data and addressing for internet having new

What is an IP Address?
 An IP Address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s.
 A way to identify machines on a network.
 A unique identifier.
 A numerical label.
101010001111000011101010100111011

IP Usage
Used to connect to
another computer.
Allows transfers of files
and e-mail.

What is an internet protocol?
 Protocol used for communicating data.

Services provided by IP
 Addressing
 Fragmentation

Part of IP Address
 Network Part
 Local or Host Part

IP Structure
 IP Addresses consist of four sections.
 Each section is 8 bits long.
 Each section can range from 0 to 255.
 Written, for example, 128.35.0.72

IP Structure
 5 classes of IP addresses A B C D and
E.
 Class A reserved for governments.
 Class B reserved for companies.
 Class C reserved for companies.
 Class D reserved for multicasting.
 Class E reserved for future use.

IP ranges
Class Address Range Supports
Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts
on each of 127 networks.
Class B 127.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts on
each of 16,000 networks.
Class C 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each
of 2 million networks.
Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast
group.
Class E 224.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 Reserved for future use, or
research and development
purposes

network Host Host Host
Class A
24 Bits
Network Network Host Host
Class B
16 Bits
Network Network Network Host
Class C
8 Bits

Address Class High-Order
Bits
First Octal
Address
Range
Number of
Bits in the
Network
Address
Number of
Networks
Number of
Hosts per
Network
Class A 0 0-127 8 126 16,777,216
Class B 10 128-191 16 16,384 65,536
Class C 110 192-223 24 2,097,152 254
Class D 1110 224-255 28 N/A N/A

EXAMPLE
Network Host
32 Bits
Network Network Host Host
8 bits 1 byte 8 bits 1 byte
8 bits 1 byte
8 bits 1 byte
176 10 0 0
Network Address (host bits = all zeros)
N N N N
176 10 255 255
Broadcast Address (host bits = all ones)

How to Calculate
Historical classful network architecture
Class First
Octal
Binary
Range
of first
Octal
Networ
k ID
Host ID Number
of
Networ
ks
Number
Of
Addres
ses
A 0XXXX
XXX
0-127 a b.c.d 27=128 224=16,7
77,214
B 10XXXX
XX
128-191 a.b c.d 214=16,3
84
216=65,5
34
C 110XXX
XX
192-223 a.b.c d 221=2,09
7,152
28=254

IP versions
 IPv4: 32-bit* number: Written in Dotted
Decimal Notation
205.150.58.7
4 billion different host addresses
 IPv6: 128-bit* number: Written in Hex
Decimal Notation
2001:0503:0C27:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
16 billion network addresses

Types of IP Address
 Static address
 Dynamic address

Types of IP Address
 Static IP Address
 Manually input by network administrator
 Manageable for small networks
 Requires careful checks to avoid
duplication

Types of IP Address
 Dynamic IP Address.
 Examples – BOOTP, DHCP.
 Assigned by server when host boots.
 Derived automatically from a range of
addresses.
 Duration of `lease` negotiated, then
address released back to server.

Public and Private IP Address
 A public IP Address will be issued by an
ISP and will have number ranges from 1
to 191 in first octal with the exception of
the private address ranges that starts at
10.0.0 for class A private networks and
172.16.0 for the class B private
addresses.

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