Data Analysis in quantitative and qualitative social research
- 2. Processing data • You can quantify • Coding • Rating • Marking
- 3. The Likert Scale • Bipolar type of psychometric response scale, has been used questionnaires to obtain participant’s preferences or degree of agreement with a statement or set of statements related to different aspects of the research. • Likert scales are a non-comparative scaling technique and are unidimensional in nature. • Respondents are asked to indicate their level of agreement with a given statement by way of an ordinal scale. • Some of these Likert scale statements in the questionnaire might follow a forced choice method where the middle option of "Neither agree nor disagree" would not be available. • The designed questionnaire can make use of different likert-Type Scale Response Anchors based on point scale to measure attitudes and perceptions related to religiosity, moral judgments, level of participation, level of importance, level of agreement, knowledge of action, amount of use, level of awareness, level of quality, level of satisfaction etc (Vagias 2006).
- 4. Steps • Monitoring • Quality Control • Cleansing • Coding Coding is the process of assigning a numerical value to responses to facilitate data capture and processing in general.
- 5. Data Analysis • Statistical Methods • Softwares Data Presentation Tables allow social scientists to display data and make it easier to develop conclusions Cross-tabulation: Shows relationship between two or more variables Graphs Pie Chart REPORT
- 6. 91.41 7.23 1.36 62.87 19.31 17.82 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Received TT Vaccination No Vaccination Received Don't Know Three Doses and Above Two Doses One Dose Frequency of Received Doses Tetanus Vaccination Status Direct Indirect Total
- 7. 39.39 7.57 3.07 21.96 6.06 6.82 4.54 9.84 0.75 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Doctor WVB Doctor Nurse/ FWA/ FWV Health Worker Trained Birth Attendant Not-trained Birth Attendant Family members/ Relatives/ Neighbors Hospital/Clinic Others Sources of Support during Pregnancy (ANC) Direct Indirect Total
- 9. (10) (8) (6) (4) (2) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Upto Tk 4000 Tk 4001 – Tk 6000 Tk 6001 – Tk 8000 Tk 10001 – Tk 12000 Tk 12001 – Tk 14000 Tk 14001 – Tk 16000 Tk 16001 – Tk 18000 Tk 18001 – Tk 20000 > Tk 20000 PERCENT INCOME Nalitabari ADP: Income-Expenditure
- 11. Survey Report i. Title page ii. Table of contents iii. List of tables and charts iv. Highlights or executive summary v. Introduction vi. Objectives vii. Body The body of the report is divided into several sections. One of the first sections should provide definitions of concepts and key variables (an appendix may contain more details) and explain the methodology of the survey, collection procedures, processing, etc. This is usually followed by survey results (including measures of quality, such as precision) and tabulations. viii. Conclusions ix. Recommendations x. Bibliography/List of references xi. Contacts xii. Appendices The purpose of appendices is to give a brief but
- 12. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS: ∆ NARRATIVE ANALYSIS. Researchers use narrative analysis to understand how research participants construct story and narrative from their own personal experience.
- 13. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS: ∆ CONSTANT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, a procedure for evaluating qualitative data in which the information is coded and compared across categories, patterns are identified, and these patterns are refined as new data are obtained.
- 14. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS: ∆ DISCOURSE ANALYSIS is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situations.
- 15. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS: ∆ GROUNDED THEORY ANALYSIS is a systematic methodology that involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning.
- 16. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS: ∆ CONTENT ANALYSIS is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text). Using content analysis, researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings, and relationships of such certain words, themes, or concepts. ∆ Cross-cultural Analysis is specifically defined as the use of "data collected by anthropologists concerning the customs and characteristics of various peoples throughout the world to test hypotheses concerning human behavior" ∆ SEMIOTICS is the systematic study of sign processes and meaning making. Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates something, usually called a meaning, to the sign's interpreter. ∆ DECONSTRUCTION refers to approaches to understanding the relationship between text and meaning. Deconstruction argues that language, especially in idealist concepts such as truth and justice, is irreducibly complex, unstable and difficult to determine.
- 17. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ TECHNIQUES OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: ∆ DOCUMENTATION, ∆ STORING, ∆ CODING AND CATEGORIZING, ∆ CREATING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS, ∆ ENUMERATION, ∆ ATTACHING MEMOS, ∆ LINKING DATA, ∆ FINDING AND EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS, ∆ MAKING CONNECTIONS, ∆ MAPS AND MATRICES, AND ∆ PRODUCING GRAPHICS
- 18. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ SCALES AND INDEXES FOR MEASURING QUALITATIVE DATA: ∆ Different ways to construct scales- ∆ SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE ∆ THURSTONE SCALES, ∆ LIKERT SCALES, ∆ GUTTMAN SCALING AND ∆ SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL.
- 19. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ SCALES AND INDEXES FOR MEASURING QUALITATIVE DATA: ∆ SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE
- 20. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ SCALES AND INDEXES FOR MEASURING QUALITATIVE DATA: ∆ THURSTONE SCALES, ∆ LIKERT SCALES,
- 21. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ SCALES AND INDEXES FOR MEASURING QUALITATIVE DATA: ∆ THURSTONE SCALES, ∆ LIKERT SCALES, MEASURABLE ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL COHESION Elements of Socially Cohesive Behavior Social Involvement Index Interpersonal and Domestic Trust Index Civic Involvement Index Conditions for a Socially Cohesive Society Inclusion Index Social Recognition Index Domestic Recognition and Consultation Index Institutional Trust Index Score Satisfaction on Public Services Index SOCIAL COHESION AVERAGE SCORE
- 22. Factor score lvb¥vwmK ‰ÎgvwmK wØgvwm K c«wZ gv‡m gv‡m `yBevi ev †ewk 21. AvZ¥xq -¯^R‡bi Kv‡Q Avcwb †eov‡Z hvb (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 22. eÜy-ev܇ei mv‡_ Avcwb †`Lv K‡ib (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 23. eÜy-evÜe Avcbvi evwo‡Z Av‡m (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 24. Avcwb cÖwZ‡ewki evwo‡Z hvb (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 25. cÖwZ‡ewk Avcbvi evwo‡Z Av‡m (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 26. mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b Avcwb AskMÖnb K‡ib (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) MEASURING BELONGING: SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT INDEX
- 23. Factor score `„X Abv¯’v/ Awek¦vm Abv¯’v/ Awek¦vm Av¯’v/ Abv¯’vi †KvbwU B bv Av¯’v/ wek¦vm `„X Av¯’v/ wek¦vm 31. wec‡`/ Avc‡` AvZ¥xq ¯^Rbiv mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 32. wec‡`/ Avc‡` Avgvi eÜyiv mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 33. wec‡`/ Avc‡` cÖwZ‡ewkiv mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 34. ‡Kvb Kv‡R cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avwg eÜy‡`i mvnvh¨ †bB| (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 35. ‡Kvb Kv‡R cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avwg AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡`i mvnvh¨ †bB| (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 36. cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avwg ev”Pv‡K AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡`i Kv‡Q †i‡L evB‡i †h‡Z cvwi| (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 37. cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avwg ev”Pv‡K eÜy‡`i Kv‡Q †i‡L evB‡i †h‡Z cvwi| (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) MEASURING BELONGING: DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL TRUST INDEX
- 24. MEASURING PARTICIPATION: CIVIC INVOLVEMENT INDEX Factor Score (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 41. KqwU †¯^”Qv‡mex msMV‡bi m`m¨c`/ AskMÖnb Av‡Q (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 42. †¯^”Qv‡mex msMV‡b †bZ…¯’vbxq c` Ae¯’vb/ Bwm m`m¨c` (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 43. †¯^”Qv‡mex msMV‡b ev K¬v‡ei mfvq Dcw¯’wZ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 44. mgv‡Ri mgm¨v mgvav‡b KvR K‡ib (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 45. mvgvwRK msNvZ wbimb Ges mgvav‡b KvR K‡ib (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Code for 41 01= 01wU msMVb (AwbqwgZ/ gv‡Sgv‡S); 02= 01wU msMVb (wbqwgZ); 03= 02wU msMVb (AwbqwgZ/ gv‡Sgv‡S); 04= 02wU msMVb (wbqwgZ); 05= 03wU msMVb (AwbqwgZ/ gv‡Sgv‡S); 06= 03wU msMVb (wbqwgZ); 07= 04wU msMVb (AwbqwgZ/ gv‡Sgv‡S); 08= 04wU msMVb (wbqwgZ); 09- 5wU ev Gi AwaK msMVb (AwbqwgZ/ gv‡Sgv‡S); 10= 5wU ev Gi AwaK msMVb (wbqwgZ)| Code for 42 01= 01wU msMVb (m`m¨c`); 02= 01wU msMVb (†bZ…¯’vbxq c`); 03= 02wU msMVb (m`m¨c`); 04= 02wU msMVb (†bZ…¯’vbxq c`); 05= 03wU msMVb (m`m¨c`); 06= 03wU msMVb (†bZ…¯’vbxq c`); 07= 04wU msMVb (m`m¨c`); 08= 04wU msMVb (†bZ…¯’vbxq c`); 09- 5wU ev Gi AwaK msMVb (m`m¨c`); 10= 5wU ev Gi AwaK msMVb (†bZ…¯’vbxq c`)| Code for 43, 44, 45 01= evrmwiK; 02= 9/10/11 gvm; 03= 07/08 gvm; 04= lvb¥vwmK; 05= 04/05 gvm; 06= ‰ÎgvwmK; 07= wØgvwmK; 08= cªwZ gv‡m; 09- cvwÿK; 10= mvßvwnK|
- 25. CONDITIONS FOR A SOCIALLY COHESIVE SOCIETY: INCLUSION INDEX
- 26. CONDITIONS FOR A SOCIALLY COHESIVE SOCIETY: MEASURING RECOGNITION
- 27. CONDITIONS FOR A SOCIALLY COHESIVE SOCIETY: DOMESTIC CONSULTATION/ RECOGNITION
- 28. CONDITIONS FOR A SOCIALLY COHESIVE SOCIETY: MEASURING LEGITIMACY ‡mevi aib `„X Av¯’v/ wek¦vm Av¯’v/ wek¦vm Av¯’v/ Abv¯’vi †KvbwUB bv Abv¯’v/ Awek¦vm `„X Abv¯’v/ Awek¦vm 111.Avcbvi Dc‡Rjvi miKvix KZ©…cÿ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.wbev©Pb Kwgkb (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.cywjk (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.Avcbvi ¯’vbxq miKvi (BDwbqb cwil`) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.ivR‰bwZK `j (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.wgwWqv (wUwf, ‡iwWI, msev`cÎ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.Avcbvi ¯’vbxq MÖvg Av`vjZ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
- 29. CONDITIONS FOR A SOCIALLY COHESIVE SOCIETY: MEASURING LEGITIMACY ‡mevi aib `„X Av¯’v/ wek¦vm Av¯’v/ wek¦vm Av¯’v/ Abv¯’vi †KvbwUB bv Abv¯’v/ Awek¦vm `„X Abv¯’v/ Awek¦vm 111.Avcbvi Dc‡Rjvi miKvix KZ©…cÿ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.wbev©Pb Kwgkb (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.cywjk (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.Avcbvi ¯’vbxq miKvi (BDwbqb cwil`) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.ivR‰bwZK `j (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.wgwWqv (wUwf, ‡iwWI, msev`cÎ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.Avcbvi ¯’vbxq MÖvg Av`vjZ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
- 30. CONDITIONS FOR A SOCIALLY COHESIVE SOCIETY: MEASURING LEGITIMACY ‡mevi aib `„X Av¯’v/ wek¦vm Av¯’v/ wek¦vm Av¯’v/ Abv¯’vi †KvbwUB bv Abv¯’v/ Awek¦vm `„X Abv¯’v/ Awek¦vm 111.Avcbvi Dc‡Rjvi miKvix KZ©…cÿ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.wbev©Pb Kwgkb (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.cywjk (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.Avcbvi ¯’vbxq miKvi (BDwbqb cwil`) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.ivR‰bwZK `j (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.wgwWqv (wUwf, ‡iwWI, msev`cÎ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 111.Avcbvi ¯’vbxq MÖvg Av`vjZ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
- 31. MZ Qq gv‡m Avcwb miKvwi †Kvb ‡Kvb `ßi †_‡K †mev wb‡q‡Qb? Lye mš‘ó mš‘ó mš‘ó ev AmšyÍó bv AmšyÍó Lye AmšyÍó Avcbvi cÖwZ Dc‡Rjv miKvix Awdmvi‡`i AvPiY h‡_ó eÜyZ¡c~b© (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Avcbvi cÖwZ Dc‡Rjv miKvix Awdmvi‡`i g‡bvfve h‡_ó mn‡hvwMZvc~b© (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) cÖ‡qvR‡b Dc‡Rjv miKvix Awdmvi‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kiv (KZUv mnR) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) cÖ‡qvR‡b Dc‡Rjv miKvix Awdmvi‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kiv Rb¨ A‡c¶vi mgqKvj (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb/ mgm¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î g‡bvhvM w`‡q Avcbvi e³e¨ †kvbv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb/ mgm¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î h_vh_fv‡e ch©‡eÿY Kiv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb/ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Avcbv‡K h_vh_fv‡e eywS‡q ejv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb/ mgm¨v mgvav‡b mn‡hvMxZv Kiv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) miKvwi `ßi (†KvW): 01= Dc‡Rjv wk¶v Kg©KZ©v, 02= Dc‡Rjv `vwi`ª we‡gvPb Kg©KZ©v, 03= Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdm, 04= Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdm, 05= Dc‡Rjv grm¨ Awdm, 06= Dc‡Rjv K…wl Awdm, 07= Dc‡Rjv bvix I wkï welqK Awdm, 08= Dc‡Rjv f~wg Awdm, 09= Dc‡Rjv ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡cø·, 10= Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v| SATISFACTION ON PUBLIC SERVICES Lye mš‘ó mš‘ó mš‘ó ev AmšyÍó bv AmšyÍó Lye AmšyÍó Avcbvi I Avcbvi cwiev‡ii wbivcËv cÖ`v‡b cywj‡ki f~wgKv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Avcbvi I Avcbvi cwiev‡ii m¤ú`/ m¤úwËi wbivcËv cÖ`v‡b cywj‡ki f~wgKv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cÖ`v‡b Dc‡Rjv ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡cø‡·i f~wgKv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) fzwg msµvšÍ †mevi mieiv‡n f‚wg Awd‡mi f~wgKv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) ¯’vbxq iv¯Ív¸‡jvi ms®‹vi I e¨e¯’vcbvq LGED Gi f~wgKv (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) SATISFACTION ON PUBLIC SERVICES (COMBINED SECTOR)
- 32. SATISFACTION ON PUBLIC SERVICES
- 33. SATISFACTION ON PUBLIC SERVICES
- 34. AVERAGE SOCIAL COHESION INDEX
- 35. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ GUTTMAN SCALING AND ∆ SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE. ∆ Example of older female health
- 36. DOING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ∆ COMPUTER-ASSISTED ANALYSIS oQUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: o MS EXCEL, o MS ACCESS, o SPSS, o STATA, o EPI AND ETC. oQUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: o ATLAS TI, o NVIVO, o DECISION EXPLORER, o ANTHROPAC, o MIND MAPPING AND ETC.
- 37. Guidelines for Writing i. Concise, clear language ii. The active versus the passive voice iii. Abbreviations and acronyms iv. Consistent terminology v. Residual categories vi. Dates vii. Reference period viii. Keep ratios simple ix. Percentages x. Too many numbers in the text confuse the reader and obscure the message xi. Titles, headings and subheadings