TA L
C O M M E R C E
4.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL COMMERCE?
Digital commerce is about the users undertaking legitimate
and legal exchanges using digital technologies. The new
digital economy has improved the choices of goods and
services to the consumers. They can choose what they want
from a wide array of products offered by an ever expanding
market of online vendors. The virtual market place is assisted
by a growing network of financial and other service providers.
Websites provide outlets for sales of goods and services. A
growing number of brands are available online to consumers
directly through their own platforms or through aggregators.
a) Buy and sell (e.g., Amazon, Flipkart, eBay, Facebook
“marketplace”,...).
b) Book travel (e.g., IRCTC, MakemyTrip, RedBus.in,
booking.com).
c) Book hotels (e.g., Trivago).
d) Order food (e.g., Zomato, Swiggy).
e) Sell used products (e.g. Olx, Quikr, ebay).
f) Make payments (Paytm, Google Pay, Bhim, UPI, credit and
debit cards, and netbanking).
g) Advertise goods and services.
h) Pay taxes (e-payment portals).
E-commerce has both risks and an abundance of
opportunities. One risk that individuals encounter is
e-payment methods. An e-payment system is a way of
making transactions or paying for goods and services
through an electronic medium, without the use of checks or
cash. It’s also called an electronic payment system or online
payment system. The electronic payment system has grown
increasingly over the last decades due to the growing spread
of internet-based banking and shopping. As these increase,
improve, and provide ever more secure online payment
transactions the percentage of check and cash transactions
will decrease. But you are also susceptible to financial frauds,
involving privacy breach, identity theft, unauthorised access
and siphoning of money.
Individuals also face a form of fraud called phishing or
vishing. Malvertising and piracy are also common risks of
engaging in digital commerce.
A target or targets are contacted by email, telephone or text
message by someone posing as a legitimate institution to
lure individuals into providing sensitive data such as
personally identifiable information, banking and credit card
details, and passwords. For instance: A student’s grandfather
recently told her about a credit card scam that happened to
many of the residents in the old-age home where he lived. He
told her that they were called by an anonymous number
posing to be a bank manager and asked for their credit card
details including the pin number. As a result, the scammers
wiped out all the cash from their accounts. They lodged a
SAVE
50%
24/7
PAY
ONLINE
https://securionpay.com/blog/e-payment-system/
What Is Phishing Or Vishing?
24 | Digital Commerce
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=yjU8i66yQCM

complaint regarding the situation which led to the scammers
being caught but most of them have not got their money
back.
Malvertising It is the process of using advertisements to
infect your devices and systems with malware. These ads
look legitimate and trustworthy, by one simple click will cause
your phones and computers to be compromised.
Production and consumption of pirated music, software,
games and videos is common but illegal.
a) Install a robust anti-malware and antivirus solution .
b) Be extra careful while visiting websites that ask for
personal and financial information .
c) Never click on suspicious email messages, especially
those offering loans and too good to be true deals.
d) Shop only at websites you trust. Check the security
features of new websites and the authenticity and customer
reviews of the business.
e) Keep the receipt, order confirmation number, and postal
tracking number safe.
f) Report if you do not receive merchandise of the promised
quality.
What Is Malvertising?
What Is Piracy?
Safety Measures:
4.3.1 How To Avoid These Risks?
Keep your personal information
like birthdate, location etc.
personal. Sharing it publically
can put you in a vulnerable
situation.
#
AajKaGyaa
n
Do connect to secure public network whenever possible. In
the event that you are unable to connect to a secure
network, try to login only if it asks for registration.
g) Secure your digital devices linked with bank accounts with
strong passwords and good antivirus software. Choose
unique, non-guessable and meaningless passwords.
h) Computers in cyber cafes may not have updated antivirus
or may be infected with malware, which may compromise
your bank details and other sensitive information such as
card number, expiry date, CVV, etc. Thus, avoid making
online financial transactions using a public Wi-Fi or a
computer in a cyber cafe.
i) Disconnect the phone after receiving any call from anyone
claiming to be a service provider, who seeks sensitive
information to avoid deactivation of your number or making
a just too generous offer. Immediately call customer care to
check if such a call is genuine.
Check the website URL. HTTPS encrypts your data in the
your confidential information such as online account pass
which does not start with HTTPS.
Protect Your Device While Traveling
Update any software, including antivirus Protection, to make
sure you are running the most secure version available

4.3.2 Cautious Browsing
If the website looks strange, the address in the address bar
looks off, or the site starts asking for information that it
normally doesn't, check to ensure there is a lock icon in the
address bar, denoting a secure website, and click on the lock
to ensure that the website has a trusted, up-to-date
certificate.
Download only from verified and secure sources like
PlayStore and AppStore. Downloading from other
sources may lead to your devices being infected by
malware.
Resist the temptation to open emails and attachments
from unknown sources, especially those offering
special deals or surprises. For example: legitimate
websites will send emails that are grammatically
incorrect.
Some offers may be too good to be true. Beware of
such offers as they may be fraudulent.
Compare the prices of the product at different sites to
avoid being overcharged. Make payment only after
you have verified the buyer and the products.
4.3.3 Online Purchases And Sales
Some of you may be using banking services such as debit
card, credit card, net banking, etc. at this stage but as you
grow up many more may start using these services. As a
smart citizen you must understand how online transaction
frauds can happen so that you can be safe yourself, teach
others in your family and friend circle.
Hazards Of Providing Sensitive Information
Online (Credit/debit Card Info, Sharing Otps,
Account Numbers, Etc)
They may send an email to a bank account or credit card
holder from a fake account, which appears to be from their
bank or credit card service provider. The unsuspecting user
who clicks on the link provided in the email is taken to a page
where he or she is asked to share details of the bank account
or card, card verification value and expiry date. Once such
sensitive information is shared, their bank or credit card
account is seriously compromised.
Posing as a bank employee, they may try to obtain credit card
or bank details such as account number, personal
identification number (PIN), CVV, expiry date and date of
birth. Once such details have been provided, the account is
seriously compromised. As mobile numbers are usually
linked with bank accounts, posing as an employee of the
mobile service provider they may call and inform the user that
his or her mobile number will be disconnected if they do not
update their Subscriber Identification Module (SIM).
They attempt to make the user to click on a link or send an
SMS to a number shared by them. They claim that the link and
number will connect the user with the service provider but are
actually trying to establish a connection with a duplicate SIM
obtained fraudulently from service provider. If the
unsuspecting user falls in the trap, they use the duplicate SIM
to transact online using the victim’s mobile number and
banking app.
Cyber Criminals Cheat People Online In
Many Ways
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=KpFMVHMhlfE&t=30s

Check The Website URL. Https Encrypts Your
Data In The Website And Protects It From Any
Kind Of Tampering. Do Not Share Your
Confidential Information Such As Online
Account Password, Card Number, CVV, Expiry
Date, Pin And OTP On The Website Which
Does Not Start With https.
Scams Using Ids Of Army Officials
Many scams are being operated using stolen/fake identities
of army officials.
Messages claiming you have won prizes
Scams using IDs of Army officials.
WATCH
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watch?v=0sAFjBFTf3c&t=29s
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watch?v=6cXXsYBwrHQ
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watch?v=UHzgYY7tgkk
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watch?v=gQtY4pua5eM&t=6s
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v=4dsFKIY-tYw&feature=youtu.be
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v=tO22q6ejk8w&t=8s
The victims of such financial frauds experience serious
problems. They end up being saddled with debts for monetary
transactions they have not done. In order to avoid liability for
debt repayment, they have to provide proof that they have
indeed been duped. The process can be difficult and
time-consuming.

A C T I V I T Y 1
Match the following terms with their definitions
Substitute one word for the following statements
A
Terms Definition
C A phishing scam that infects multiple users at once.
Malware
D
An act of using the telephone in an attempt to scam
the user into surrendering private information
that will be used for identity theft.
Ransomware
E
A cybercrime in which a website's traffic is manipulated
and confidential information is stolen.
Pharming
F
Process of using advertisements to infect devices
and systems with malware.
Piracy
G Software designed with the intent to disrupt, damage, or gain
unauthorized access to a computer system.
Malvertising
Phishing A Production and consumption of pirated music, software,
games and video.
Vishing B A specific kind of software that blocks the user
from accessing their devices/systems until a ransom is paid.

Make respectfully disagreeing the norm. Respect the
opinions of your classmates. If you feel the need to disagree,
do so respectfully and acknowledge the valid points in your
classmate’s argument. Acknowledge that others are entitled
to have their own perspective on the issue.
5.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL ETIQUETTE
Digital etiquette is about being aware of and behaving in an
appropriate, responsible and ethical manner while using
digital devices and technology. This includes shaping your
digital reputation and being a responsible citizen of the
communities in which you participate, from school groups,
to games, to social networks.
5.2 OFFLINE ETIQUETTES ARE ALSO
ONLINE ETIQUETTES
• Be positive in your online
behaviour
• Treat others online the way you
wish to be treated
• Learn to say and accept “No”
• Do not post anything that you
would not like to last forever
Golden
rules
c) Using mobile phones in classrooms, meetings and social
gatherings. Using cell phones to text while attending a class
is not appropriate.
d) Ping others late at night. There is a time for everything. Do
not disturb others at night. You may also not like to be
disturbed when you are trying to rest.
e) Playing audios and videos loudly in public. It is rude and
inconsiderate to others.
“Digital drama” in the form of hurtful comments,
mean-spirited rumours, and embarrassing photos, is a pretty
common online occurrence. Such posts spread quickly and
cause immense harm to someone. Perception of anonymity
may give a false sense of complacency and false bravado.
Lack of sensitivity or thought can impact friendships and
creates unnecessary and avoidable tension in the network
and community. Just think how you would feel if the same
happened to you.
Sometimes children use digital devices and technology in the
wrong context. For example:
a) Using mobile phones while talking to someone constitutes
a social faux pas or even an insult to the other person.
b) Texting while carrying on a conversation with someone is
very rude and shows disrespect.
29 | Digital Etiquette
Agree To Disagree
Avoid Digital Drama
D I G I TA L
E T I Q U E T T E
WATCH
WATCH
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=yv5H5jlATqg

Treat others online the way you wish to be treated. Before
posting, ask yourself:
- Would you say that to someone’s face?
- How would it make the person feel?
- Could someone take your message the wrong way?
- Will this hurt someone’s reputation?
- How would you feel if someone said that to you or wrote that
about you?
- Would you want your friends, parents or teachers to read this
about you?
It is easier to say hurtful or disrespectful things without
standing face-to-face with someone, however, it is important
to remember that your classmates and teachers are real
people who are affected by the words you say and write. It is
essential to keep in mind the feelings and opinions of others,
even if they differ from your own. If you wouldn’t say it to
someone’s face, don’t say it online either.
If you feel hurt after reading a post from a friend or a stranger,
do not react with an aggressive reply. If hurtful post or
message is from a friend, request him not to do it again. If you
are repeatedly getting such messages/ posts, please inform
your parents or elders immediately so that they can support
you.
Also, please remember that as a good digital citizen you
should not share mean comments or hurtful messages or
embarrassing pictures/videos online. Please be careful and
check if your post/comment /videos can be embarrassing for
your friend or anyone else. If so, please don't post.
5.3 BEING POSITIVE ONLINE
Students are encouraged to take an active role in building
positive, supportive online communities. Here are some
things you can do to contribute to a positive online
environment.
As a responsible digital citizen, always review your
messages and posts to be sure that they are not untruthful,
negative, sarcastic or rude.
5.3.1 Posting Positive
Misleading others is a major breach of online etiquette. This
is true even if it is unintentional.
Check facts before providing information or giving advice
online. Misinformation will just add to the clutter of the
internet and waste people's time.
Avoid posting anything that is not true such as rumours or
gossip.
So do not be naive and forward that message hoping it will
bring you good luck. Many viruses are spread via chain
messages and invitations. If you wish to forward information,
make sure it is verified and shared with people you know.
5.3.2 Being Responsible, Honest And Truthful
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=kuR0DK6O7_I&t=40s

Forwarding messages without checking their accuracy:
This may contribute to the phenomenon of “fake news” and
rumour mongering.
Double check messages before hitting the send key. Pause
and think about your posts, comments and e-mails before
you send it. Once you press the send key, there is no way to
take back the messages. Sometimes a message that is
meant to be funny, may not come off that way at all because
the person on the other end cannot see your facial
expressions or hear the tone of your voice. Read your
messages again to see if they can be misunderstood. It is
best to discuss sensitive or difficult issues with the person
directly rather than posting something online or sending a
hurtful e-mail.
The ability to keep information shared by someone in
confidence reflects a strong character. Do not reveal the
information online (or off-line) if the answers to the
following questions was “yes”.
If the answer to these questions is “yes”, do not reveal the
information. That is what a good friend would do.
- Was this information supposed to
be confidential?
- Will it embarrass the source of
information?
- Will sharing this information
compromise someone’s privacy or
create drama?
5.3.3 Respecting People’s Confidence
Always ask permission before uploading someone’s pictures
and posting personal details. It constitutes a violation of the
privacy of the person whose pictures or personal details have
been posted.
Cluttering other peoples’ inboxes, which annoys most people.
Tagging your friends may seem harmless but it is important
to get their consent. Everyone does not see things the same
way and you may strain your relationship.
Do not post anything that you do not want to last forever.
Before you say or post anything online, ask yourself, “Am I ok
if this is never deleted? Once something is posted online, it is
likely to be there forever. As of now, there is no delete button
or eraser for the Internet.
Avoid inappropriate use of technology. Users have a
responsibility to use technology appropriately without
harming or inconveniencing others. Many users often use
technology inappropriately without understanding the
consequences.
For example, Spamming is the sending of unwanted bulk
messages indiscriminately through emails, internet forums,
instant messaging, social networks, mobile text messaging,
fax transmission, advertisements, and other networks.
5.3.4 Posting Positive
Check The Accuracy Of Your Messages
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=0AxfdpuyHS4&feature=youtu.be

A fine line separates bullying from teasing. Different people
have a different threshold of tolerance for being able to take
teasing or cyberbullying. Know and understand what
cyberbullying is and never engage in that kind of behaviour.
“Trolling is also a type of cyberbullying, where repeatedly
harassing or intimidating comments are made.
The cyberbullies can be known people, known people hiding
their identities, or strangers who use digital technologies to
send nasty text messages or emails, or set up hate groups
on social networking sites. The victim is often targeted
constantly or periodically even when they are in the comfort
of their own home. The technologies enable them to
circulate messages or images very quickly and widely on
the internet, which makes it very hard to combat
cyberbullying. Cyberbullying takes place between two
young people.
Being at the receiving end of offline or online bullying can be
very distressing for anyone. Under no circumstances can
such behavior be considered acceptable.
Prevent cyberbullying
a) Do not accept friend requests from unknown people on
social media platforms. A cyberbully can even create a fake
account to befriend children. As a rule of thumb, only add
people online who you know offline.
b) Remember what you post online remains there, so do not
share your personal information like date of birth, address,
and phone number on social media or other online
platforms. You can go to privacy settings on social media
platforms to select who can access your posts online. Try to
restrict access of your profile to your friends only.
a) Teasing typically happens among friends or kids trying to
fit in with their peers.
b) When it goes back and forth equally between kids, it’s
usually playful. If one person asks for it to stop, the other
does so.
c) For adolescent boys, teasing is a “rite of passage”.
Teasing can get rough, but it’s not meant to hurt the other
person.
d) A bully fully intends to harm his or her victim and has the
power and the means to do so. This person might be more
popular or physically stronger, and the victim may have a
hard time defending himself.
e) Children who are seen as different or don’t “fit in” are
typical targets of bullying. This includes children who have a
disability, are overweight, or are thought to be homosexual.
Teasing Versus Bullying
How To Deal With Cyberbullying?
Unacceptable Use Of Technology To Bully Others
• Making fun of another user in internet chat rooms.
• Harassing a user over instant messaging sessions.
• Posting derogatory messages on a user's social
networking pages.
• Circulating rumours about another on social
networking sites.
• Publishing lewd comments about another person on
personal blogs.
• Posting unflattering pictures of another user on the
web.
• Sending unsolicited and unwanted email messages
(also known as spamming).
• Sending threatening or provocative emails.
• Repeatedly calling another person's cell phone.
VARIOUS FORMS OF CYBERBULLYING
5.4 CYBERBULLYING AND
CYBERSTALKING
WATCH
WATCH
v=YzZjY3jjx5Q&feature=youtu.be

Think
Before you post
Is it..... TRUE?
Is it..... HURTFUL?
Is it..... ILLEGAL?
Is it..... NECESSARY?
Is it..... KIND?
c) Do not install unwanted software and apps like dating App,
online games, etc. from unknown sources. Be careful of
revealing personal details or identity details if using common
spaces for online interactions.
d) If you feel upset after reading a post from a friend or a
stranger, do not react with an aggressive reply. Resist the
urge to retaliate or respond immediately. It may encourage
the bully to keep posting such messages. Take a break and
do something you enjoy doing to distract yourself.
e) Convey your discomfort to friends and acquaintances
about hurtful posts or messages they may have shared or
sent with unequivocal request to not to do it again. If such
posts and messages persist, inform your parents or trusted
elders immediately so that they can support you.
f) Block and if need be report using the site’s reporting
function as soon as possible if someone makes you
uncomfortable on a social networking site.
Cyberstalking is when an individual is repeatedly or
constantly followed, watched or contacted through any
electronic means. The movement of the child is tracked and
privacy is invaded or persistent efforts are made to contact
someone against their will through text, email, social media,
or other digital platforms.
Cyberstalking a child may be directed at sexually harassing a
child or for other malafide motives. It could be done by an
adult or an older child.
Causing harm to somebody unintentionally through the
use of technology.
Cyberbullying has an adverse effect on the victim and can
cause emotional and psychological problems. Victims can
experience stigmas, shame and humiliation from peers.
Often they may report headaches, stomach aches that often
accompany nervousness and anxiety. They may also turn to
self-harm in different ways. Being bullied can lead to low
self-esteem and poor performance in school. In some cases
it can lead to depression with some children feeling hopeless
and helpless about their lives. In extreme cases it can lead to
suicide by the victim.
Just think. Would you like to be at the receiving end for these
possible consequences, even if these are unintentional?
Consider the possible impact of your online actions. You may
cause a lot of harm to the child which can have a long term
impact on personal well being as well as school
performance. Will you be comfortable being responsible for
any of this?
Unintentional Harm:
How to stop
CYBERBULLYING
the site where bullying is happening
1
LOG OFF
Dont respond to them.
2
BLOCK EMAILS OR MESSAGES.
and show it to an adult.
3
SAVE THE MESSAGE OR EMAIL
you trust
4
TELL SOMEONE
STOP THE HATE
#EndCyberBullying
Always respect each other online,
even when you disagree with them.
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=5ubyLUgBEF4

If a child has been the victim of cyberbullying or cyberstalking
and/or is experiencing any of the signs of harm described
above, the child must immediately inform a trusted adult,
either parent, teacher, counsellor or relative. They will initiate
the actions required for addressing the offender as well as
take measures to provide help for coping with the ill effects.
This is in your interest; do not remain quiet about it.
Remaining quiet will give the offender confidence to trouble
other children as well. At the same time you will ignore your
need for help and assistance to cope with the situation.
What To Do When You Realise You Are
Experiencing The Impact Of Cyberbullying /
Cyberstalking?
A class 10th girl was getting lewd phone calls and
messages from some anonymous number. She was
afraid to tell it to her parents because she knew her dad
was hot tempered and would try to harm the
anonymous caller by tracking him down. With this fear
this fear in her mind she didn’t bother to complain. The
phone calls and messages didn’t stop. She started
fearing that the boy can follow her too and sooner did
this happen. Wherever she went, he started following
her, be it her tuition classes, be it some outing spot. The
situation became worse when he started clicking her
pictures. The girl was frightened and she dared to
complain to the cybercrime branch.
Lesson: Always tell your parents or a trusted adult if
someone is troubling you. They would be able to help
you. Take the screenshots of such chats as proof, which
can be shared with the police authorities.
A girl of class 9th was abused and threatened by a
relative. She was tortured and sometimes even
drugged. The relative used to send her abusive
messages and threaten her that he will tell her parents
that she has a boyfriend. She was scared to confide in
her parents because of the fear that her parents would
not believe her.
Lesson: Keeping silent is not a solution to such a
problem. Never be scared of telling your parents the
truth. Make sure to complain about such problems to
the police and seek help from authorities whenever
needed. There are people willing to listen to you and
help in addressing your problems.
Are you being
bullied, harassed or stalked online?
Reach out
To your parents, friends , school counselor or a trusted adult.
5.5 TEACHER ABUSE BY CHILDREN
A recent trend observed is that some children are taking to
online platforms to take revenge on their teachers either by
posting derogatory comments with the name of the teacher in
a group, starting a discussion about them which attracts
A 7th standard girl was blackmailed by an adult who kept
on asking the girl for her nude pictures. She explicitly
refused every time he asked and blocked the person. The
blackmailer hacked one of her social media accounts
and took her photos and just to take revenge he morphed
her photos and posted them online. The girl was
embarrassed, agitated and even thought of committing
suicide.
Lesson: Be strong and face the situation wisely. Do not
be afraid of such offenders. Report such crimes on the
social media platforms, cybercrime branches,
authorities who work for child development, child
helpline. Do not think of yourself as a victim.
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=YzZjY3jjx5Q&feature
=youtu.be

5.6 ONLINE REPUTATION AND
DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS
Internet users leave behind “digital footprints”, which can
influence their reputation. It is made up of the content
created, posted and shared by the user, as well as the content
posted and shared by others with and about the user. It is
made up of information on websites they visit, emails they
send, any information they submit online, and posts on social
media platforms. It can be positive or negative and affects
how people see the user now or in the future. So it is
important that you know what kind of trail you are leaving,
and what the possible effects of this trail can be.
Make a positive footprint: The best way to keep your online
reputation in check is to use your time online to get creative
and create a positive footprint. For example, why not write a
blog to promote all the great things you are doing, fundraise
for a charity using an online sponsorship page or create a
video to teach others something new.
Many social media platforms offer insights into the
personality traits to the users. Their interest is expressed
once they accept the offer or take a related quiz. They give
their consent in this process or their consent is deemed. The
social media platform and/or the app developer are able to
use the information trail left by the user to offer them the
results. This is indicative of the amount of information about
the users that the social media platforms possess.
Kyle Kashuv, a recent graduate of a high school in Parkland,
Florida in the US gained initial notoriety as an outspoken
advocate against gun control in the wake of the 2018
Parkland attack that left 17 dead. He had survived the
incident but unlike many of his classmates who demanded
stricter gun control measures, he argued for maintaining
strong Second Amendment rights and successfully lobbied
for the federal STOP School Violence Act, which included
several school safety measures in lieu of stricter gun control
measures. According to his classmates, he was prone to
expressing vile, blatantly sexist and racist views in person,
texts and shared google document. Not only did Kashuv
become something of a celebrity, he also was very
academically accomplished and won admission to Harvard.
But in May, the Huffington Post released a series of vile,
blatantly racist slurs made by Kashuv after receiving them
from Parkland students. Although Kashuv attempted to
delete the document, it was too late. He posted a Twitter
explanation for what he called “callous comments I made a
few years ago,” claiming “we were 16-year olds making idiotic
comments, using callous and inflammatory language in an
effort to be as extreme and shocking as possible. I’m
embarrassed by it, but I want to be clear that the comments I
made are not indicative of who I am or who I’ve become in the
years since.”
Almost immediately, Harvard launched an investigation,
including contacting Kashuv for an explanation and
informing him that it reserved the right to withdraw offers of
admission in situations where students behave in ways that
“brings into question your honesty, maturity or moral
character.” Kashuv sent a letter of formal apology to Harvard,
but the university decided to rescind his admission and
rejected his appeal against its decision on the basis of
reports and his written sentiments.
The reaction to Harvard’s decision to withdraw its offer of
admission to Kashuv was strong and loud. One perspective
was that a liberal institution treating a conservative youth
unfairly. After all, he was only 16 when he stated his racist
views and had subsequently apologized. The other
perspective defended Harvard’s decision as a proper and
necessary institutional rejection of racism. College
admissions are premised on the behaviour of young people.
As a private university, Harvard has every right to decide
which students will be admitted.
other negative comments, posting explicit pictures or
stalking either by impersonating someone or through
unauthorized access to teachers devices. All these activities
are unethical and against digital etiquette and at the same
time, several of these may attract legal consequences.
If students have issues concerning their teachers, which are
bothering them, they should approach the school
administration rather than resort to such measures that can
get them into serious trouble.
University Case
Source: Various media reports. See: Adam Harris “Harvard’s Drastic Decision” in The Atlantic. June 17, 2019.
Retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/06/har-
vard-rescinds-admissions-offer-kyle-kashuv-racist-remarks/591847/

Use the simple checklist to help manage and maintain your
online reputation.
Search Yourself Online: Do you know what information about
you is available online? Do a simple web search of your name
and see what you can find. If you find something you are not
happy with, take the necessary steps to get that content
removed. Remember if your Facebook or Twitter pages
appear you can change this by adjusting your privacy
settings.
Check Privacy Settings: Make sure you know what
information you are sharing on the websites you use, in
particular on social networking sites. Most social networking
sites have privacy settings to help you manage the content
you share and who you share it with; you can decide if you
want your posts to be shared with your online friends and
followers only or with the public. Keep in mind that your
friend’s content and their settings can also affect your digital
footprint.
Deactivate and delete: when you stop using a social
networking profile or website, it’s a good idea to deactivate
or delete your account. This will mean the content is no
longer live and should not be searchable online; it will also
remove the risk of these accounts being hacked without you
knowing.
Cambridge Analytica came under media glare and public
Protect Your Online Reputation
Before you post that funny picture of your
friend, or make that joke about someone on
Twitter, ask yourself do you want everyone to
see it; friends, family, grandparents, future
employers? Would you be happy for others to
post that type of content about you? You
should be proud of everything you post online,
remember once it is online it could potentially
be there forever!
Think before you post
scrutiny when it was revealed that it was selling
psychological data to candidates in the US Presidential
election. The revelations have placed the practices and
responsibilities of Facebook and other companies under
intense scrutiny, and raise questions regarding the
responsibility of the Internet industry.
Cambridge Analytica case and its
implications for data privacy
Political data firm Cambridge Analytica obtained the data
of 50 million Facebook users, constructed 30 million
personality profiles, and sold the data to US politicians
seeking election to influence voters, without the users’
consent. The following are some facts of the case.
A Cambridge University researcher developed an app
called ‘thisismydigitallife’ in 2014. The users had to
consent to give the app access to their Facebook profiles
and those of their friends in order to take the quiz. They
were to receive $1-$2 to take the quiz, which was
advertised to remote freelance workers on Mechanical
Turk, a crowdsourcing online marketplace controlled by
Amazon.
Over 270,000 users took the quiz. But the app was able to
access the full profile of over 50 million friends’ accounts
which, at the time, Facebook’s API (application
programme interface, i.e., the platform for building
applications) allowed by default. The researcher obtained
a licence from Facebook to harvest such data through its
API ‘for research purposes only’. But he violated this
agreement by giving the data to political data firm
Cambridge Analytica, which was co-founded by a donor to
the Republican Party in the US, and which reportedly paid
him $7 million for his efforts.
Cambridge Analytica matched the data of 30 million users
(out of the original 50 million) with other records to
construct personality profiles on millions of American
voters. It classified voters using five personality traits -
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN) to identify the
personalities of American voters and influence their
behaviour, using psychographic modelling techniques.
In December 2015, the media found out that Cambridge
Analytica had sold psychological data to a candidate in
the US presidential campaign. It was reported that

facebook claimed that it had removed the app once it
learned of the violation of platform policies. But did not
clarify what it did with the information that had already
been gathered. The researcher, Cambridge Analytica, and
one of its former employees certified to Facebook that
they had deleted the data. But Cambridge Analytica
continued to sell the data to another candidate.
The investigations are going on with allegations of
Russian interference in the US election and ties with the
group behind the UK’s Leave EU campaign (Brexit) in 2016.
It has been reported that a large amount of the data is still
on the company’s servers even though it is not clear how
much the data actually contributed to influencing voters.
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=q6xzoWCJJ44
https://dig.watch/trends/cambridge-analytica
WATCH
WATCH
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=rCjrmg7nOzM

A C T I V I T Y 1
There is a fine line between cyberbullying and cyberstalking.
Cyberbullying Cyberstalking

A C T I V I T Y 2
What all should not be posted online?
What precautions must be taken while sharing information
for legitimate purposes with known and trusted persons,
which should otherwise not be posted online.
Private Photos
Location
Mean/Hurtful comments
DOB
Verified news
Forwarded spam messages
Mobile Number
Personal Details

A C T I V I T Y 3
Write down at least seven digital etiquettes.
A C T I V I T Y 4
List various forms of cyberbullying.

A C T I V I T Y 5
How can you protect your online reputation?

6.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL HEALTH AND
WELLNESS?
Digital health and wellness is the ability to use technology like
mobile phones, laptops, desktops and tablets and not using
too much till the point where it hurts. Excessive and improper
use of technology could lead to lifestyle changes that affect
everyday life negatively.
42 | Digital Health and Wellness
D I G I TA L H E A LT H
A N D W E L L N E S S
Avoid excess of
anything, including the
time spent online. Set
screen time.
Use technology with a
positive attitude and follow
good practices to safeguard
your devices and their usage,
and your personal security.
Do not eat and surf the net
at the same time.
Golden rules
Seek help if you are neglecting
your routine activities, such as
personal hygiene, food and
water, time spent with your
family and friends, physical
activities and offline hobbies.
Mild use of digital technology is beneficial while excessive
use can have a negative impact.
Physical Health Problems And Obesity: As time spent on
digital technology increases, time spent on physical activity
is reduced, which might be a contributing factor to child and
adolescent physical health problems. Lack of physical
activity could be detrimental to the health and well-being.
Limited Movement Of Limbs: When people spend
countless hours daily hunched over numerous types of
handheld devices with their heads bent forward, they are at
risk of developing “text neck.” Complaints associated with
text neck are neck, back, arm, finger, hand, wrist and elbow
pain, as well as headaches and numbness and tingling of
the upper extremities. There is a chance of developing
shoulder complaints.
Eye Strain: Eye redness or irritation from staring at the
bright backlight of screens for long periods, dry eyes due to
reduced blinking, blurred vision and general fatigue from
staring at screens and straining to see small fonts and
images are all symptoms of digital eye strain.
Hearing Loss: Prolonged exposure to high volume sounds,
especially with ear plugs and phones, can contribute to
hearing impairment. You can keep your hearing intact by
following the 60/60 rule.
Listen to any device at a maximum of only 60 percent of its
full volume for a total of 60 minutes a day. By taking this
advice as an early warning, we can protect the hearing that
we have now, and carry on enjoying the wonders that sound
brings to life.
Accidents: Avoid use of online activities like selfie, social
media use or any other online activities to avoid accidents
while you are on the move. Traffic rules also have made this
a punishable offence and invite fines. While it is good fun to
get good pictures to capture the moment, do not allow the
social media obsession for the ‘perfect’ selfie, or the
number of likes you get, influence your judgement or affect

your self-esteem or force yourself to compare yourself with
others.
Abuse And Addiction: Excessive use may not be addiction. If
the user is using digital technologies for genuine purposes,
e.g., home work, research, essential communication and
moderate leisure, and does not hamper other routine
activities, the time spent online may be justified.
• Do you check the phone first thing upon waking in the
morning?
• Do you check your phone frequently throughout each day?
• Do you have a hard time unplugging at night?
• Do you look at the phone while in conversation with friends
or family?
• Do you picking up the phone whenever you are bored?
• When offline, are you preoccupied with getting back online?
• Do you forget doing homework or other household tasks for
being on the Internet?
• Have you lost all interest in the activities you used to enjoy
and spend a lot of time online?
• Are your online activities stopping you from spending time
with friends and family?
• Do you prefer being online than being around real, live
friends and family?
Evaluate Your Own Online Use By Asking
These Questions:
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=4dsFKIY-tYw
• Do you seek new friendships with people met on the Web?
• Does the number of friends, likes and views on social media
affect you?
• Is your academic performance in school getting affected?
• Are you learning something related to your goals in life
through your online activities?
• Is your online time contributing to your school assignments,
career goals, and entertainment?
• Is your online time contributing to your hobbies or special
interests?
Discussion and negotiation with adults, e.g., parents,
guardians and teachers, do help in identifying if the quantum
of use is excessive. But over a period of time, increasingly
excessive use of digital technologies can lead to addiction.
By answering these questions you
should consider whether you need
to be conscious you are getting too
absorbed in the technology and it is
affecting your normal activities,
relationships and life and career
goals and you need to regulate your
online time and activities.
“No Mobile Phone Phobia”, is the irrational fear of being
without your mobile phone or being unable to use your phone
and the services that the phone provides (especially phone
calls and Internet connection) for some reason, such as the
absence of a signal or running out of minutes or battery power.
A phobia is by deﬁnition an irrational fear.”
Nomophobia

6.3 GOOD PRACTICES
Anything used in excess is harmful therefore it is essential
that a balance between online usage and other tasks such as
school assignments, social interactions and outdoor
activities is maintained.
Time limit for the use of digital devices. Setting limits for the
time spent with mobiles, laptops, desktops and tablets
enables the user to do other important things and lead a
balanced and fulfilling life.
Setting screen time. Are you in the habit of constantly
checking notifications? Do you constantly wonder whether
your contacts have read your messages?
Find certain moments to disconnect yourself from a mobile
phone. Switching off while having meals and sleeping, and
setting “no mobile” or “silent mobile” time slots are not only
good but necessary. Place your phone at least 15 feet away
from you when you sleep at night. Keep it silent and resist the
temptation to check it before the morning. Turn off the mobile
phone while having conversations and interactions with
people.
Aerobic exercise will help to sustain strength, improve
cardiovascular conditioning, and counteract the strain of
sedentary computer use.
Simple ways can prevent possible harms resulting from the
continuous use of mobile phones, laptops, desktops and
tablets.
6.3.1 Everything In Moderation
6.3.2 Periodical Digital Detox
6.3.3 Sound Ergonomic Practices
The WHO has recognised "gaming disorder" or a "pattern of
persistent or recurrent gaming behaviour" in which people
lose control of their gaming behaviour, give priority to gaming
over other interests and activities, and continue gaming
despite negative consequences, such as impairments in their
family relationships, social lives, studies or work or other
areas as a mental health condition.
Real versus virtual life: Appreciate the distinction between
real life and virtual life. How many “likes” and “shares” a social
media post receives is not an indicator of popularity, or
personal worth, which should influence self-esteem. The
“fear of missing out” or FOMO can be a strong driver,
especially when others in school or friends circle share
images on social networks and can create a strong pull to be
part of the ‘in’ crowd. The principle of YOLO or “you only live
once” reinforces the hedonistic idea that the one life one has
is meant to be enjoyed. But there is a very fine line between
trying new things and endangering yourself. With new online
challenges and trends coming up every day, make sure you
keep in mind your safety first.
Cyberbullying is known to cause depression, social anxiety,
and diminished quality of family and social relationships. It
may also lower academic performance and push the victim to
risky behaviour. It can be prevented with some help,
motivation and courage. Cyberstalking causes stress, anxiety
disorders, fear and psychological trauma regardless of the
fact whether the victim actually meets the harasser or not and
experiences a feeling of helplessness and maybe lack of
support.Change in eating and sleeping patterns may also be
observed.It is advisable to immediately inform a trusted adult
if such an incident occurs and seek help and not keep quiet
about it.

Alternate tasks to make changes in your working position to
avoid making the same movements for prolonged periods of
time. Prolonged use of a computer keyboard and/or mouse
can cause muscle aches and nerve pain. Customize your
computer to maximise comfort and efficiency by using your
software. Adjust the screen font, contrast, pointer size, speed,
and colour of the digital devices.
Maintain good posture when working at the keyboard.
Sitting on a chair with back support is helpful.
(A) Posture
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Elbows: Avoid resting your elbows on the hard surface or
edge of your table. Use pads to protect your elbows if
necessary. Elbows positioned at 100 to 110 degrees when
working help with a relaxed position at the keyboard.
Elbows should be positioned at 100 to 110 degrees when
working in order to keep a relaxed position at the keyboard.
This could require a slight negative tilt (front of keyboard
higher than back) when working in upright positions. If
reclined in your chair, the keyboard could be at a positive
angle to maintain this relaxed position.
Wrists: Your wrists should be in a neutral or straight
position when keying or using a pointing device or
calculator. Wrist rests can assist you in maintaining a
neutral position when used properly during pauses. Float
your arms above the keyboard and wrist rest when keying.
Avoid planting your wrists on the table or wrist rest. This can
result in bending the wrists either up and down or side to
side.
Hands: Your hand should be relaxed. Keep your fingers and
knuckles relaxed when working at the keyboard. Avoid
holding your pointing device tightly. Never hold a pen or
pencil in your hand when keying. Avoid hitting the keyboard
with excessive force. Studies have shown that the average
user hits the keyboard with four times the required force
when keying.
Eyes: Blink your eyes frequently while focusing on the
screen. Rest your eyes by refocusing on distant objects
intermittently when working. Take a one or two-minute
break every 15 to 20 minutes, or a five-minute break every
hour to stretch your limbs. Every few hours, get up, move
around, and do an alternative activity.
Neck and trunk: Avoid twisting or bending them. Avoid
excessive reaching. Position frequently used items directly
in front of you and angled upward on a copyholder when
working.
Shoulders: Keep your shoulders relaxed with your elbows
close to your sides.
Feet: Keep your feet supported on the floor or on a footrest
when you work to reduce pressure on your lower back.
WATCH
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a) When writing at the computer, avoid excessive reaching
over the keyboard or work materials. Your keyboard, pointing
device, files and telephone should be within easy reach. A
sturdy in-line copyholder can double as a writing surface if
appropriately positioned.
b) Use a keyboard tray to properly position your keyboard and
pointing device.
c) Use a copyholder positioned in line with your monitor and
keyboard.
d) Position the monitor so that the viewed part of the screen
allows you to keep your neck in a neutral or straight position.
The monitor should be centred directly in front of you. The top
of the computer screen should be slightly below the top of
your head, so that you are looking at it with a slightly
downward gaze.
e) Position your monitor to eliminate excessive glare or
reflections from windows and lighting.
(B) Positioning
https://www.ehs.pitt.edu/workplace/ergo-tips.html
You can also reduce strain by using features like swiftkey
which will help you type faster and more easily by simply
sliding your finger on you phone keyboard. You can also use
the option of “Sticky keys” on PCs to create shortcuts and
make your work easier.
a) Installing an endless number of apps (especially social
networks) on your mobile phone can be a total trap. While
communication options multiply, a person suffering from
nomophobia needs to feed their addiction even more.
Therefore, not installing that many applications can be a
good way to avoid the temptation.
b) In order to feel liberated, try a technology fast every
month where you actually go for a day or more without a
computer, tablet or phone.
Technology should improve lives and not enslave the users.
That is why, using technology in a reasonable way will
always be the smart choice. And if you are not able to do it
by yourself, do not hesitate to ask for help.
Use Only The Apps That You Really Need.
6.4 SHARING PROBLEMS TO
SEEK SOLUTIONS
Talking about the problem can be the first step to solving it.
If something upsets you online or you are worried about a
friend it can really help to talk to someone. There are lots of
people who can help you, such as friends, family members
and teachers. Talk to an adult who you trust. Talking about
a problem can often make you feel better. If you keep your
worries to yourself they can grow. It is a lot easier to solve a
problem when there are two heads working together on it.
Often we do not talk to our friends or parents about the
things we would like to because we feel embarrassed, shy
or ashamed. The thing to remember is that whatever it is
you are embarrassed about; a good friend is not going to
laugh at you or put you down. They will listen, try to
understand and try to help you feel better or find a solution.
And that’s why people find that talking to a good friend
about a problem usually does help.

The services that you use online should also offer a reporting
service, such as being able to talk to a moderator or report
other players. It is important that you talk to an adult you trust
if anything has upset you or made you feel uncomfortable
whilst online. Remember you can always call ChildLine on
1098.
Peers: Communicate with your trusted friends, especially
those who know more about the problems or have had similar
experiences, without the fear of being judged. However, a
certain level of knowledge and sensitivity is required for
solutions so do approach an adult who has your trust for
advice and support.
Parents: Speak with and seek help from parents if some kind
of “family agreement” has been arrived at through dialogue
within the family.
School counsellors or teachers.
If your school has a counsellor, discuss your problem with
them. They are there to answer your questions and provide
guidance and assistance. You may even approach a teacher
or school staff who you trust and feel comfortable speaking
with.
Seeking help from experts.
Professional expertise is available, although not everywhere,
to assist with various problems related with misuse or
excessive use of digital devices and technologies.
The following institutions are well-known for their
expertise on digital health and wellness.
a)SHUT clinic (Service for Healthy Use of Technology),
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
(NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka.
b) Department of Psychiatry, the All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=5Htk0AmZkbg
Open discussions and family agreements
Although the risk of abuse online is clearly serious, the capacity of most
children (and their parents) to protect themselves is often under-estimat-
ed. Open and informed discussions among parents and children about the
internet from an early stage can be the best defence against online
grooming and bullying.
Parents often seek the security of their children but they should not be
snooping, which can leave children feeling untrusted and increase the risk
of self-harm. Ideally, a family agreement is a good way to start a
conversation with the whole family about how everyone will use the
internet and discuss together how to behave in a positive way when online
at home, at school or at a friends house.

A C T I V I T Y 1
Research online or offline to make a list of good practices to prevent and
reduce the following problems associated with excessive use of digital devices.
I.
II.
III.
Eye strain :
Backache :
Carpal tunnel syndrome :

7.1 WHAT ARE DIGITAL RIGHTS?
Digital rights are basically human rights in the digital era,
when internet is increasingly being regarded as a right rather
than a luxury. The rights to online privacy and freedom of
expression are really extensions of the equal rights laid out in
the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
According to the United Nations, disconnecting people from
the internet violates these rights and goes against
international law. Digital rights include access and
participation, free speech, community, privacy, physical and
psychological safety, safety of identity and of material and
intellectual property. But as Uncle Ben said in the Spider
Man, “with great power comes great responsibility.” The
responsibilities include knowing and respecting the
community standards and guidelines of all social media,
video platforms and online groups being used and staying
within the parameters of these guidelines.
49 | Digital Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities
D I G I TA L R I G H T S ,
F R E E D O M S A N D
R E S P O N S I B I L I T I E S
If any activity violates the community guidelines of a
social media platform, the post, comment, photo, video or
even the account can be deleted.
Snapchat Community Guidelines :
https://www.snap.com/en-US/community-guidelines
Instagram Community Guidelines:
https://help.instagram.com/477434105621119
Facebook Community Guidelines:
https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/
WhatsApp Community Guidelines:
https://www.whatsapp.com/legal/
Twitter Community Guidelines:
https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies
#general-policies
Children’s rights Issues and
challenges
Children’s rights
modified for the
digital age
Right to protection:
* From all kinds of discrimination (Art. 2).
* From information and materials injurious to
the child’s wellbeing (Art.17e).
* From arbitrary or unlawful interference with
his or her privacy, family or correspondence
and unlawful attacks on his or her honour
and reputation (Art.16).
* Against all forms of abuse and neglect
(Art. 19), including sexual exploitation and
sexual abuse (Art. 34), and other forms of
exploitation prejudicial to child’s welfare (Art.
36).
(Source: International Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989)
* Differential access to technology by gender,
rural/urban and geographic area, language,
disability, etc.
* Creation and distribution of child sexual
abuse imagery.
* Exposure to violence.
* Grooming for abuse, exploitation and
trafficking.
* Cyberbullying, trolling and harassment .
* Blackmail and extortion.
* Invasion of privacy and stalking.
* Misuse or exploitation of personal data.
* Misinformation and defamation
hostility, hate.
* Persuasion and manipulation - suicide,
self-harm, pro-anorexia, drugs.
* Dignity must be respected, protected and
fulfilled online.
* Privacy, freedom from surveillance and
censorship and right to online anonymity
to be safeguarded.
* Control over personal data collection,
retention, processing, disposal and
disclosure.
* Protection against harassment, hate,
defamation, crime and sexual exploitation.
* Children should be free to use the
internet and protected from its risks and
threats based on evolving capacities.

Children's RIghts Issues and
Challenges
Children’s rights
modified for the
digital age
PROVISION:
To support children’s right to life and development
(Art. 6)
To preserve his or her identity (Art.8) to education
to support development of his or her full potential
(Art.28) and prepare them for a responsible role in
a free society (Art.29) to recreation and leisure
appropriate to their age (Art.31) to diverse
material of social and cultural benefit to the child
(including minorities) to promote children’s
well-being (Art. 17) to all measures for recovery
from neglect, exploitation and abuse (Art. 39).
* Formal and informal learning resources and
curriculam.
* Wealth of accessible and specialised
information.
* Opportunities for creativity exploration and
expression.
* Digital skills and literacy.
* Ways to counter inequalities.
* Expanded entertainment choices.
* Access to cultural and heritage content online
in an equitable way.
* Life, liberty and security.
* Access and use of a secure and open
internet, including addressing special needs of
disabled children.
* Cultural and linguistic diversity on the
internet must be promoted and innovation
should be encouraged to facilitate plurality of
expression.
* Education through the internet, to culture
and knowledge online.
PARTICIPATION:
In all actions concerning children… the best
interests of the child shall be a primary consider-
ation (Art. 3), including the right of children to be
consulted in all matters affecting them (Art. 12);
see also child’s freedom of expression (Art. 13)
and freedom of association and assembly
(Art.14) to information (Art.17) and to participate
fully in cultural life (Art.31).
* Enhanced networking opportunities.
* Ways of consulting children in diverse
situations and processes including consulting
them on education, research and online issues.
* Platform for children’s voices.
Child-led initiatives for local and global exchange
* Peer to peer connections for sharing and
collaboration.
* Recognition of rights and responsibilities.
* The internet is a space for promotion,
protection and fulfilment of human rights and
advancing social justice, including for all
children.
* Seek, receive and impart information freely
and to associate freely with others for social,
political and cultural purposes.
The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child is in the process
of finalising a General Comment on Children’s Rights in
relation to the Digital Environment, which will provide global
guidance to all countries on how different stakeholders can
take measures to protect children’s rights.This will become
available shortly on the following website:
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Pag
es/CRCIndex.aspx
The right to education has been recognized as a human right
in a number of international conventions, including the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights which recognizes a right to free, compulsory primary
education for all, an obligation to develop secondary
education accessible to all, on particular by the progressive
introduction of free secondary education, as well as an
obligation to develop equitable access to higher education,
ideally by the progressive introduction of free higher
education.
Right To Education
DO YOU KNOW YOUR RIGHTS?
• A right is the right
thing to do. Every
right comes with a
corresponding
responsibility.
• Act within the law, follow
the norms of decency, and
pose no serious risk of
harm to yourself and
others.
• Use technology in a
manner that respects
the rights of others,
including the right to
privacy and free
speech.
• Read the fine print
when you first use
an online service.
• Do not breach the community
standards. If you do, the service
provider or administrator may
intervene to take corrective measures,
which can affect your digital footprints.
Table adapted from UNICEF and Child Rights in the Digital Age by Sonia Livingstone

The Right To Privacy Right To Be Safeguarded From Violence,
Abuse And Exploitation
Right To Freedom Of Expression And The
Right To Be Heard
Children’s Rights To Leisure And Age Appropriate
Recreation
As discussed Article 21 of the Constitution of India states
that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty
except according to procedure established by law”. The right
to life enshrined in Article 21 has been liberally interpreted so
as to mean something more than mere survival and mere
existence or animal existence. It therefore includes all those
aspects of life which makes a man’s life more meaningful,
complete and worth living and right to privacy is one such
right.
Right To Be Forgotten
The right to have data about oneself erased or withdrawn by
service providers is the right to erase the past unwanted
history of a user by the social media and search engines, is an
evolving concept which is being discussed in several fora.
While legal experts are advocating the right to be forgotten
strongly in the context of privacy rights, it would take quite
some time before an agreement is reached globally on its
scope and modalities.
Personal information that you share can be used against
you. Review the content that you wish to share online and
necessary.
Children have a right to recreation and leisure as appropriate
to their age, an education that will support the development
of their full potential and prepare them for responsible life in
a free society. To ensure this right, the government and
educational authorities have to take measures to provide
educational technology, online information and creative
resources and promote digital skills equitably, factoring in
differences in languages, access or conditions of disability or
disadvantage.
Children have a legal right in international and most domestic
law to be safeguarded from abuse, including sexual abuse.
The legal responsibility is on the government to prevent
abusers from contacting children. The government needs to
take all measures to make the internet as safe as possible an
environment through measures to prevent the creation and
distribution of online child abuse imagery, sexual grooming,
and online dimension of child trafficking.
The freedom of speech and expression is regarded as first
condition of liberty. It occupies a preferred and important
position in the hierarchy of the liberty, it is truly said about the
freedom of speech that it is the mother of all the other
liberties. In modern time it is widely accepted that the right to
freedom of speech is the essence in the society and it must
be safeguarded all the time. The first principle of a free
society is an untrammeled flow of words in a open forum.
Liberty to express opinions and ideas without hindrance, and
especially without fear of punishment plays significant role in
the development of the particular society and ultimately for
the state. It is one of the most important fundamental
liberties guaranteed against state suppression or regulation.

Children’s Right To Participation
The Right To Intellectual Property
The Right Of Access To Redress And Justice
Children have a right to justice. Ensure that children have
avenues for formal, including legal complaint in cases where
their online rights have been breached and the support to
make effective use of these complaints procedures. Children
have to be made aware of all these provisions and how to use
them if required. They also need to know who to go to for
guidance and support.
In principle, children have the right to intellectual property.
The Indian Contract Act prevents minors from entering into a
contract but permits the claim of intellectual property rights
for their original creations through the legal process of
claiming copyright.
Most social media websites, including YouTube allow
children above the age of 13 to register. However, parental
guidance and monitoring is a must because the norms and
policies of websites need to be vetted carefully.
This right includes the right of children to be consulted in all
matters affecting them, which is seen in conjunction with the
child’s freedom of expression, and freedom of association.
The government and its agencies, service providers,
educationists and school administrations and civil society
organisations are expected to provide children and young
people for their inclusion in diverse societal processes,
including consulting them on matters related to their
education, research and ICT governance when it affects
them.
Have you ever participated in any discussions in your
family and school about responsible use of digital devices
and internet?
WATCH
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A C T I V I T Y 1
If you find yourself in the following situations, which right would you exercise.
Match the following :
Situations
A family friend is blackmailing you
into sending inappropriate images
to him.
Your friend posts a picture of you without
consulting you. When asked
to remove the picture they refuse.
On social media you have someone
who stalks you and you want
to make a complaint.
A sport organisation does not let you
apply for its online cricket training
programme because you belong
to a lower socio-economic background.
Your school library bans an educational
book that is appropriate for your
age group.
Rights
The right of access to redress
and justice
The right to education and access
to information
The right to be safeguarded from
violence, abuse and exploitation
Children’s right to leisure and age
appropriate recreation
Children’s right to participation
A
C
E
D
B

A C T I V I T Y 2
Think of real life examples, which illustrate realisation or
violation of your specific rights.

8.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL SECURITY?
55 | Digital Security
D I G I TA L
S E C U R I T Y
Tools such as anti-virus software, biometrics and personal
devices, e.g., the secure chip in a credit card or an ePassport
are digital security devices because they offer freedom to
communicate, work, travel and shop using your digital
identity in a way that is secure.
Digital security is an all-encompassing term, which includes
the tools to secure technology, assets and personal identity in
the online and mobile world.
8.2 SECURITY OF DEVICES
Smartphones, laptops and tablets are all open to wireless security
risks. Protect them against cyberattacks.
Viruses on digital devices are malicious programme codes that
can corrupt the system and destroy the data within the computer.
8.2.1 Common threats to devices
Viruses on digital devices are malicious programme codes that
can corrupt the system and destroy the data within the computer.
8.2.1 Common Threats To Devices
Malware is a type of malicious software designed to gain
unauthorized access or to cause damage to a computer
without the knowledge of the owner, stealing and even
deleting sensitive data, altering or hijacking computer
functions to monitor users’ computer activity.
Malware
Ransomware is a type of malicious software designed to
extort money from the user. The attacker locks the victim’s
computer system files or blocks access to files or the
computer system typically through encryption until the
ransom is paid. Paying the ransom is no guarantee that the
files will be recovered or the system will be restored.
Ransomware
Your One-Up about Hackers
A hacker is someone who will gain entry into a computer
without permission, with the intention to use or exploit
technology to cause harm, steal or destroy the data
contained in it.
Usually hackers are well versed with computer technologies
by using various applications or programmes that penetrate
the defence mechanism employed by the target computer
and send back the sensitive information like usernames,
passwords, IP addresses and using them to gain access into
the computer itself.
These applications or programmes can be in the form of
Trojans, worms, malware and viruses, which will install in the
system and compromise its security. After all, if the hacker
can gain administrative rights, they’re free to do anything
with the data contained in the compromised computer
system.

Several public locations like shopping malls and airports
among others offer their customers free access to public
Wi-Fi. But public Wi-Fi networks also enable cyber criminals
to spy on unwary customers, take advantage of this
convenience and intercept their data. They can access
sensitive information of users’ banking credentials, account
passwords and other valuable information.
Install anti-virus software and ensure that is updated as
regularly as possible. Some computers have built-in
anti-virus software too.
8.2.2 Preventing And Countering Threats
And Risks
Web browsers, plugins (Java and Adobe Products) and even
Office Suites. It is the most common way hackers and
malware try to gain access to devices and your information.
a) Regularly update software and operating systems
Privacy settings on social media platforms enable you to
select who can access your posts online. Try to restrict
access of your profile to your friends only. Remember what
you post online remains there almost forever.
b) Use privacy settings on mobile phones, apps and browsers
Treat all Wi-Fi links with suspicion. Public Wi-Fi is inherently
insecure — so be cautious. The Wi-Fi link could also be a
bogus link set up by a cybercriminal trying to capture
valuable, personal information from unsuspecting users.
Don’t connect to an unknown or unrecognised wireless
access point. Try to use known Wi-Fi links, which are
password protected.
c) Verify if the Wi-Fi link is legitimate and safe
Use your mobile phone to create VPN If you need to access
any websites that store or require the input of any sensitive
information consider accessing them via your mobile phone
network, instead of the public Wi-Fi connection.
d) Learn to create VPN to avoid downloading of data through
public Wi-Fi.
Avoid logging into websites where there’s a chance that your
identity, passwords or personal information may be
compromised — for example, online banking services or any
websites that store your credit card information.
e) Verify if the website is legitimate/authentic
f) Download apps from trusted sources like Google play,
AppStore
These devices can sometimes be hacked and used to take
pictures or videos of you without your consent. Put a sticker
over your webcam, laptop camera, or phone camera when
they are not in use.
g) Keep webcams private
• Always eject the device clearly to clear the content from
your computer and to avoid damaging your data.
• Always scan the USB device with latest antivirus before
accessing.
• Protect your USB device with a password.
• Encrypt the files/folders stored on the device.
• Use USB security products to access or copy data on your
USB.
• Do not accept a promotional USB from unknown persons.
• Do not keep sensitive information like username and
passwords on the USB.
h) USB Storage Device Use
Monitor your Bluetooth connectivity. Bluetooth is an amazing
feature on many smart devices. However, leaving Bluetooth
on while in public places can compromise your privacy.
Bluetooth connectivity allows various devices to
communicate with each other, and a hacker can look for open
Bluetooth signals to gain access to your devices. Keep this
function on your phone and other devices locked down when
you leave your home, school, or similar secured area.
g) Disable Bluetooth and Airdrop when not in use
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=LSoFbqYr4ew

AirDrop feature allows you to send any kind of content like
photos, videos, documents from one Apple device to another
wirelessly. It doesn’t impose any restrictions or limits on the
file size. AirDrop makes use of the Bluetooth technology to
detect and pair with other Apple devices which are located
within the range of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It is highly
recommended to turn on AirDrop only during file transfer.
8.3 OPERATIONAL SECURITY
Strong, unique but easy to remember, and private passwords
are essential for dealing with unauthorised access to online
accounts. The passwords, when shared with other person(s),
can be misused. They may be stolen by unauthorized users to
collect and misuse your personal information.
Learn how to create strong passwords and passphrases. A
password must be difficult to guess. But you should be able
to remember it. Writing passwords somewhere is not
advisable. Memorise it. Your password is given to you to
maintain your privacy.
8.3.1 Passwords
8.3.2 Emails And Messages
Strong
Use at least 8 characters or more
to create a password. The more
number of characters one uses,
the more secure is the password.
Use various combinations of
characters. For example, create a
password consisting of a
combination of lowercase,
uppercase, numbers and special
characters.
Unique
Avoid using the words from the
dictionary as they can be
cracked easily. Do not use the
name of things located around
you. Do not use a password that
was used earlier.
Do not use a password that uses
your personal information like
nicknames, phone numbers, date
of birth etc.
Secret
Do not share passwords with
anyone, not even your friends.
Be careful while entering a
password when someone is
sitting beside you.
Change the password periodically
or when you suspect someone to
know the password.
Go for an extra layer of security by opting for two-factor
authentication (2FA), also known as two-step verification or
dual factor authentication. This security process requires the
user to provide two different authentication factors to verify
themselves to better protect both the user's credentials and
the resources the user can access.
Log out of your account when you plan to be inactive even for
a short while. Always keep your system locked whenever it is
not in use.
Most email providers offer filtering services.
The use of Rich Text Format instead of the standard .DOC
format will retain the formatting but not any macros. This
may prevent you from sending virus to others if you are
already infected by it.
• Use email filtering software to
avoid spam so that only
messages from authorized
users are received.
• Scan the attachment with
received messages with
updated antivirus software
before saving it.
• Be very careful while
downloading attachments from
emails into your hard disk.
• Send personal information
through emails.
• Click on the emails received
from untrusted users and the
links that come via email.The
act of clicking may execute
some malicious code and
spread into your system.
• Open attachments with emails
from strangers. They may
contain a virus along with the
message.
• Send messages with
attachments that contain
executable code like Word
documents with macros, .EXE
files and ZIPPED files.
• Fill forms that come via email
asking for your personal
information.
DO DON’T
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=AYz1Gv0n8RI

8.3.3 Security Settings On The Browser
• Update anti-virus software regularly.
• Adjust the settings in the web-browser. It may limit some
functionality but can provide the best protection from
malicious content.
• Enable email accounts for multi-factor authentication. Email
is the gateway to almost every other account a user may
have. When someone loses or forgets an account password,
the reset is sent to his or her email.
• Gauge the credibility of the website by checking the URL,
lock.
• Look out for warning signals given by web browsers about
exposure to a malicious website or content. Such warnings
can protect the user from malware, phishing and identity
theft. These warnings given by most of the commonly used
browsers like Chrome, Internet Explorer, etc. Remember to
update your browsers regularly to avoid missing out on such
updates.
• Exercise caution while giving details about personal
information when registering for access to email accounts,
social networks and chat rooms, and free game downloads.
Certain online activities compromise the privacy of children.
DO NOT OPEN OR DOWNLOAD ANY
FILES SENT BY UNKOWN SENDERS.
THEY MAY CONTAIN MALWARE
THAT CAN
CORRUPT YOUR DEVICE AND
STEAL YOUR DATA
Data Accessibility And Privacy
Filling online forms for surveys, contests, downloading
games on commercial or free websites. Some websites
prompt the users fill-up their form for participating in
games, surveys and contests. The name, email id, age and
gender, and at times the telephone number and postal
address, obtained in this manner can be used to access
information.
Some requests are legitimate: much depends on the nature
of the website requesting the information. Providing
personal information online can result in a student being
targeted for spam (unsolicited email), advertising materials
and/or viruses.
Privacy issues also apply to students developing personal
websites and publishing online. Personal details, including
photographs of themselves or other students, may lead to
the information being captured and reused by others for
illegal purposes.
Use the following advice when browsing the web to reduce
your risk of being a victim of cybercrime. Settings and
security models are different for each browser. Visit the
following vendor websites to learn more about the security
settings in your browser.
58 | Digital Securityt
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=1p2-YtsRcUg

INTERNET EXPLORER
APPLE SAFARI

MOZILLA FIREFOX
GOOGLE CHROME

Google Chrome
Click on the three vertical dot top right side corner in the Chrome and select Settings. Or simply
type chrome://settings/ in the address bar.
People section
Click on Sync and Google services .
Check if the Safe Browsing option, which offers protection from dangerous sites, is enabled.
Autofill section
Click on Passwords and disable Offer to save passwords.
Click Payment methods and disable Save and fill payment methods.
Click on Addresses and more and disable Save and fill addresses.
Advanced Section
In Privacy and security turn off the Allow sites to check if you have payment methods saved.
Click on Site Settings then Cookies and it is recommended to disable Allow sites to save and read
cookie data (recommended) and enable Block third-party cookies. Click on Location and make
sure that Ask before accessing (recommended) is set or you can block the location access by
simply toggling the button.
Click on Camera and make sure that Ask before accessing (recommended) is set or you can
block the camera access by simply toggling the button.
Click on Microphone and make sure that Ask before accessing (recommended) is set or you can
block the microphone access by simply toggling the button.
Click on Motion sensors and Block sites from using motion sensors by simply toggling the
button.
It is highly recommended to disable JavaScript for Security purposes but on disabling JavaScript
some webpages may not load properly. To disable JavaScript click on JavaScript and then block
it.
It also recommended to turn off Flash in Chrome. To check it click on Flash and make sure it
showing Block sites from running Flash (recommended).
Click on Pop-ups and redirects and make sure it is Blocked, if not block it.
Click on Ads check it is showing Blocked on sites that show intrusive or misleading ads
(recommended).
Click on Clipboard and make sure Ask when a site wants to see text and images copied to the
clipboard (recommended) is checked.
Securing Browsers

Apple Safari
Make sure your Safari is up-to-date to the latest version. To check for updates just go to the Apple
menu and click on Software Update.
Now it's time to secure Safari Preferences. Just go to the Safari Menu and click on Preferences.
In General section uncheck Open “safe” files after downloading.
Select Remove history items as After one day.
In the AutoFill section uncheck the AutoFill web forms options.
On the Passwords section and remove any stored passwords.
In the Security section Check Fraudulent sites option.
In the Web content check Block pop-up windows.
It is recommended to disable JavaScript for security, but some sites may not load properly.
In the bInternet plug-ins uncheck Allow Java and also uncheck Allow all other plug-ins.
In the Privacy section-- Select Block cookies as From third parties and advertisers.
Select Limit website access to location as Deny without prompting.
Internet Explorer
First of all, click on the Tools icon in the top right corner in Internet Explorer and click Internet
options.
First of all it is recommended to Update Your Windows to necessary security patches.
In General section:
 It is recommended to change the Home page first. Change it to something reputed search
engine.
 Check the Delete browsing history on exit.
In Medium-high section:
 Set the Security level to High or at least Medium-high.
 Check the box Enable Protected Mode.
 Click on Apply.
In Privacy Section:
 Set the Settings to High or at least Medium High.
 Check the boxNever allow websites to request your physical location.
 Check Turn on Pop-up Blocker.
 Check the box forDisable toolbars and extensions when InPrivate Browsing starts.
 Click onApply.

Internet Explorer
In Connection Section:
 Click on settings under theAutoComplete.
 Uncheck Box for Forms and also for User names and passwords on forms.
 Check Ask me before saving passwords.
In Advanced Section:
Go for the Security section and select Check for publisher’s certificate revocation.
Select Check for server certificate revocation.
Select Check for signatures on downloaded programs.
Enable Integrated Windows Authentication.
Enable native XMLHTTP support.
Check the box of Use SSL 2.0.
Check the box Use SSL 3.0.
Check the box for Use SSL 1.0.
Click on Apply .
Click on Ok.
Finally restart the Browser.
Mozilla Firefox
To harden firefox security go fore the three vertical lines located in the top right corner in
Firefox browser and select Options.
OR, Just type about: preferences in the browser address bar also.
First thing Keep your Firefox Up to date for best performance, stability and security and also
make sure Automatically install updates (recommended) is selected in the General section.
In the Search section make sure you have selected a trusted search engine in the Default
Search Engine.
In the Content Blocking area of Privacy & Security section make sure the Standard protection
or Strict protection is selected. Strict protection may cause some sites to break but Standard
protection will be good enough.
In Cookies and Site Data check the option Delete cookies and site data when Firefox is closed.
It will delete all of your cookies after you close the Firefox browser.
Check the Ask to save logins and passwords for websites option in the Login and Passwords
area.
Check Use a master password. It will pop up a window where you can set a master password. A
master Password is used to protect sensitive information like site password. If you create a
Master Password you will be asked to enter it once per session when Firefox retrieves saved
information protected by the password.
In History select Use custom settings for history and uncheck Remember browsing and
download history and Remember search and form history and also check Clear history when
Firefox closes.

Mozilla Firefox
In Permissions Click the Settings right beside Location and add the trusted sites which can
access the Location.
Click the Settings right beside Camera and add the trusted sites which can access the Camera.
Click the Settings right beside Microphone and add the trusted sites which can access the
Microphone.
Check Block websites from automatically playing sound and also you can set exception for the
sites which trust.
Check Block pop-up windows and also you can set exception for the sites which trust.
Check Warn you when websites try to install add-ons to prevent anty third party website to
install add-ons in the browser.
In the Firefox Data Collection and Use uncheck Allow Firefox to send technical and interaction
data to Mozilla.
Uncheck Allow Firefox to make personalized extension recommendations.
Uncheck Allow Firefox to send backlogged crash reports on your behalf.
In the Security make sure that Block dangerous and deceptive content is checked.
Check Block dangerous downloads option.
Check Warn you about unwanted and uncommon software.
Select Ask you every time when a server requests your personal certificate.
Check Query OCSP responder servers to confirm the current validity of certificates.
Always install Plugins and Extensions from official Mozilla foundation. To install add-ons in
Firefox go to Add-ons by going that three vertical lines mentioned earlier and install as per your
requirements.
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=uoMfcvDxlKQ

8.3.4 Beware Of Strangers And Suspicious Links
Back Ups
Taking regular data backups is an important strategy for securing all your important data. A backup is the only way to restore
the original data.
Why you must have Data Backup
Data on a hard disk can be lost for a variety of reasons, such as:-
- Hardware failure;
- Operating system failure, e.g., file system crash.
-Files or volumes modified or deleted accidentally by yourself.
-Files or volumes modified or deleted intentionally by intruder.
-Files or volumes modified or deleted by virus or malicious
codes.
You can also take a backup of your data to keep it safe.
Many companies like Apple, Xiaomi, Samsung have inbuilt
backup features in their phones.
Step 1:
Go to Settings
Step 2:
Go to additional settings
Step 3:
Go to Backup and Reset
Step 4:
Choose the relevant options
You Can Find The Option In The Settings, As Shown Below.

Step 2: Click on Backup and
Reset
Step 1: Open Google Drive.
Click on the three lines on the
left top corner to open Settings
Step 3: Turn on the option. Your
data will now be stored on
Google drive as well.
You Can Also Use Google Drive To Take A Backup Of Your Data.
Step 2: Click on iCloud.
Step 1: Go to Settings
Step 3: Take backup of all the
applications that you wish to.
Backup On iPhones
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=RGJ1oiNOxBI

8.4 PERSONAL SECURITY
If you wouldn’t accept this offline, why would
you accept this behaviour online?
What you CAN DO with continued harassment:
If there are people offline who you would be uncomfortable
talking to about your physical / sexual experiences, chances
are, you’d be uncomfortable doing this with strangers online
too. Cyber Groomers who create fake accounts to befriend
people, for the purpose of harming them whether physically,
sexually or emotionally.
Use reliable services and know how to legally access the
music, film and TV you want.
Acknowledge your sources: use trustworthy content and
remember to give credit when using others’ work/ideas.
Think about something you have worked hard for, and
imagine that someone online would want to receive the same
consideration and receive credit for their work.
Know where to find help: Understand how to report to service
providers and use blocking and deleting tools. If something
happens that upsets you online, it is never too late to tell
someone.
Talk to your elders or parents, if your chat partner suggests to
keep your conversation with them a secret. You can also
report these to Childline at 1098.
a) Coming across cyber groomers, your first instinct should
be to block and report them on the platform.
b) Don’t stay silent, speak to someone you trust who will be
able to help. It can be a parent, a teacher, a friend, anyone who
you think can give you the support you need to see it through
that you are no longer affected by the cyber attacker online. If
they’re digitally savvy, they’ll help you implement security
measures to stay safe online!
Be cautious when your chat partner gives you many
compliments regarding your appearance within a short span
of your acquaintance.
Do not talk to people who ask you to share your sexually
explicit photographs or videos. Never accept a friend request
from someone you have never met in person. If you share
your sexually explicit photos or videos with someone, the
person can share those photos with others or post them on
social media. They can also blackmail you.
This point was made previously, but we stress it: never turn
on your webcam if your chat partner does not connect to the
webcam. Keep your webcam private. Put a sticker over your
webcam, laptop camera, or phone camera when they aren’t in
use. These devices can sometimes be hacked and used to
take pictures or videos of you without your consent.
People are not always who they say they are. Learn more
about protecting yourself when using social media. You
should be very careful in the chat rooms. Never share
personal details and limit your identity.
a) Protect your online reputation: Use the services
provided to manage your digital footprints and ‘think
before you post’. Even if offensive posts and pictures
are removed by appealing to the service providers, the
possibility of someone taking screenshots or
downloading the content cannot be ruled out.
b) Do not go to meet a person whom you met online
alone.
8.4.1 Abide By The Law
8.4.2 Seek Help

Dealing With Unauthorized Access
You can protect yourself from becoming a victim of
grooming:
a) Take all precautions about sharing personal information
and identity details during chats or in public spaces.
b) If groomer is using social media platforms to groom you,
you can block him/her. All the social media apps or services
have the option to block a user.
c) Save messages, pictures or videos shared with you by the
groomer. Such messages, pictures or videos can be used as
an evidence to initiate legal action.
d) Your parents/elders can contact local police station to
lodge a complaint against the groomer.
Do check with your parents before downloading apps or
sharing personal information.
This is mandatory for anyone below the age of 14. Some apps
are malicious in nature. Therefore, to prevent malpractices, it
is important to share the information with parents.
Also, Facebook policy does not allow any student below the
age of 14 to use the app. Even Netflix, YouTube and Amazon
Prime mandates ‘Kids mode’ for all children below the age of
14.
Giving Permissions to apps: While installing apps, give only
those permissions that are absolutely essential for the
functioning of the apps. Of any application does not function
without all permissions, it is best to not install it.
Sharing the device’s location: Always allow those app with
device location permission which actually required.
Via GPS:
Via Geotagging: Link your location with your posts, only
when you are sharing it with people that you know and trust.
sharing your location with strangers or merely making it
public may compromise your security.
Certain characteristics of the digital environment magnify the
risk that children will be exploited or abused by other users. In
particular, online abusers can easily operate anonymously
and bypass gatekeepers such as parents or teachers. When
children are bullied online, such as through ‘revenge porn’,
their humiliation can be very public.
Online grooming: deceiving a child for sexual purposes – is
on the rise, although its extent remains unknown. The sexual
abuse that follows may be online, such as by ‘sexting’ –
sending or eliciting explicit sexual images – or offline, if the
victim is lured into a meeting.
Cyber-bullying which takes several forms is becoming more
common and can have a profound impact on mental health,
well-being, and educational attainment. When children go
online they are more likely to bully others, and to be bullied,
than when they are offline.
Consent Empower children to decide for themselves how
others collect and use their information by requiring their
consent. As of now, there is no minimum age of digital
consent in India.
WATCH
WATCH
watch?v=u1LjeVyQydQ&t=10s

A C T I V I T Y 1
Internet safety crossword.
1
2
3
4
5
1. Software programs designed to corrupt
computers
2. Protection for your computer
3. Software protecting incoming and outgoing
network connections from unwanted access
4. Being troubled or embarrassed online
5. Trying to steal other people’s
sensitive information
DOWN ACROSS

A C T I V I T Y 2
Word search:
Find the maximum number of words related to cyber security.
A C T I V I T Y 3
2. Which of the below mentioned
links are suspicious?
https://www.faceb00k.com
http://www.amazone.com
htps:/www.google.com
All of the above
An$#yOuM@n!071
9570000066@pass
Loveyou3000
All of the above
1. Which of the following do you
think is a strong password?
Multiple choice questions ( )

A C T I V I T Y 4
List three ways by which you protect yourself from threats and
risks on digital devices.
03
02
01
A C T I V I T Y 5
What is stalkerware?

9.1 WHAT IS DIGITAL LAW?
Digital law can be defined as the legal rights and restrictions
governing technology use. Most users are unaware of the
possible consequences of their online activities thereby need
to be made aware of the rules and legal implications of using
the internet.
The following are some actions that are unethical or illegal:
a) Software or systems piracy.
b) Downloading music and films without authorisation or
payment.
c) Stealing other people’s work (plagiarism and copyright
infringement), personal data (identity theft) .
d) Illegal file sharing.
e) Hacking into others’ systems or networks.
f) Creating destructive viruses or worms that causes damage
to other people’s data and devices.
g) Sending spam.
D I G I TA L L A W
G
o
l
d
e
n
R
u
l
e
s
• Think before you act. You may
be violating the law of the land.
• Ignorance of the law is not a
valid defence in legal fora.
• What is ethical is generally legal.
9.2 ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES USING
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
Plagiarism is an act of using or closely rewording the
language and thoughts of another author without seeking
their permission or representing another author’s work as
yours without giving credit to the author. Stealing other
people’s work in the form of words, ideas, images or data
with permission is both illegal and unethical. When using
online resources for school projects, assignments, essays,
give credit or acknowledge the author(s) of the resource.
Copyright infringement: Involves using someone else’s work
but not paying them for it. For example, using a photograph
found online without seeking the photographer’s
permission or not paying for using it is a copyright violation.
Plagiarism can affect academic and professional
reputations while copyright infringement is a violation of the
law and penalties can be imposed.
Fair use is an exception to the restrictions imposed by
copyright law. Quoting a few lines from a copyrighted work
in an academic paper with proper citation generally
qualifies as “fair use”.
Do remember
• The purpose of the work should be academic, not-for-profit,
and educational.
• The piece is not copied in its entirety. A few lines from the
original are quoted.
• The reference does not have any impact on the value of the
original work.
Sexting is sharing of sexually explicit texts, photos or videos
of naked or semi-naked pictures of themselves or others
through mobile or social media platforms.
The growing number of such reported cases of sexting and
self-exposure highlight the vulnerability of children and young
people to blackmail and extortion (including “sextortion”) and
“revenge porn”.
Victimizing by way of revenge porn is often practiced by
children below 18 years of age. It may be described as “an act
whereby a perpetrator satisfies his anger and frustration for a
9.2.1 Sexting
72 | Digital Law

broken relationship through publicizing false, sexually
provocative portrayal of his/her victim, by misusing
information that he may have known naturally and that he
may have stored on his computer, or phone, or may have been
conveyed to his electronic device by the victim herself, or may
have been stored in the device with the consent of the victim
herself; and which may essentially have been done to publicly
defame the victim.
There is global consensus that child sexual abuse and
exploitation is unacceptable offline or online. Under no
circumstances is the production, distribution and
viewership of sexually explicit images of children is
permitted. The law imposes strict penalty and punishment
on anyone found to be taking, sharing and viewing such
pictures.
9.2.2 Online Child Abuse And Exploitation
Social media, email groups, bulletin boards and other digital
spaces enable widespread offensive content against a
person to be posted. Offensive messages such as body
shaming, name calling on social media especially can be
very hurtful. As the messages spread around so quickly it
can cause a lot of distress to the person targeted. Although
defamation is not a criminal offence it is unethical and
should be avoided.
9.2.3 Defamation
9.3 LEGAL PENALTIES FOR ONLINE
OFFENCES
Indian laws deal with many of the core issues related to
digital technologies. You need to understand that some of
your online actions may be on the borderline of an offence
and some may actually be infringing the law.
73 | Digital Law
I. Be alert
Keep the devices clean
a) Ensure you keep your internet-connected devices, like
laptops, phones and tablets, safe from malware.
b) Make sure software of operating systems is
up-to-date. Also make sure security software that
updates automatically is installed on devices.
II. Keep devices safe
Mobile phones
a) Use a screen lock to lock your smartphone.
b) Protect sensitive data by taking regular backups either
on Dropbox, OneDrive or iCloud.
c) Always switch off your wireless connections e.g.
Bluetooth,Wi-Fi, NFC, etc. when not in use.
d) Use genuine web browsers and never save your login
credentials, banking details.
e) Install an antivirus on your smartphone.
III. Be smart
Manage mobile apps:
a) Keep apps on your mobile devices updated. Updates
often have security fixes in them.
b) Delete apps you no longer use. It would also entail
clearing of the cache.
Being Smart Online Checklists
Checklist: How to keep the devices safe?

6
Illegal online
activity
Laws covering
offense
Penalty
Protection of Children Against Sexual
Offences Indian Penal Code,
Information Technology Act, 2000.
POCSO, 2012
Indian Penal Code.
Impersonation
Sending someone messages by
assuming a false identity.
Unauthorised access
Hacking someone’s computer, email
or social networking account.
Online piracy
Downloading movies and music for
free.
Illegally copying or distributing
software using the internet without
the consent of the rights owner.
Plagiarism
Using words, ideas, images or data
of another person without attribut-
ing the source.
Defamation
Posting defamatory statements,
images or videos, about a person
on social media, chats, bulletin
boards or any digital space.
Misrepresentation
Falsification of age for the purpose
of creating accounts or accessing
certain websites. It amounts to
entering under a contract with the
service provider based on misrep-
resentation of facts and real
identity.
Violation of privacy
Uses any electronic device and/or
online medium to record, circulate,
transmit, publish or bring into the
public domain any image, photo-
graph, film, videotape, MMS etc.
that has private parts of a child
captured in violation of his privacy
commits the offence of ‘Violation of
privacy of a child’.
Posting or sharing of inappropriate
images and comments online or
through WhatsApp.
Revenge porn
If an inappropriate picture or
explicit selfie has been shared by a
friend, for taking revenge threaten-
ing to circulate this to a wider group
or demanding a favour for not doing
so.
Copyright Act, 1957.
Copyright Act, 1957.
Indian Penal Code.
Indian Contracts Act together with
IPC.
IT Act 2000
POCSO Act, 2012.
A term of up to 3-5 years imprison-
ment and also a fine.
A term of up to 7 years imprisonment
with a fine
In case of extreme effect of the said
act like committing suicide or attempt
to commit suicide, the punishment
may go upto life term as well.
A term of up to 3 years imprison-
ment and also a fine.
A term of up to 2-3 years imprison-
ment or fine or both.
Punishment of a term up to 6
months to 3 years of imprisonment
and fine.
A term of imprisonment from 6
months to 3 years and fine.
A term of imprisonment up to three
years, or fine, or both.
A term of upto 2-3 years imprison-
ment , or fine, or both.
A term of upto 7 years imprison-
ment or a fine or both.
74 | Digital Law

75 | Digital Law
9.4 GOOD PRACTICES
What you write is clearly your prerogative. But do remember that any production, consumption and distribution of content
which involves sexual imagery of children is illegal.
Being safe on
social media platforms
Choose friends wisely. Everything is not about the number of friends
you have. Select your friends wisely as they can access your
information. Learn to delete/block unwanted friends.
Think before saying anything. Be mindful of what you post/update
on Facebook. Ask if you will regret it five years later. Do not become
a part of hate-groups.
Manage privacy settings. Your posts are publicly shared unless you
go to settings and change your Security and Privacy to Only Friends.
Keep in mind the dangers of sharing. Be careful of what information
you put out on Facebook. Check your posts and images for
indicators of your whereabouts or anything that may invite unwanted
users.
Create friends lists to manage your posts. Create separate lists for
your acquaintances, friends, family etc. This will make it easy to
regulate or control who can see your posts.
Look out for suspicious activities. Do not click on suspicious links.
Beware of fake Facebook pages that steal your password. If your
account is hacked, change your password or report to Facebook.
Consider the whole image. Ask yourself if the image or the
background giving an indication where you were or what you were
doing at the time of taking the picture. If yes, then reconsider posting
it.
Manage your visibility. Photos you are tagged in are visible to
everyone. To make it secure you can make your account private by
going to the menu on the (top right side) on your profile.
Accepting followers. If your account is private you can approve who
follows you. Do not accept requests from strangers. Also be mindful
of who you are following.
Block/report unwanted contacts. Go to their profile and tap menu
(top right side) to report and block. You can also report images by
going to menu option at the top of each image.
“Untag” yourself. You can untag yourself by tapping on your
username in the post, provided the post is public or you follow the
person who tagged you.
Other tips. Switch off geotagging and location feature. Delete your
post if you are not sure about it. Posts are easy to embed in other
websites. It may go viral.
Screen capture is possible even on Snapchat, which does not save
images. Screen shots are an easy way to save images, and many
third party apps auto-save images.
Notification is not guaranteed. Snapchat tells you when your snap
was viewed or screenshot. But this function is not always reliable.
Manage your privacy settings. Tap on the ghost icon on the top of
your camera screen-> Settings (gear icon)-> ’who can’ section->
change settings from Everyone to My Friends.
Threat of unknown users. Tap and hold the user and select gear icon
to Block unwanted users.’ Add Nearby’ may seem cool but keep in
mind it can be risky.
Sexting concern. Avoid sharing snap stories that you do not want
others to access. Do not share sexually explicit pictures as these
may easily go viral.
Keep your User ID Private. Do not post your username on social
media as it may attract unwanted attention. Also do not share your
password with anyone.
Do not open, accept, or download a file in Instant Messenger from
someone you do not know or if you do not know what is in the file.
Contact the sender by email, phone, or some other method to confirm
that what they sent was not a virus.
Visit Microsoft Update to scan your windows computer and install any
high-priority updates that are offered to your PC. If you have Automatic
Updates enabled, you have to make sure you install them when
received.
Use up-to-date version of your Instant Messenger software for better
protection of your computer against viruses and spyware.
Upgrade from MSN Messenger to Windows Live Messenger in order to
block attachments that may contain malware and allow scanning of
attachments for viruses.
“Spim” (a short form of spam over instant messaging) uses IM
platforms to send spam messages over IM. Like email spam
messages, a spim message may contain advertisements or weblinks,
by clicking on those links malicious code enters into your PC.
Anti-spyware software can protects the digital device and helps in
removing any spyware you may already have. Windows Defender may
be downloaded in the absence of anti-spyware software.
Other instant messaging applications
Source: www.aarambhindia.org; https://infose-
cawareness.in/home/index.php

Step 1: If you wish to report any account/post/comment, go
to the 3 dots on the right top corner of the
account/post/comment. When you click on the dots, you will
find the option "Give Feedback or Report”. Click on it.
Step 2: You will be presented with a list of reasons to
ascertain why you wish to report that content.
Step 3: Choose the appropriate reason and click on “Done”.
Facebook will remove the account/post/comment if it
violates the community guidelines of the platform.
9.5 AVAILABLE REDRESSAL
MECHANISMS
9.5.1 Social Media Platforms
Step 1: If you come across any
content that you wish to report, or
get removed, go to the top right
corner of the post and you will find
three dots.
Step 2: When you click on the
dots, you will find the option to
“Report”.
Step 3: Choose “Spam” of
you are reporting commer-
cial content (like advertis-
ments). if what you are
reporting is not an ad,
choose “It’s inappropriate”.
Step 5: Choose the appropri-
ate reason and click on
“Next”.
Instagram will remove the
content if it violates the
community
guidelines of the platform.
Step 4: Once you click on
“Report”, you will be
presented with a list of
reasons to ascertain why
you wish to report that
content.
76 | Digital Law
WATCH
WATCH
v=YuTlFfV1gdg&feature=youtu.be

77 | Digital Law
Step 1: If you wish to
report any number on
WhatsApp, go to the 3
dots on the right-top
corner of the chat.
Step 2: When you click
on the dots, you will
find the option "More”.
Click on it.
Step 3: You will then
see the option to
“Report”. Click on it.
Step 4: You can
block the person as
well when you report
their account. Once
reported the account
may be deleted if it
violates the
community
guidelines of the
platform.
Step 1: If you wish to report any comment you see on
YouTube, go to the comment section.
Step 2: Next to the comment you wish to report, you will
find 3 dots on the right top corner.
Step 3: When you click on the dots, you will find the
option to “Report”
Step 4: Once you click on “Report”, you will be presented with a
list of reasons to ascertain why you wish to report that content.
Step 5: Choose the appropriate reason and click on
“Done”.
YouTube will remove the content if it violates the
community guidelines of the platform.
Social media platforms have similar processes for reporting objectionable photos, videos, accounts and comments or any
other content. Click on the three dots on the corner of the post to go to the “report” option. Report objectionable content by
choosing the appropriate reason.
Twitter:
https://help.twitter.com/en/contact-us
For Facebook:
https://m.facebook.com/help/
Instagram:
https://help.instagram.com/
Youtube:
https://www.youtube.com/t/contact_us

Reportingon
cybercrime.gov.in
Portal run and maintained by
Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India
9.5.2 Police
Log into the cybercrime portal of the Ministry of Home Affairs
www.cybercrime.gov.in
The Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, has set up
a portal to facilitate online complaints of cybercrimes,
including online child pornography, child sexual abuse
materials, and sexually explicit content (e.g., sexual
harassment, abuse, rape and gang rape). Police authorities of
relevant states and union territories initiate investigations
and legal processes based on the information provided by the
complainants. The portal also has the option for anonymous
reporting of child pornography and sexually explicit content.
78 | Digital Law
Children, parents or other concerned adults on their
behalf, can approach the cyber cells of the State police to
report any online offence. Unlike other crimes,
cyber-crimes are not limited by jurisdiction. You can report
to the cyber-cell of any city, even if the offense was
committed when you were in a different city.
Reporting to the police cyber cell
In case you are unable to file a complaint in the cyber cell,
you can file an FIR with the local police station. It is not
necessary to know the name of the person responsible for
the crime to lodge an FIR. Tell the police whatever you
know. The local police is expected to coordinate with the
cyber cell in the investigation and legal processes.
Filing an FIR with the local police

CHILDLINE 1098 is India’s first 24-hour, free, emergency
phone service for children in need of aid and assistance. A
child or any adult on his or her behalf can dial 1098, the toll
free number to seek help for emergency needs and to avail
of long-term care and rehabilitation services.
Log into the POCSO E-box .
The National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights
(NCPCR) set up this online portal to receive complaints
regarding sexual abuse and related offences. A child or an
adult on his or her behalf can locate the POCSO e-box at the
NCPCR site.
9.5.3 Childline 1098
9.5.4 Ncpcr
http://www.ncpcr.gov or
http://www.ncpcr.gov.in/index2.php. It will navigate to a
page with the window having a short animation film.
· Social- Talk to parents, teachers , counsellors .
· Legal- Approach the police.
· Platform - in app reporting, as discussed above.
If ever any photo or video of yours (that you clicked or appear
in), is shared online onto a website without your consent, it
can be removed by following the process given below:
1. Find the relevant page or email address for initiating the
DMCA request. For example: Search ‘Platform/Service name’
DMCA on Google. (For eg. Search for "FacebookDMCA" on
Google).
2. Carefully open the links suggested on the search page and
find either the email address or a form that can be filled.
3. Complete the form to send a DMCA takedown request.
4. If you find an email address, (like contact@abc.com,
abuse@abc.com), send an email with Subject ‘DMCA
Takedown Request’ and write clearly about the content and
its location (URL or the link to the photo/video) on the
platform that you want to remove.
9.6 REPORTING
Content Removal from Websites
79 | Digital Law
WATCH
WATCH
v=YuTlFfV1gdg&feature=youtu.be
Aarambh India Infosec Awareness, CDAC, MEITY

A C T I V I T Y 1
Which of the following is illegal? If illegal, what is the penalty?
A C T I V I T Y 2
What are the good practices that should be followed on social media
platforms for personal safety and digital security?
Plagiarism:
Impersonation:
Revenge Porn:
Unauthorised access:
Defamation:

A C T I V I T Y 3
What is the process for lodging a complaint if a cybercrime is committed?

D I G I TA L A C C E S S
D I G I TA L L I T E R A C Y
(i) (b) Bccnucz (-2 series).
1. False.
The domain names say a lot about websites, .com, .edu, and .gov are among the
most credible domain endings for websites. Other variations are much less
credible. If any of those three options end a URL, it indicates the website’s
credibility).
2. False.
When reading online, the resource opens quickly but the pages open one at a
time. There may be some brief load times when flipping pages. But when reading
offline, the resources may take several seconds to open as the entire file is
decrypted.
(ii) (a) Tenkrad (1st to last switch).
(iii) (c) GYNX (+5 series).
(iv) (d) Azsfr ( -1, +1 series).
(v) (d) Emikof (Replacing vowels with vowels and -1 for constant).
In a debate, take a stance for or against the motion and frame your arguments
on the basis of your research.
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 2
A N S W E R S

3. True.
4. False.
E-Pathshala is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD) and the National Council of Educational Research and Training d
Windows platforms) .
5.True.
Digital literacy involves the ability to read, understand and interpret digital
processes whereas, digital communication is the ability to communicate,
connect and interact with others.
ACTIVITY 2

D I G I TA L C O M M U N I C AT I O N
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
These statements are not legitimate for the following reasons:
1. The sender seeks to bribe by offering bonus points.
2. The sender uses flattery to seek greater access to the recipient of the
message.
3. The sender threatens to gain further access the recipient of message.
4. It reflects coercion of the recipient by a desensitised sender, which may
increase in intensity.
5. The sender introduces subtle sexual allusions and sexualised game in the
conversation to build intimacy, which may be manipulated further.
The following preventive measures reduce the possibility of online risks and
threats:
1. Always install a good antivirus software on your computer, smartphone and
other handheld devices. Regularly update the antivirus and other applications.
2. Do not share personal information like name, date of birth, address or phone
numbers while playing online games. Never share your passwords with anyone.
1. One -way communication.
2. Flattery.
3. Gaming.
4. Revenge Pornography.

D I G I TA L C O M M E R C E
D I G I TA L E T I Q U E T T E
ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 1
Use a complex password for online gaming and other online accounts. Change
your password at regular intervals.
3. Never use voice chat or webcam while playing online games. This may reveal
your identity to other players and attract cyber bullies and cyber criminals.
4. Never share your or your parent's credit card/debit card details with anyone
while playing online games. You may be asked credit or debit card details but
never share such details with anyone.
Cyberbullying takes place between two people. The cyberbullies, known people,
known people hiding their identities, or strangers, send nasty text messages or
emails, or set up hate groups on social networking sites. The victim is often
targeted constantly, or periodically, even when they are in the comfort of their
own home. The technologies enable the cyberbullies to circulate messages or
images very quickly and widely on the internet.
Cyberstalking is when an individual is repeatedly or constantly followed, watched
Phishing E Vishing D Malware G Ransomware B
Pharming C Piracy A Malvertising F

or contacted through any electronic means, without his or her consent for sexual
harassment or other mala fide motives. It involves tracking of the movement,
invasion of privacy, or persistent efforts to establish contact through text, email,
social media, or other digital platforms.
1. Personal or private photos.
2. Location.
3. Mean or hurtful comments .
4. Date of birth.
5. Forwarded spam messages.
6. Mobile number.
7. Personal Details.
1. Agree to disagree.
2. Avoid digital drama.
3. Be positive online.
4. Be responsible, honest and truthful.
5. Respect people’s confidence.
6. Appreciate boundaries – your own and of others.
7. Learn to seek consent.
ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
1. Making fun of another user in internet chat rooms.
2. Harassing a user over instant messaging sessions.
3. Posting derogatory messages on a user's social networking pages.
4. Circulating rumours about someone on social networks.
5. Publishing lewd comments about another person on personal blogs.
6. Posting unflattering pictures of another user on the web.
7. Sending unsolicited and unwanted email messages (also known as
spamming).
ACTIVITY 4

D I G I TA L R I G H T S
8. Sending threatening or provocative emails.
9. Repeatedly phoning another person.
1. Search yourself online to see how you appear to others.
2. Check privacy settings to ensure that only people authorised by you are able
to access your posts.
3. Deactivate and delete - WHAT.
ACTIVITY 5
ACTIVITY 1
A family friend is blackmailing you
into sending inappropriate images
to him.
Your friend posts a picture of you without
consulting you. When asked
to remove the picture they refuse.
On social media you have someone
who stalks you and you want
to make a complaint.
A sport organisation does not let you
apply for its online cricket training
programme because you belong
to a lower socio-economic background.
Your school library bans an educational
book that is appropriate for your
age group.
A
E
C
D
B

D I G I TA L S E C U R I T Y
Internet safety crossword:
1. VIRUS
2. ANTIVIRUS
3. FIREWALL
4. CYBERBULLYING
5. PHISHING
ACTIVITY 1
Word search
1. Phishing
2. Virus
3. Malware
4. Cloud
5. WAF
6. Firewall
ACTIVITY 2
1. (a) An$#yOuM@n!071
2. (d) All of the above
ACTIVITY 3
1. Keep webcams private.
2. USB Storage Device Use.
3. Regularly update software and operating systems.
ACTIVITY 4

63 | Digital Law
D I G I TA L L A W
Stalkerware refers to software applications that are designed to track or spy on
individuals without their knowledge and consent.
ACTIVITY 5
1. Plagiarism: Imprisonment for a term ranging between 6 months and 3 years,
and fine.
2. Impersonation: Imprisonment up to 3 years and a fine.
3. Revenge porn: Imprisonment up to 7 years with a fine. In case the act has
serious consequences, e.g., suicide or attempted suicide, it may even attract a
life term.
4. Unauthorised access: Imprisonment up to 2-3 years, or fine, or both.
5. Defamation: Imprisonment up to 2-3 years, or fine, or both.
ACTIVITY 1
1. Choose your friends wisely.
2. Think before you say or post anything.
3. Be aware of the dangers of sharing.
4. Be alert to suspicious activities.
5. Manage how you appear to others. Being positive online also secures your
digital footprints.
6. Block or report unwanted contacts.
7 “Untag” yourself from posts and pictures that you do not .
8. Be cautious while accepting followers.
9. tManage your privacy settings.
ACTIVITY 2

The complaint may be lodged on the social media platform, the Ministry of Home
Affairs portal, with the local police and police cybercell, and e-Raksha portal at the
NCPCR website.
ACTIVITY 3

Ms. D Mary Prasanthi
Sh. Jimmy Chiram
Sh. Debajit Hazarike
Sh. D.Amarcase
Manisha Thakur R
Sh. Karthik Kashyap
Sh. Rajesh GadhiyaSI
Sh. Ashwin Shenvi
Sh. Narveer Rathore
Sh. Syed Ahfadul-ul-l
Sh. Sunil BhaskarSh.
Sh. Chandra GuptaSh
Sh. Sreejith
Sh. Niranjan B Vayanrg
Sh. Balsing Rajput
Ms. Joyce Lalremmaw
Sh. R. Muthu
Sh. Zosangliana
Ms. Sonia Singh
Sh Anil Kumar Dash
Sh. Dhruman Harshar
Sh. Pankaj Chaudhary
Sh. Prathap Pradhan
Ms. B Shamoondeswa
Sh. Govind SinqhSh. I
Ms.Sarswati R IPS
Sh. Barinderjit Singh
Sh. Vivek Ranjan
Sh. Rajesh Kumar Yao
Sh. Sanjay Kumar
Ms. Rashmi Sharma Y
Sh. Anyesh Roy
Sh. Vipul Anekant
Sh. Manasvi Jain
Sh. Mahesh kumar Ba
Sh. Mayank Bansal
SP
SP
DIGP
ASP
AIGP
SP
SPDSI
SP
DSP
IGP
SPDSI
SPDSI
IGP
DIGPA
SP
SP
SP
SP
IGP
ASP
AIG
SP
DIGP
SP
ADGP
IPS
SSP
DSP
DIGP
IGP (A)
DSP
DCP
ASP
Dy. SP
SSP
DSP
0863-2340063
0360-2212471
0361-2529840
0612-2216236
0771-2511606
0832-2443082
079-23255545
01733-253023
0177-2621331
0191-2572475
0651-22100580651-22
080-22094436
0471-2319787
755-2443483
022-22160080
0385-2451501
0364-2504416
0389-2334082
0370-2242712
0671-2974401
0172-2226258
0141-2740169
03592-20208703592
044-28512527
040-23242424
0381-2304344
0135-2651689
0522-2721690
033-24792955
03192-232334
0172-2710046
011-23746615
0260-2254101
0260-2632888
0413-2224083
04896-262367
Name Rank Landline Email
Nodal CyberCrime Portal
cybercrimes-cid@ap.gov.in
spcr@arunpol.nic.in, spsit@arunpol.nic.in
digp-cid@assampolice.gov.in
cybercell-bih@nic.in
aigtech-phq.cg@gov.in
picyber@goapolice.gov.in spcyber@goapolice.gov.in
cc-cid@gujarat.gov.in
sp.crime2pkl@hry.nic.in
polcyberps-shi-hp@nic.in
igcrime@jkpolice.gov.in igcrime-jk@nic.in
cyberps@jhpolice.gov.in
spccpscid@ksp.gov.in ccps@kar.nic.in
igpcrimes.pol@kerala.gov.in cyberps.pol@kerala.gov.in
mpcyberpolice@mppolice.gov.in aig1cybercell@mppolice.gov.in niranjan.vayangankar889@mppolice.gov.in
sp.cbr-mah@gov.in control.cpaw-mah@gov.in api1.cpaw-mah@gov.in
cidcb-mn@nic.in cybercrime.mn@gov.in
r.muthu@ips.gov.in ccw-meg@gov.in
cidcrime-mz@nic.in
cybercrimeps-ngl@gov.in
sp1cidcb.orpol@nic.in dirscrb.odpol@nic.in
aigcc@punjabpolice.gov.in
ccps-raj@nic.in
spcid@sikkimpolice.nic.in
spcybercbcid.tnpol@nic.in cbcyber@nic.in
adg_cid@tspolice.gov.in ccps.cid@tspolice.gov.in
spcybercrime@tripurapolice.nic.in
spstf-uk@nic.in ccps.deh@uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in
ccpsnoida@upstf.com
ccpwb@cidwestbengal.gov.in digcyber@cidwestbengal.gov.in
igpint.and@nic.in
dspccic.chd@nic.in police-chd@nic.in
acp-cybercell-dl@nic.in acp.cybercell@delhipolice.gov.in
sdpo-diu-dd@nic.in sebastian.devasia@gov.in
dysp-hq-dnh@gov.in / For correspondence - itcell-dnhp@mha.gov.in
cybercell-police.py@gov.in sspci.pon@nic.in
Complaints can be lodged through E-Raksha, or delivered in by post or in person at the above address.
Lodge complaints in person, by post, by messenger, or by any means to the following address:
National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR),
5th Floor, Chandralok Building, 36 Janpath,
New Delhi 110 001
U S E F U L C O N TA C T S

Sh. J Prabhakar Ra
Sh. Take Ringu
Sh. Surendra kuma
Sh. Shiv Kumar Jha
Sh. R K Vij
Sh. Paramaditya
Sh. Ajay Tomar
Sh. Kuldip Sinqh Si.
Sh. Sandeep Dhaw
Sh. B Srinivas
Sh. Ranjit Prasad
Sh. T D Pawar
Sh. Dr. Shaik Darve
Smt. Aruna Mohan
Sh. Brijesh Singh
Sh. Themthing Nga
Sh. F G Kharshiing
Sh. Balaji Srivastav
Sh. Renchamo P. K
Sh. Madkar Sandee
Sh. Hardial Singh M
Sh. Sharat Kaviraj
Sh. Sonam Detchu
Sh. C Sridhar
Smt. Swathi Lakra
Sh. Subrata Chakra
Sh. Deepam Seth
Dr. Kalluri SP Kuma
Sh. Ashok Kumar P
Smti. Shalini Singh
Ms. Nilambari Jagao
Sh. Prem Nath
Sh. Vikramjit Singh
Sh. Sharad B. Dara
Sh. Dr. VJ Chandra
Sh. Shibesh Singh
IGP
SP
IGP
SP
IGP
IGP
IGP
IGP
SP
SP
DIGP
DIGP
DIG
SPL DGP
DIGP
ADGP
ADGP
ADGP
DIGP
ADGP
SPL DGP
SPL IGPA
DIGP
DIGP
DGP
ADGP
DIGP
DIGP
DySP
AIGP
ADGP
IGP (L&O)
SSP
ACP
DIGP
SSP
0863-2340152
0360-2215518
0361-2524494
0612-2238098
0771-2511623
0832-2420883
079-23250798
01733-253230
0177-2627955
0191-2582996
0651-2490046
080-22251817
0471-2722215
0755-2770248
022-22026672
0385-2450573
0364-2550141
0389-2334682
0370-2223897
0671-2306071
0172-2226258
0141-2740898
03592-204297
022-28512503
040-23147604
0381-2304344
0135-2712563
0522-2208598
033-24791830
03192-232244
0172-2760001
011-23490236
0260-2250942
0260-2643022
0413-2231386
04896-262258
cybercrimes-cid@ap.gov.in
sit@arunpol.nic.in
igp-cid@assampolice.gov.in
dig-bih@nic.in
vijrk@gov.in
digpgoa@goapolice.gov.in
cc-cid@gujarat.gov.in
igp.crime2-hry@nic.in
sp-cybercr-hp@nic.in
adgpcidjk@jkpolice.gov.in
ig-orgcid@jhpolice.gov.in
digadmincod@ksp.gov.in
adgpcrimes.pol@kerala.gov.in
spl.dgp-cybercell@mppolice.gov.in
ig.cbr-mah@gov.in
themthing.ng@gov.in
fg.kharshiing@ips.gov.in
polmizo@rediffmail.com
renchamo.p@gov.in
sp1cidcb.orpol@nic.in
aigcc@punjabpolice.gov.in shocc@punjabpolice.gov.in
sharat.kaviraj@rajasthan.gov.in
spcid@sikkimpolice.nic.in
cbcyber@nic in
igp_wpc@cid.tspolice.gov.in
aigcrime@tripurapolice.nic.in
dgc-police-ua@nic.in
ccpsnoida@upstf.com
ig2@cidwestbengal.gov.in
igplo.and@nic.in
pssput-chd@nic.in
jtcp-ops-dl@delhipolice.gov.in
sp-dmn-dd@nic.in
sp-sil-dnh@nic.in
dig.pon@nic.in
lak-sop@nic.in
Name Rank Landline Email
Grievance Officer Details
U S E F U L R E S O U R C E S
* https://www.cyberpeacecorps.in/CPCRC/
* Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. A
Handbook for Adolescents/Students on Cyber Security.
https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/CyberSafety_Eng-
lish_Web_03122018_0.pdf
* Being Safe Online: Guidelines for raising Awareness
among children, parents, educators and the general
public
https://ncpcr.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=1&&su
blinkid=1637&lid=1661

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