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Databases for beginners.pdf

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The document provides an overview of database concepts and design. It discusses: - The basics of a database including what it is, how it is managed via a DBMS, its structure of tables with columns and rows. - Database design principles including normalization to eliminate redundancy and ensure relationships through primary and foreign keys. - Examples of single table and relational databases, and how to model relationships between tables using one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. - Additional database concepts like indexing, queries, constraints, and normalization forms to optimize database design.

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1 Databases for beginners 02-DBBA Marek Kręglewski
About the course • Steven Roman, Access Database Design & Programming (3rd Edition), O’Reilly 2002 • Curtis D. Frye, Microsoft Office Access 2007 Plain & Simple, Microsoft Press 2007 • http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access-help/# • http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access- help/database-basics- HA010064450.aspx#BMpartsofadatabase 2
3 Basics about a database? • A database is a structured collection of records. • Database Management System (DBMS) – add, remove, update records – retrieve data that match certain criteria – cross-reference data in different tables – perform complex aggregate calculation • Database consists of columns (attributes) and rows (records). • Databases versus spreadsheets – easy manipulation of data
4 Single table database ISBN Title AuID AuName AuTel PubID PubName PubTel Price 0-99-999999-9 Emma 1 Austen 111-111-1111 1 Big House 123-456-7890 20.00 zł 0-91-335678-7 Faerie Queen 7 Spenser 777-777-7777 1 Big House 123-456-7890 17.00 zł 0-91-045678-5 Hamlet 5 Shakespeare 555-555-5555 2 Alpha Press 999-999-9999 20.00 zł 0-103-45678-9 Iliad 3 Homer 333-333-3333 1 Big House 123-456-7890 25.00 zł 0-555-55555-9 Macbeth 5 Shakespeare 555-555-5555 2 Alpha Press 999-999-9999 12.00 zł 0-55-123456-9 Main Street 10 Jones 123-333-3333 3 Small House 714-000-0000 23.00 zł 0-55-123456-9 Main Street 9 Smith 123-222-2222 3 Small House 714-000-0000 23.00 zł 0-12-333433-3 On Liberty 8 Mill 888-888-8888 1 Big House 123-456-7890 25.00 zł 0-321-32132-1 Balloon 2 Sleepy 222-222-2222 3 Small House 714-000-0000 34.00 zł 0-321-32132-1 Balloon 4 Snoopy 444-444-4444 3 Small House 714-000-0000 34.00 zł 0-321-32132-1 Balloon 11 Grumpy 321-321-0000 3 Small House 714-000-0000 34.00 zł
5 Disadvantages of a single table database • Redundancy of data • Problem with complex data • Problems in updating in bulk (new phone number) • Problems in adding incomplete data (new publisher) • Problems in removing group of data (all books from the publisher) Solution: Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) • E.g. Microsoft Access
6 Relational Database • System of related tables • Minimum redundancy • Referential integrity • Database keys • The ACID model (guarantee of successful transactions): – Atomicity („all or nothing” rule) – Consistency (only valid data in) – Isolation (order of executed transactions) – Durability (committed transaction will not be lost)
7 Relations in a database example Books Written by Publisher Authors Coauthors Published by Is Title ISBN Price AuName AuID AuTel CoauName CoauID CoauTel PubName PubID PubTel    1 1 1
8 Home library – table Books ISBN Title PubID Price 0-103-45678-9 Iliad 1 25.00 zł 0-11-345678-9 Moby Dick 3 49.00 zł 0-12-333433-3 On Liberty 1 25.00 zł 0-123-45678-0 Ulysses 2 34.00 zł 0-12-345678-9 Jane Eyre 3 49.00 zł 0-321-32132-1 Balloon 3 34.00 zł 0-55-123456-9 Main Street 3 23.00 zł 0-555-55555-9 Macbeth 2 12.00 zł 0-91-045678-5 Hamlet 2 20.00 zł 0-91-335678-7 Faerie Queen 1 15.00 zł 0-99-777777-7 King Lear 2 49.00 zł 0-99-999999-9 Emma 1 20.00 zł 1-1111-1111-1 C++ 1 30.00 zł 1-22-233700-0 Visual Basic 1 25.00 zł
9 Home library – table Authors AuID AuName AuTel 1 Austen 111-111-1111 2 Melville 222-222-2222 3 Homer 333-333-3333 4 Roman 444-444-4444 5 Shakespeare 555-555-5555 6 Joyce 666-666-6666 7 Spenser 777-777-7777 8 Mill 888-888-8888 9 Smith 123-222-2222 10 Jones 123-333-3333 11 Snoopy 321-321-2222 12 Grumpy 321-321-0000 13 Sleepy 321-321-1111
10 Home library – table Publishers PubID PubName PubTel 1 Big House 123-456-7890 2 Alpha Press 999-999-9999 3 Small House 714-000-0000
11 Home library – table Books/Authors ISBN AuID 0-103-45678-9 3 0-11-345678-9 2 0-12-333433-3 8 0-123-45678-0 6 0-12-345678-9 1 0-321-32132-1 11 0-321-32132-1 12 0-321-32132-1 13 0-55-123456-9 9 0-55-123456-9 10 0-555-55555-9 5 0-91-045678-5 5 0-91-335678-7 7 0-99-777777-7 5 0-99-999999-9 1 1-1111-1111-1 4 1-22-233700-0 4
12 Table • Unique name • Size = # of rows, order =# of columns • Structure of a table → T{ A1, A2, … , An } • All rows different • Order of rows not important • Unique headers identify columns • NULL value in tables
13 Database keys • Primary key – Value unique for each record in a table – This value can not be used twice – AutoNumber guarantees uniqueness but does not carry any useful information • Foreign keys – Used to create relationships between tables – No uniqueness constraint for foreign keys • Relation between primary and foreign keys – Same format – Same values
14 Relations in a database example Books Written by Publisher Authors Coauthors Published by Is Title ISBN Price AuName AuID AuTel CoauName CoauID CoauTel PubName PubID PubTel    1 1 1
15 Building relations Relation one-to-one Table S Table T A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A1 B1 B2 B3 B4
16 Building relations Relation one-to-many Table S Table T A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A1 B1 B2 B3 B4 Primary key Foreign key Values of the foreign key can not be different from the values of the primary key.
17 Building relations Relation many-to-many Table S Table S/T Table T A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A1 B1 B1 B2 B3 B4
18 Enforcing referential integrity • Cascade Update Related Fields – the values of foreign keys change following changes of the values of the primary key • Cascade Delete Related Records – deleting a record from the primary field in a relationship causes a deletion of all related records in the second table
19 Indexing field values • Purpose: speed up access to specific data • Used in large tables • Updating of all indexes every time a table record is updated or added • Example Index of towns Table of shops Gdańsk • 1 Plus Toruń Kraków • 2 Piotr Poznań Poznań • 3 Tesco Kraków Poznań • 4 Tesco Poznań Toruń • 5 Plus Gdańsk
20 Principles for building a database • Types of attributes: – Identification – Information – Identification+information • Example 1: {PubID,PubName,PubTel,FoundYear} Ident Ident+inform Inform • Example 2: ISBN Title PubID PubName 1-1111-1111-1 Macbeth 1 Big House 2-2222-2222-2 Hamlet 1 5-5555-5555-5 2 ABC Press
21 Queries • Database – data located in tables + relations • Query – primary mechanism for retrieving information from a database, consists of questions presented to the database in a predefined format – an expression stored in a database having a unique name • Answer to the query – a computed table = Dynaset • SQL – Structured Query Language • Types of queries: – Select query – Action queries (Make-Table, Append, Update, Delete) – Crosstab query
22 Creating a query in MS Access
23 Design View of a query Drug and drop principle
24 Selection criteria • Specifying criteria: – A value of an expression – Use of criteria operators: <, >, <=, >=, <> – BETWEEN, e.g. BETWEEN 2 AND 5, – LIKE, e.g. LIKE „*[b-d]k[0-5]?#” • Logical operators: OR, AND – e.g. „Smith” OR „Jones” • Mathematical operators:+, - ,*, /, , MOD, ^ • Text operator: & • Date/Time fields – Format #2009-06-19# #16:00# #4:00PM# – Date/time functions: Date() Day(date), Month(date), Year(date), Weekday(date)
25 Calculation on groups of records
26 Parameter query When you run the query, you will be prompted to supply the maximum price
27 Crosstab query
28 Database Normalization Basics • Purpose: - eliminating redundant data - ensuring logical relations of dependent data • The normal forms - 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF - guidelines only - hierarchical structure of NF • First Normal Form (1NF) - eliminate duplicative columns - create separate tables for each group of related data and define primary keys e.g. Authors = Jones, H.; Smith K. (incorrect)
29 Database Normalization Basics • Second Normal Form (2NF) - meet all requirements of the 1NF - remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows and place them in separate tables - create relationships between new tables using foreign keys • Example - table of addresses: {Town, Street, HouseNumber, HouseColor, SizeOfTown} attribute of Town
30 • Third Normal Form (3NF) - meet all requirements of the 2NF - remove columns that are not dependent upon primary key • Example {ISBN, Title, NumberOfBooks, UnitPrice, TotalValue} where: TotalValue = NumberOfBooks*UnitPrice Correct form: {ISBN, Title, NumberOfBooks, UnitPrice} Database Normalization Basics
31 • Fourth Normal Form (Boyce-Codd NF = BCNF) - meet all requirements of the 3NF - remove all multi-valued dependencies • Example {Town, Street, HouseNumber, ZIPcode} where: combination of {Town, Street} determines {Zipcode} Correct form: {Street, HouseNumber, ZIPcode} and {ZIPcode, Town} Database Normalization Basics
32 Decomposition of tables • Relations between data must be conserved • Decomposition • Display all John Smiths AuID AuName PubID A1 Smith, John P1 A2 Smith, John P2 AuID AuName AuName PubID A1 Smith, John Smith, John P1 A2 Smith, John Smith, John P2 AuID AuName PubID A1 Smith, John P1 A1 Smith, John P2 A2 Smith, John P1 A2 Smith, John P2
33 No_order IDsupplier Name_ Supplier Address_ Supplier IDpart Name_ part Qty Warehouse Address_ Warehouse 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 53 Carburetor 100 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 57 Crankshaft 50 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 59 Mudguard 500 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 002 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 54 Carburetor 500 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 32 Wheel 100 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 003 500 VW Polska Antoninek, Słowackiego 2 88 Engine 15 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 004 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 58 Mudguard 400 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 21 Alternator 50 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 005 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 53 Carburetor 200 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 57 Crankshaft 30 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 006 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 59 Mudguard 20 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 Example: Relation ORDERS not normalized
34 Relation ORDERS in the first normal form (1NF) eliminates duplicative columns No_order IDsupplier Name_ Supplier Address_ Supplier IDpart Name_ part Qty Warehouse Address_ Warehouse 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 53 Carburetor 100 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 57 Crankshaft 50 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 59 Mudguard 500 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 002 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 54 Carburetor 500 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 002 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 32 Wheel 100 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 003 500 VW Antoninek, Słowackiego 2 88 Engine 15 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 004 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 58 Mudguard 400 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 004 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 21 Alternator 50 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 005 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 53 Carburetor 200 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 005 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 57 Crankshaft 30 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 006 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 59 Mudguard 20 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25
35 Relation ORDERS in the second normal form (2NF) all attributes fully dependent on primary keys No_order Address_warehouse IDsupplier Warehouse Qty Name_supplier Address_supplier IDpart Name_part Diagram of functional dependencies in the relation ORDERS
36 IDpart Name_part Warehouse Address_Warehouse 53 Carburetor 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 57 Crankshaft 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 58 Mudguard 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 59 Mudguard 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 54 Carburetor 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 32 Wheel 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 88 Engine 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 21 Alternator 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 No_order IDsupplier Name_ supplier Address_Supplier 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 002 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 003 500 VW Antoninek, Słowackiego 2 004 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 005 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 006 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 No_order IDpart Qty 001 53 100 001 57 50 001 59 500 002 54 500 002 32 100 003 88 15 004 58 400 004 21 50 005 53 200 005 57 30 006 59 20 SUPPLIER_ON_ORDER PARTS_IN_WAREHOUSE PARTS_ON_ORDER 2NF
37 Relation ORDERS in the third normal form (3NF) remove column not dependent upon primary key No_order IDsupplier Name_supplier Address_supplier Diagram of functional dependencies in the relation SUPPLIER_ON_ORDER Address_warehouse Warehouse IDpart Name_part Diagram of functional dependencies in the relation PARTS_IN_WAREHOUSE No_order IDpart Qty Diagram of functional dependencies in the relation PARTS_ON_ORDER
38 No_order IDsupplier No_order IDsupplier 001 300 002 400 003 500 004 600 005 300 006 300 ORDER_TO_SUPPLIER IDsupplier Name_ Supplier Address_Supplier 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 500 VW Antoninek, Słowackiego 2 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 IDupplier Name_supplier Address_Supplier Warehouse Address_Warehouse Warehouse Address_Warehouse 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 SUPPLIERS WAREHOUSES 3NF
39 IDpart Name_ part 21 Alternator 32 Wheel 53 Carburetor 54 Carburetor 57 Crankshaft 58 Mudguard 59 Mudguard 88 Engine IDpart Name_part PARTS IDpart Warehouse 53 5 57 5 58 6 59 6 54 5 32 6 88 7 21 7 IDpart Warehouse PARTS_IN_WAREHOUSE PARTS_ON_ORDER as above 3NF
40 Example: ORDERS
41 Structured Query Language - SQL Why to use SQL in addition to the Design View? - not all SQL functions can be used from the Design View level - SQL can be used in other applications (Excel, Word, Visual Basic) - SQL is a standard query language which can be used outside the Access program One can easily switch between Design View and SQL View SQL is a procedure language which tells what to do, and not how to do. SQL components: - Data Definition Language – DDL - Data Manipulation Language – DML - Data Control Language - DCL
42 DML component of SQL Basic instructions: - SELECT - UPDATE - DELETE Basic structure of the SQL command: SELECT column1, column2,… FROM table1, table2,… WHERE criteria; List of columns can be replaced with *.
43 Sorting SELECT PUBLISHERS.PubName, PUBLISHERS.PubTel FROM PUBLISHERS ORDER BY PUBLISHERS.PubName; PubName PubTel Alpha Press 999-999-9999 Big House 123-456-7890 Small House 714-000-0000 or ORDER BY attribute DESC
44 Changing field names SELECT PUBLISHERS.PubName AS [Publisher’s Name], PUBLISHERS.PubTel AS [Publisher’s Phone] FROM PUBLISHERS ORDER BY PUBLISHERS.PubName; Publisher’s Name Publisher’s Phone Alpha Press 999-999-9999 Big House 123-456-7890 Small House 714-000-0000
45 Filtering SELECT COUNT (ISBN) AS [How many books from Alpha Press?] FROM BOOKS WHERE (PubID=1); How many books from Alpha Press? 6 SELECT COUNT(ISBN) AS [Number of books], MIN(Price) AS Min_Price, MAX(Price) AS Max_Price, AVG(Price) AS Avg_Price FROM BOOKS; Number of books Min_Price Max_Price Avg_Price 15 12.00 zł 49.00 zł 29.27 zł
46 Grouping SELECT PubID, COUNT(*) AS [Number of books] FROM BOOKS GROUP BY PubID; PubID Number of books 1 6 2 4 3 4 4 1
47 Group filtering SELECT PubID, COUNT(*) AS [Number of books] FROM BOOKS GROUP BY PubID HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 ; PubID Number of books 1 6 2 4 3 4
48 Aggregation, filtering, grouping, group filtering SELECT PubID, COUNT(*) AS [Number of books] FROM BOOKS WHERE Price >= 25 GROUP BY PubID HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 ; PubID Number of books 1 4 2 2 3 3
49 Elements of the SELECT command Element Description Compulsory? SELECT Returns columns or expressions Yes FROM Taking data from tables Yes if data from tables WHERE Filtering rows No GROUP BY Creating groups Yes for aggregation functions HAVING Filtering groups No ORDER BY Sorting of the output No
50 DELETE and UPDATE DELETE BOOKS1.Price FROM BOOKS1 WHERE ((BOOKS1.Price)>40); UPDATE BOOKS1 SET BOOKS1.Price= [BOOKS1]![Price]+1; UPDATE BOOKS1 SET BOOKS1.Price= [BOOKS1]![Price]+1 WHERE ((BOOKS.Price)<20);
51 Queries based on multiple tables SELECT Title, PubName, Price FROM PUBLISHERS, BOOKS WHERE PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID ORDER BY BOOKS.Title; Design View Dynaset – a computed table
52 Inner join 1 SELECT BOOKS.Title, PUBLISHERS.PubName, BOOKS.Price FROM PUBLISHERS INNER JOIN BOOKS ON PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID ORDER BY BOOKS.Title; SELECT BOOKS.Title, PUBLISHERS.PubName, BOOKS.Price FROM PUBLISHERS, BOOKS WHERE PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID ORDER BY BOOKS.Title; Structure of the inner join one-to-many: TABLE1 INNER JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.primarykey = TABLE2.foreignkey
53 Inner join 2 one-to-many SELECT Count(BOOKS.Title) AS [Number of books], PUBLISHERS.PubName, AVG(BOOKS.Price) AS [Average price] FROM PUBLISHERS INNER JOIN BOOKS ON PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID GROUP BY PUBLISHERS.Name ORDER BY PUBLISHERS.Name;
54 What happens if WHERE is missing? SELECT BOOKS.Title, PUBLISHERS.PubName, BOOKS.Price FROM PUBLISHERS, BOOKS; Title PubName Price Iliad Big House 25.00 zł Iliad Alpha Press 25.00 zł Iliad Small House 25.00 zł Iliad Edition 2000 25.00 zł Moby Dick Big House 49.00 zł Moby Dick Alpha Press 49.00 zł Moby Dick Small House 49.00 zł Moby Dick Edition 2000 49.00 zł On Liberty Big House 25.00 zł On Liberty Alpha Press 25.00 zł On Liberty Small House 25.00 zł On Liberty Edition 2000 25.00 zł Ulysses Big House 34.00 zł Ulysses Alpha Press 34.00 zł Ulysses Small House 34.00 zł Ulysses Edition 2000 34.00 zł …. Result: A direct product of two tables
55 Inner join 3 many-to-many SELECT BOOKS.Title, BOOKS.ISBN, BOOKS.Price, BOOKS.Year, PUBLISHERS.PubName, AUTHORS.AuName FROM PUBLISHERS INNER JOIN (BOOKS INNER JOIN (AUTHORS INNER JOIN [BOOKS/AUTHORS] ON AUTHORS.AuID = [BOOKS/AUTHORS].AuID) ON BOOKS.ISBN = [BOOKS/AUTHORS].ISBN) ON PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID; Title ISBN Price Year PubName AuName Iliad 0-103-45678-9 25.00 zł 1989 Big House Homer Moby Dick 0-11-345678-9 49.00 zł 1998 Small House Melville On Liberty 0-12-333433-3 25.00 zł 1987 Big House Mill Ulysses 0-123-45678-0 34.00 zł 1999 Alpha Press Joyce Jane Eyre 0-12-345678-9 49.00 zł 1990 Small House Austen Balloon 0-321-32132-1 34.00 zł 1995 Small House Snoopy Balloon 0-321-32132-1 34.00 zł 1995 Small House Grumpy Balloon 0-321-32132-1 34.00 zł 1995 Small House Sleepy Main Street 0-55-123456-9 23.00 zł 1996 Small House Smith Main Street 0-55-123456-9 23.00 zł 1996 Small House Jones Macbeth 0-555-55555-9 12.00 zł 1991 Alpha Press Shakespeare Hamlet 0-91-045678-5 20.00 zł 2000 Alpha Press Shakespeare
56 Query Customers1 SELECT [First_name] & " " & [Surname] AS Person, BOOKS.Title, [CUST/BOOKS].DateOut, [CUST/BOOKS].DateBack FROM CUSTOMER INNER JOIN (BOOKS INNER JOIN [CUST/BOOKS] ON BOOKS.ISBN = [CUST/BOOKS].ISBN) ON CUSTOMER.CustID = [CUST/BOOKS].CustID;
57 Query Customers2 – OUTER JOIN SELECT CUSTOMER!First_name & " " & CUSTOMER!Surname AS Person, WhoBorrowsID.Title, WhoBorrowsID.DateOut, WhoBorrowsID.DateBack FROM CUSTOMER LEFT {outer} JOIN WhoBorrowsID ON CUSTOMER.CustID = WhoBorrowsID.CustID; WhoBorrows is a query
58 Query WhoBorrows SELECT [CUST/BOOKS].CustID, BOOKS.Title, [CUST/BOOKS].DateOut, [CUST/BOOKS].DateBack FROM BOOKS INNER JOIN [CUST/BOOKS] ON BOOKS.ISBN = [CUST/BOOKS].ISBN;
59 NULL in a query SELECT BOOKS.ISBN, BOOKS.Title, [CUST/BOOKS].DateOut, [CUST/BOOKS].DateBack FROM BOOKS LEFT JOIN [CUST/BOOKS] ON BOOKS.ISBN = [CUST/BOOKS].ISBN WHERE ((([CUST/BOOKS].DateOut) Is Null) AND (([CUST/BOOKS].DateBack) Is Null)) OR ((([CUST/BOOKS].DateOut) Is Not Null) AND (([CUST/BOOKS].DateBack) Is Not Null)) ORDER BY BOOKS.Title; Available books
60 Functional queries SELECT CUSTOMER!Surname & " " & CUSTOMER!First_name AS Person, Count([CUST/BOOKS].ISBN) AS [Number of books], Year([CUST/BOOKS]!DateOut) AS YearOut INTO Table_NotReturned FROM CUSTOMER INNER JOIN [CUST/BOOKS] ON CUSTOMER.CustID=[CUST/BOOKS].CustID GROUP BY CUSTOMER!Surname & " " & CUSTOMER!First_name, Year([CUST/BOOKS]!DateOut), [CUST/BOOKS].DateBack HAVING ((([CUST/BOOKS].DateBack) Is Null) AND ((Year([CUST/BOOKS]!DateOut))=[Give the year])) ORDER BY CUSTOMER!Surname & " " & CUSTOMER!First_name; Only SELECT Creating a new table
61 Functional queries Creating o copy of a table SELECT * INTO NotReturned2008 FROM Table_NotReturned; Merging two tables INSERT INTO Table_NotReturned SELECT * FROM NotReturned2008;
62 Creating reports Characteristic features of a report: •attractive form •basic information in headers and footers •information grouped and sorted •graphical elements improving the form Methods of creating reports: •design view •Wizard •AutoReport: Columnar or Tabelar Source of data: tables or queries
63 AutoReport
64 Report – design view
65 Toolbox Label Text box Button Combo box List box Subreport Image
66 Database form A form is an Access object. It generally serves three purposes: 1) To allow users to perform data entry. Data can be inserted, updated, or deleted from a table using a Form object. 2) To allow users to enter custom information, and based on that information perform a task. For example, you may want to ask a user for parameters before running a report. 3) To allow users a method of navigating through the system. For example, you may create a form where a user can select a form to load, a report to run, etc. Forms: bound or unbound A bound form has a RecordSource, a table or query to which the form is "tied" or "based". An unbound form does not have a RecordSource, that doesn't mean it can't contain data, but the programmer will have to bring that data in manually.
67 Creating Forms in Microsoft Access Remember: there is a large number of pre-defined forms. The Form options quickly create a form based upon a table or query.
Form Design 68
69 Creating forms – Form Wizzard Form facilitating introduction of a new customer to the database: 1) Select the data source 2) Select the form fields
70 Creating forms – the layout and style
71 Creating forms – the form title The form can be modified in Design View mode.
72 Creating forms - adjustments
73 Using a form Access to the existing records in the table CUSTOMER Input of a new record
74 Editing properties of a form Properties icon: Our original goal is to create a form for data purposes. We don’t want to grant employees full access to view or edit customer records. Setting the „Data Entry” property to „Yes” will only allow users to insert new records and modify records created during that session.
75 The form after the edition of properties Opening the form: no earlier records can be seen The CustID is automatically assigned, First_name and Surname are typed in. A new record is introduced into the table CUSTOMER:
Security differences between Access 2007 and earlier versions of Access 76 Earlier versions: -security levels (Low, Medium, or High), -to run potentially unsafe code or not. Access 2007 disables all potentially unsafe code or other components, regardless of the version of Access that you used to create the database. Message Bar: You can choose to trust or not trust the disabled content in the database.
77 You trust the disabled content: •Trust the database only for the current session (while the database is open) Click Options on the Message Bar. •Trust the database permanently Place the database in a trusted location — a folder on a drive or network that you mark as trusted. You don't trust the database: Ignore the Message Bar. When you ignore the Message Bar, you can still view the data in the database and use any components in the database that Access has not disabled.
Trust a database for the current session 78 1. Start Office Access 2007, and on the Getting Started with Microsoft Office Access page, under Featured Online Templates, click Assets to open the Assets template.
79 2. In the File Name box, type a name for the new database, and then click Download. Access downloads the database template and creates a new database, and the Message Bar appears. 3. On the Message Bar, click Options. The Microsoft Office Security Options dialog box appears. 4. Click Enable this content, and then click OK.
Create a trusted location 80 Start Office Access 2007 (you do not need to open a database to complete these steps). Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Access Options. Click Trust Center, and then click Trust Center Settings.
81 Click Add new location. The Microsoft Office Trusted Location dialog box appears. Click Trusted Locations.
82 The Microsoft Office Trusted Location dialog box appears. In the Path box, type the file path and folder name of the location that you want to set as a trusted source, or click Browse to locate a folder. By default, the folder must reside on a local drive. Note If you want to allow trusted network locations, in the Trust Center dialog box, click Allow Trusted Locations on my network (not recommended).
Move a database to a trusted location 83 If you have a database open Click the Microsoft Office Button . Point to Save As, and under Save the database in another format, click one of the available options. In the Save As dialog box, navigate to the trusted location, and then click Save. If you do not have a database open Locate and copy your database
Use a database password to encrypt an Office Access 2007 database 84 The encryption tool in Office Access 2007 combines and improves on two older tools — database passwords and encoding. Open in exclusive mode
Encrypt by using a database password 85 Open the database (in Exclusive mode) that you want to encrypt. On the Database Tools tab, in the Database Tools group, click Encrypt with Password. The Set Database Password dialog box appears.
Decrypt and open a database 86 1. Open the encrypted database as you open any other database. 2. The Password Required dialog box appears. 3. Type your password in the Enter database password box, and then click OK.
Remove a password 87 Open the database in Exclusive mode. On the Database Tools tab, in the Database Tools group, click Decrypt Database.
Package, sign, and distribute an Access 2007 database 88 Access 2007 makes it easier and faster to sign and distribute a database. When you create an .accdb file or .accde file, you can package the file, apply a digital signature to the package, and then distribute the signed package to other users. •ways to convey trust •add only one database to a package •signs all of the objects in your databases •the process also compresses the package file •a security certificate
Create a self-signed certificate 89 In Microsoft Windows, click the Start button, point to All Programs, point to Microsoft Office, point to Microsoft Office Tools, and then click Digital Certificate for VBA Projects
90 Create a self-signed certificate
91 Create a self-signed certificate
Create a signed package 92 Open the database Microsoft Office Button , point to Publish, and then click Package and Sign Select a digital certificate and then click OK The Create Microsoft Office Access Signed Package dialog box appears
93 Create a signed package Select a location for your signed database package. Enter a name for the signed package in the File name box, and then click Create. Access creates the .accdc file and places it in the location that you choose
Extract and use a signed package 94 1.Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Open. 2.Select Microsoft Office Access Signed Packages (*.accdc) as the file type. 3.Locate the folder that contains your .accdc file, select the file, and then click Open. 4.Do one of the following: •If you have earlier chosen to trust the digital certificate that was applied to the deployment package, the Extract Database To dialog box appears. Go to the next step. •If you have not yet chosen to trust the digital certificate, an advisory message appears.
95 Extract and use a signed package If you trust the database, click Open. If you trust any certificate from that provider, click Trust all from publisher and then click OK. Optionally, select a location for the extracted database, and then in the File name box, enter a different name for the extracted database
Splitting a database 96
Hide VBA code from users 97 If your database contains Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) (Visual Basic for Applications (VBA): A macro-language version of Microsoft Visual Basic that is used to program Windows applications and is included with several Microsoft applications.) code, you can hide that code by saving your Microsoft Office Access database (database: A collection of data related to a particular subject or purpose. Within a database, information about a particular entity, such as an employee or order, is categorized into tables, records, and fields.) in the .accde file format. Saving a database as an .accde file compiles all VBA code modules, removes all editable source code, and compacts the destination database. Your VBA code retains its functionality, but the code cannot be viewed or edited. In general, the database will continue to function as usual — you can still update data and run reports.
98 Microsoft Access Security The Security Wizard in MS Access is a very useful tool. But there is more to security than just running the wizard. The 12 steps will describe how to secure a database from start to finish.
99 1. You may secure any database that has been created while joined to the System.Mdw. 2. Create a new workgroup file(*. MDW) 3. Open the unsecured database and create a password for the Admin user. 4. Create a new user account that will be the new workgroup administrator, like "PowerAdmin" 5. Modify the Admins group by adding the new administrator and removing the original Admin account. 6. Re-log into Access as the new workgroup administrator that you created previously. 7. Set up a password for the new workgroup administrator. 8. Run the Security wizard under Tools | Security | User - Level Security. 9. Create any additional group accounts. 10.Create any additional user accounts. 11.Set up the database object's permissions. 12.Any new databases that you create will already be secure. How to secure a database?
100 System.MDW file A Workgroup Information File (*.MDW) stores information to authenticate a user. It stores the user names, group names, and passwords. It does not store any permission or rights to any database. Its main purpose is to verify that a user is really who they say they are. The permissions of the database objects, tables, queries, forms, etc., are stored in each MDB file. The System.mdw is the default workgroup filename created when you install MS Access.
101 The Admin user Every time a user opens the MS Access program, MS Access attempts to login the Admin user with a blank password. If the log in is successful, MS Access continues loading and the user never realizes that they were logged in as Admin. However, if the login is unsuccessful, say for example the Admin user does not have a blank password, then a login dialog box pops up asking the user to specify a username and password When you create a new User, you will be prompted for a User Name, Password, and a PID or Personal Identification number. A PID can be any text or numbers up to 20 characters long. All three values uniquely identify each user.
102 The database.MDB file MS Access verifies that the user name and password exist in the Workgroup Information File. After the user has been verified, the workgroup information file’s job is done. The MDB itself stores security rights and privileges for each user and for each database object. The MDB will have a list of user id’s and the privileges that each user may have. One user may have the rights to open the table, but not delete any records, or change the design of the table. Another user may not have any restrictions at all. The MDB file knows each user’s privileges. The distinction between the workgroup information file and the MDB file is one that confuses a lot of developers.
103 1. Workgroup file All the databases that you have been creating up to this time have been created by the Admin user of the default System.Mdw. The System.Mdw is a generic workgroup file. All System.Mdw on everyone’s computers has the exact same Admin account with no password and with a PID of Null, making the Admin user account not very secure to continue to use. The database does not have to be completely developed to continue setting up security. You may continue to work on it after it is secured. You can secure a database that has already been create with a different workgroup file, if you can log into the database with the account that created the database and if that account still has full rights to all the database objects.
104 2,3. Create a new workgroup file(*. MDW) Use the MS Access Workgroup Administrator program. Do not leave the Workgroup ID blank or anyone will be able to create a workgroup file similar to yours. You can name the workgroup file anything you'd like. It does not have to be named System.MDW. In fact it should have a different name to avoid confusion. It’s a good idea to keep a back up copy of any workgroup file you create file offsite and in a secure location should anything happen to the original. By establishing a password for the Admin user, Access will ask for a user name and password every time it Access is opened.
105 New workgroup administrator Instead of continuing to use the Admin user, we will disable the Admin user's abilities. The reason for this is that every workgroup file has an Admin user, so using it will make our database less secure. I like to name my new workgroup administrator something like PowerAdmin. Write down the new name and PID. Store this information offsite in a secure location.
106 5. Modifying the Admins group Any user in the Admins group will have full control of all the database's objects. They can also control other user's access to the database's objects. By removing the Admin account from the Admins groups, the Admin becomes virtually useless. After our database is secure, if any one successfully logs in as the Admin user, they find that they don't have very many rights. If anyone needs to log in as a user with full rights, they should use the new workgroup administrator that we created in the previous steps.
107 6,7. New workgroup administrator Re-Log into Access the new workgroup administrator that you created previously. Up to this point, the new workgroup administrator doesn't have a password. You can set up a password for this account under Tools | Security | User and Group Accounts | Change Log On Password.
108 8. Run the Security wizard Security wizard under Tools | Security | User - Level Security. 1) This step creates a new database and copies all the current database's objects into it. 2) The Wizard sets the owner of the database from Admin to the new workgroup administrator. This is done by creating a new database while logged in as the new workgroup administrator. 3) The Security Wizard changes the owner of each object in the database from Admin to the new workgroup administrator. 4) The Security Wizard removes all permissions from the Admin user.
109 9. Create any group accounts For example, you may want to create a group named PowerUsers for users that may need lots of database permissions. You may also create a Personnel group account for those user that only need limited rights.
110 10. Create user accounts Assign users to the appropriate groups. If a user belongs to more than one group, the user receives the sum or combination of the permission given to each group.
111 11. The object's permissions Change the database object's permissions for each group account. To make permissions easier for you to manage, try and avoid setting permissions for individual user. Remember that there are several database object types for which you may need to set permissions. Database object Table objects Query objects Form objects Report objects Macro objects Module objects
112 12. Any new databases that you create will already be secure as long as you are still joined to the workgroup file that you created in step #2. Just repeat step #11 to grant permissions to the object in your new database.
113 Security gone awry MS Access help file states: '.if you lose or forget your password, it can't be recovered, and you won't be able to open your database.' If you still need to open your database, try http://www.LostPassword.com. The site has password recovery tools for the most popular office software, ranging from MS Access to FileMaker and from MS Word to WordPerfect. Access Key is a Password Recovery Kit module that recovers both database and user-level security accounts passwords. There's also an Access Security Recovery service (available for legal owners/copyright holders only) that comes handy if a Workgroup Information File is lost or corrupted. You can find more info at http://ref.lostpassword.com/access.htm?900407

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Databases for beginners.pdf

  • 2. About the course • Steven Roman, Access Database Design & Programming (3rd Edition), O’Reilly 2002 • Curtis D. Frye, Microsoft Office Access 2007 Plain & Simple, Microsoft Press 2007 • http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access-help/# • http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access- help/database-basics- HA010064450.aspx#BMpartsofadatabase 2
  • 3. 3 Basics about a database? • A database is a structured collection of records. • Database Management System (DBMS) – add, remove, update records – retrieve data that match certain criteria – cross-reference data in different tables – perform complex aggregate calculation • Database consists of columns (attributes) and rows (records). • Databases versus spreadsheets – easy manipulation of data
  • 4. 4 Single table database ISBN Title AuID AuName AuTel PubID PubName PubTel Price 0-99-999999-9 Emma 1 Austen 111-111-1111 1 Big House 123-456-7890 20.00 zł 0-91-335678-7 Faerie Queen 7 Spenser 777-777-7777 1 Big House 123-456-7890 17.00 zł 0-91-045678-5 Hamlet 5 Shakespeare 555-555-5555 2 Alpha Press 999-999-9999 20.00 zł 0-103-45678-9 Iliad 3 Homer 333-333-3333 1 Big House 123-456-7890 25.00 zł 0-555-55555-9 Macbeth 5 Shakespeare 555-555-5555 2 Alpha Press 999-999-9999 12.00 zł 0-55-123456-9 Main Street 10 Jones 123-333-3333 3 Small House 714-000-0000 23.00 zł 0-55-123456-9 Main Street 9 Smith 123-222-2222 3 Small House 714-000-0000 23.00 zł 0-12-333433-3 On Liberty 8 Mill 888-888-8888 1 Big House 123-456-7890 25.00 zł 0-321-32132-1 Balloon 2 Sleepy 222-222-2222 3 Small House 714-000-0000 34.00 zł 0-321-32132-1 Balloon 4 Snoopy 444-444-4444 3 Small House 714-000-0000 34.00 zł 0-321-32132-1 Balloon 11 Grumpy 321-321-0000 3 Small House 714-000-0000 34.00 zł
  • 5. 5 Disadvantages of a single table database • Redundancy of data • Problem with complex data • Problems in updating in bulk (new phone number) • Problems in adding incomplete data (new publisher) • Problems in removing group of data (all books from the publisher) Solution: Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) • E.g. Microsoft Access
  • 6. 6 Relational Database • System of related tables • Minimum redundancy • Referential integrity • Database keys • The ACID model (guarantee of successful transactions): – Atomicity („all or nothing” rule) – Consistency (only valid data in) – Isolation (order of executed transactions) – Durability (committed transaction will not be lost)
  • 7. 7 Relations in a database example Books Written by Publisher Authors Coauthors Published by Is Title ISBN Price AuName AuID AuTel CoauName CoauID CoauTel PubName PubID PubTel    1 1 1
  • 8. 8 Home library – table Books ISBN Title PubID Price 0-103-45678-9 Iliad 1 25.00 zł 0-11-345678-9 Moby Dick 3 49.00 zł 0-12-333433-3 On Liberty 1 25.00 zł 0-123-45678-0 Ulysses 2 34.00 zł 0-12-345678-9 Jane Eyre 3 49.00 zł 0-321-32132-1 Balloon 3 34.00 zł 0-55-123456-9 Main Street 3 23.00 zł 0-555-55555-9 Macbeth 2 12.00 zł 0-91-045678-5 Hamlet 2 20.00 zł 0-91-335678-7 Faerie Queen 1 15.00 zł 0-99-777777-7 King Lear 2 49.00 zł 0-99-999999-9 Emma 1 20.00 zł 1-1111-1111-1 C++ 1 30.00 zł 1-22-233700-0 Visual Basic 1 25.00 zł
  • 9. 9 Home library – table Authors AuID AuName AuTel 1 Austen 111-111-1111 2 Melville 222-222-2222 3 Homer 333-333-3333 4 Roman 444-444-4444 5 Shakespeare 555-555-5555 6 Joyce 666-666-6666 7 Spenser 777-777-7777 8 Mill 888-888-8888 9 Smith 123-222-2222 10 Jones 123-333-3333 11 Snoopy 321-321-2222 12 Grumpy 321-321-0000 13 Sleepy 321-321-1111
  • 10. 10 Home library – table Publishers PubID PubName PubTel 1 Big House 123-456-7890 2 Alpha Press 999-999-9999 3 Small House 714-000-0000
  • 11. 11 Home library – table Books/Authors ISBN AuID 0-103-45678-9 3 0-11-345678-9 2 0-12-333433-3 8 0-123-45678-0 6 0-12-345678-9 1 0-321-32132-1 11 0-321-32132-1 12 0-321-32132-1 13 0-55-123456-9 9 0-55-123456-9 10 0-555-55555-9 5 0-91-045678-5 5 0-91-335678-7 7 0-99-777777-7 5 0-99-999999-9 1 1-1111-1111-1 4 1-22-233700-0 4
  • 12. 12 Table • Unique name • Size = # of rows, order =# of columns • Structure of a table → T{ A1, A2, … , An } • All rows different • Order of rows not important • Unique headers identify columns • NULL value in tables
  • 13. 13 Database keys • Primary key – Value unique for each record in a table – This value can not be used twice – AutoNumber guarantees uniqueness but does not carry any useful information • Foreign keys – Used to create relationships between tables – No uniqueness constraint for foreign keys • Relation between primary and foreign keys – Same format – Same values
  • 14. 14 Relations in a database example Books Written by Publisher Authors Coauthors Published by Is Title ISBN Price AuName AuID AuTel CoauName CoauID CoauTel PubName PubID PubTel    1 1 1
  • 15. 15 Building relations Relation one-to-one Table S Table T A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A1 B1 B2 B3 B4
  • 16. 16 Building relations Relation one-to-many Table S Table T A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A1 B1 B2 B3 B4 Primary key Foreign key Values of the foreign key can not be different from the values of the primary key.
  • 17. 17 Building relations Relation many-to-many Table S Table S/T Table T A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A1 B1 B1 B2 B3 B4
  • 18. 18 Enforcing referential integrity • Cascade Update Related Fields – the values of foreign keys change following changes of the values of the primary key • Cascade Delete Related Records – deleting a record from the primary field in a relationship causes a deletion of all related records in the second table
  • 19. 19 Indexing field values • Purpose: speed up access to specific data • Used in large tables • Updating of all indexes every time a table record is updated or added • Example Index of towns Table of shops Gdańsk • 1 Plus Toruń Kraków • 2 Piotr Poznań Poznań • 3 Tesco Kraków Poznań • 4 Tesco Poznań Toruń • 5 Plus Gdańsk
  • 20. 20 Principles for building a database • Types of attributes: – Identification – Information – Identification+information • Example 1: {PubID,PubName,PubTel,FoundYear} Ident Ident+inform Inform • Example 2: ISBN Title PubID PubName 1-1111-1111-1 Macbeth 1 Big House 2-2222-2222-2 Hamlet 1 5-5555-5555-5 2 ABC Press
  • 21. 21 Queries • Database – data located in tables + relations • Query – primary mechanism for retrieving information from a database, consists of questions presented to the database in a predefined format – an expression stored in a database having a unique name • Answer to the query – a computed table = Dynaset • SQL – Structured Query Language • Types of queries: – Select query – Action queries (Make-Table, Append, Update, Delete) – Crosstab query
  • 22. 22 Creating a query in MS Access
  • 23. 23 Design View of a query Drug and drop principle
  • 24. 24 Selection criteria • Specifying criteria: – A value of an expression – Use of criteria operators: <, >, <=, >=, <> – BETWEEN, e.g. BETWEEN 2 AND 5, – LIKE, e.g. LIKE „*[b-d]k[0-5]?#” • Logical operators: OR, AND – e.g. „Smith” OR „Jones” • Mathematical operators:+, - ,*, /, , MOD, ^ • Text operator: & • Date/Time fields – Format #2009-06-19# #16:00# #4:00PM# – Date/time functions: Date() Day(date), Month(date), Year(date), Weekday(date)
  • 26. 26 Parameter query When you run the query, you will be prompted to supply the maximum price
  • 28. 28 Database Normalization Basics • Purpose: - eliminating redundant data - ensuring logical relations of dependent data • The normal forms - 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF - guidelines only - hierarchical structure of NF • First Normal Form (1NF) - eliminate duplicative columns - create separate tables for each group of related data and define primary keys e.g. Authors = Jones, H.; Smith K. (incorrect)
  • 29. 29 Database Normalization Basics • Second Normal Form (2NF) - meet all requirements of the 1NF - remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows and place them in separate tables - create relationships between new tables using foreign keys • Example - table of addresses: {Town, Street, HouseNumber, HouseColor, SizeOfTown} attribute of Town
  • 30. 30 • Third Normal Form (3NF) - meet all requirements of the 2NF - remove columns that are not dependent upon primary key • Example {ISBN, Title, NumberOfBooks, UnitPrice, TotalValue} where: TotalValue = NumberOfBooks*UnitPrice Correct form: {ISBN, Title, NumberOfBooks, UnitPrice} Database Normalization Basics
  • 31. 31 • Fourth Normal Form (Boyce-Codd NF = BCNF) - meet all requirements of the 3NF - remove all multi-valued dependencies • Example {Town, Street, HouseNumber, ZIPcode} where: combination of {Town, Street} determines {Zipcode} Correct form: {Street, HouseNumber, ZIPcode} and {ZIPcode, Town} Database Normalization Basics
  • 32. 32 Decomposition of tables • Relations between data must be conserved • Decomposition • Display all John Smiths AuID AuName PubID A1 Smith, John P1 A2 Smith, John P2 AuID AuName AuName PubID A1 Smith, John Smith, John P1 A2 Smith, John Smith, John P2 AuID AuName PubID A1 Smith, John P1 A1 Smith, John P2 A2 Smith, John P1 A2 Smith, John P2
  • 33. 33 No_order IDsupplier Name_ Supplier Address_ Supplier IDpart Name_ part Qty Warehouse Address_ Warehouse 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 53 Carburetor 100 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 57 Crankshaft 50 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 59 Mudguard 500 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 002 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 54 Carburetor 500 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 32 Wheel 100 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 003 500 VW Polska Antoninek, Słowackiego 2 88 Engine 15 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 004 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 58 Mudguard 400 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 21 Alternator 50 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 005 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 53 Carburetor 200 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 57 Crankshaft 30 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 006 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 59 Mudguard 20 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 Example: Relation ORDERS not normalized
  • 34. 34 Relation ORDERS in the first normal form (1NF) eliminates duplicative columns No_order IDsupplier Name_ Supplier Address_ Supplier IDpart Name_ part Qty Warehouse Address_ Warehouse 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 53 Carburetor 100 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 57 Crankshaft 50 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 59 Mudguard 500 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 002 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 54 Carburetor 500 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 002 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 32 Wheel 100 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 003 500 VW Antoninek, Słowackiego 2 88 Engine 15 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 004 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 58 Mudguard 400 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 004 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 21 Alternator 50 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 005 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 53 Carburetor 200 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 005 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 57 Crankshaft 30 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 006 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 59 Mudguard 20 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25
  • 35. 35 Relation ORDERS in the second normal form (2NF) all attributes fully dependent on primary keys No_order Address_warehouse IDsupplier Warehouse Qty Name_supplier Address_supplier IDpart Name_part Diagram of functional dependencies in the relation ORDERS
  • 36. 36 IDpart Name_part Warehouse Address_Warehouse 53 Carburetor 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 57 Crankshaft 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 58 Mudguard 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 59 Mudguard 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 54 Carburetor 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 32 Wheel 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 88 Engine 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 21 Alternator 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 No_order IDsupplier Name_ supplier Address_Supplier 001 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 002 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 003 500 VW Antoninek, Słowackiego 2 004 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 005 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 006 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 No_order IDpart Qty 001 53 100 001 57 50 001 59 500 002 54 500 002 32 100 003 88 15 004 58 400 004 21 50 005 53 200 005 57 30 006 59 20 SUPPLIER_ON_ORDER PARTS_IN_WAREHOUSE PARTS_ON_ORDER 2NF
  • 37. 37 Relation ORDERS in the third normal form (3NF) remove column not dependent upon primary key No_order IDsupplier Name_supplier Address_supplier Diagram of functional dependencies in the relation SUPPLIER_ON_ORDER Address_warehouse Warehouse IDpart Name_part Diagram of functional dependencies in the relation PARTS_IN_WAREHOUSE No_order IDpart Qty Diagram of functional dependencies in the relation PARTS_ON_ORDER
  • 38. 38 No_order IDsupplier No_order IDsupplier 001 300 002 400 003 500 004 600 005 300 006 300 ORDER_TO_SUPPLIER IDsupplier Name_ Supplier Address_Supplier 300 VW Wolfsburg, Rotestrasse 10 400 WSK Świdnik, Kraszewskiego 5 500 VW Antoninek, Słowackiego 2 600 FIAT Bielsko-Biała, Mickiewicza 25 IDupplier Name_supplier Address_Supplier Warehouse Address_Warehouse Warehouse Address_Warehouse 5 Warszawa, Chopina 3 6 Warszawa, Mozarta 25 7 Warszawa, Bacha 3 SUPPLIERS WAREHOUSES 3NF
  • 39. 39 IDpart Name_ part 21 Alternator 32 Wheel 53 Carburetor 54 Carburetor 57 Crankshaft 58 Mudguard 59 Mudguard 88 Engine IDpart Name_part PARTS IDpart Warehouse 53 5 57 5 58 6 59 6 54 5 32 6 88 7 21 7 IDpart Warehouse PARTS_IN_WAREHOUSE PARTS_ON_ORDER as above 3NF
  • 41. 41 Structured Query Language - SQL Why to use SQL in addition to the Design View? - not all SQL functions can be used from the Design View level - SQL can be used in other applications (Excel, Word, Visual Basic) - SQL is a standard query language which can be used outside the Access program One can easily switch between Design View and SQL View SQL is a procedure language which tells what to do, and not how to do. SQL components: - Data Definition Language – DDL - Data Manipulation Language – DML - Data Control Language - DCL
  • 42. 42 DML component of SQL Basic instructions: - SELECT - UPDATE - DELETE Basic structure of the SQL command: SELECT column1, column2,… FROM table1, table2,… WHERE criteria; List of columns can be replaced with *.
  • 43. 43 Sorting SELECT PUBLISHERS.PubName, PUBLISHERS.PubTel FROM PUBLISHERS ORDER BY PUBLISHERS.PubName; PubName PubTel Alpha Press 999-999-9999 Big House 123-456-7890 Small House 714-000-0000 or ORDER BY attribute DESC
  • 44. 44 Changing field names SELECT PUBLISHERS.PubName AS [Publisher’s Name], PUBLISHERS.PubTel AS [Publisher’s Phone] FROM PUBLISHERS ORDER BY PUBLISHERS.PubName; Publisher’s Name Publisher’s Phone Alpha Press 999-999-9999 Big House 123-456-7890 Small House 714-000-0000
  • 45. 45 Filtering SELECT COUNT (ISBN) AS [How many books from Alpha Press?] FROM BOOKS WHERE (PubID=1); How many books from Alpha Press? 6 SELECT COUNT(ISBN) AS [Number of books], MIN(Price) AS Min_Price, MAX(Price) AS Max_Price, AVG(Price) AS Avg_Price FROM BOOKS; Number of books Min_Price Max_Price Avg_Price 15 12.00 zł 49.00 zł 29.27 zł
  • 46. 46 Grouping SELECT PubID, COUNT(*) AS [Number of books] FROM BOOKS GROUP BY PubID; PubID Number of books 1 6 2 4 3 4 4 1
  • 47. 47 Group filtering SELECT PubID, COUNT(*) AS [Number of books] FROM BOOKS GROUP BY PubID HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 ; PubID Number of books 1 6 2 4 3 4
  • 48. 48 Aggregation, filtering, grouping, group filtering SELECT PubID, COUNT(*) AS [Number of books] FROM BOOKS WHERE Price >= 25 GROUP BY PubID HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 ; PubID Number of books 1 4 2 2 3 3
  • 49. 49 Elements of the SELECT command Element Description Compulsory? SELECT Returns columns or expressions Yes FROM Taking data from tables Yes if data from tables WHERE Filtering rows No GROUP BY Creating groups Yes for aggregation functions HAVING Filtering groups No ORDER BY Sorting of the output No
  • 50. 50 DELETE and UPDATE DELETE BOOKS1.Price FROM BOOKS1 WHERE ((BOOKS1.Price)>40); UPDATE BOOKS1 SET BOOKS1.Price= [BOOKS1]![Price]+1; UPDATE BOOKS1 SET BOOKS1.Price= [BOOKS1]![Price]+1 WHERE ((BOOKS.Price)<20);
  • 51. 51 Queries based on multiple tables SELECT Title, PubName, Price FROM PUBLISHERS, BOOKS WHERE PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID ORDER BY BOOKS.Title; Design View Dynaset – a computed table
  • 52. 52 Inner join 1 SELECT BOOKS.Title, PUBLISHERS.PubName, BOOKS.Price FROM PUBLISHERS INNER JOIN BOOKS ON PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID ORDER BY BOOKS.Title; SELECT BOOKS.Title, PUBLISHERS.PubName, BOOKS.Price FROM PUBLISHERS, BOOKS WHERE PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID ORDER BY BOOKS.Title; Structure of the inner join one-to-many: TABLE1 INNER JOIN TABLE2 ON TABLE1.primarykey = TABLE2.foreignkey
  • 53. 53 Inner join 2 one-to-many SELECT Count(BOOKS.Title) AS [Number of books], PUBLISHERS.PubName, AVG(BOOKS.Price) AS [Average price] FROM PUBLISHERS INNER JOIN BOOKS ON PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID GROUP BY PUBLISHERS.Name ORDER BY PUBLISHERS.Name;
  • 54. 54 What happens if WHERE is missing? SELECT BOOKS.Title, PUBLISHERS.PubName, BOOKS.Price FROM PUBLISHERS, BOOKS; Title PubName Price Iliad Big House 25.00 zł Iliad Alpha Press 25.00 zł Iliad Small House 25.00 zł Iliad Edition 2000 25.00 zł Moby Dick Big House 49.00 zł Moby Dick Alpha Press 49.00 zł Moby Dick Small House 49.00 zł Moby Dick Edition 2000 49.00 zł On Liberty Big House 25.00 zł On Liberty Alpha Press 25.00 zł On Liberty Small House 25.00 zł On Liberty Edition 2000 25.00 zł Ulysses Big House 34.00 zł Ulysses Alpha Press 34.00 zł Ulysses Small House 34.00 zł Ulysses Edition 2000 34.00 zł …. Result: A direct product of two tables
  • 55. 55 Inner join 3 many-to-many SELECT BOOKS.Title, BOOKS.ISBN, BOOKS.Price, BOOKS.Year, PUBLISHERS.PubName, AUTHORS.AuName FROM PUBLISHERS INNER JOIN (BOOKS INNER JOIN (AUTHORS INNER JOIN [BOOKS/AUTHORS] ON AUTHORS.AuID = [BOOKS/AUTHORS].AuID) ON BOOKS.ISBN = [BOOKS/AUTHORS].ISBN) ON PUBLISHERS.PubID = BOOKS.PubID; Title ISBN Price Year PubName AuName Iliad 0-103-45678-9 25.00 zł 1989 Big House Homer Moby Dick 0-11-345678-9 49.00 zł 1998 Small House Melville On Liberty 0-12-333433-3 25.00 zł 1987 Big House Mill Ulysses 0-123-45678-0 34.00 zł 1999 Alpha Press Joyce Jane Eyre 0-12-345678-9 49.00 zł 1990 Small House Austen Balloon 0-321-32132-1 34.00 zł 1995 Small House Snoopy Balloon 0-321-32132-1 34.00 zł 1995 Small House Grumpy Balloon 0-321-32132-1 34.00 zł 1995 Small House Sleepy Main Street 0-55-123456-9 23.00 zł 1996 Small House Smith Main Street 0-55-123456-9 23.00 zł 1996 Small House Jones Macbeth 0-555-55555-9 12.00 zł 1991 Alpha Press Shakespeare Hamlet 0-91-045678-5 20.00 zł 2000 Alpha Press Shakespeare
  • 56. 56 Query Customers1 SELECT [First_name] & " " & [Surname] AS Person, BOOKS.Title, [CUST/BOOKS].DateOut, [CUST/BOOKS].DateBack FROM CUSTOMER INNER JOIN (BOOKS INNER JOIN [CUST/BOOKS] ON BOOKS.ISBN = [CUST/BOOKS].ISBN) ON CUSTOMER.CustID = [CUST/BOOKS].CustID;
  • 57. 57 Query Customers2 – OUTER JOIN SELECT CUSTOMER!First_name & " " & CUSTOMER!Surname AS Person, WhoBorrowsID.Title, WhoBorrowsID.DateOut, WhoBorrowsID.DateBack FROM CUSTOMER LEFT {outer} JOIN WhoBorrowsID ON CUSTOMER.CustID = WhoBorrowsID.CustID; WhoBorrows is a query
  • 58. 58 Query WhoBorrows SELECT [CUST/BOOKS].CustID, BOOKS.Title, [CUST/BOOKS].DateOut, [CUST/BOOKS].DateBack FROM BOOKS INNER JOIN [CUST/BOOKS] ON BOOKS.ISBN = [CUST/BOOKS].ISBN;
  • 59. 59 NULL in a query SELECT BOOKS.ISBN, BOOKS.Title, [CUST/BOOKS].DateOut, [CUST/BOOKS].DateBack FROM BOOKS LEFT JOIN [CUST/BOOKS] ON BOOKS.ISBN = [CUST/BOOKS].ISBN WHERE ((([CUST/BOOKS].DateOut) Is Null) AND (([CUST/BOOKS].DateBack) Is Null)) OR ((([CUST/BOOKS].DateOut) Is Not Null) AND (([CUST/BOOKS].DateBack) Is Not Null)) ORDER BY BOOKS.Title; Available books
  • 60. 60 Functional queries SELECT CUSTOMER!Surname & " " & CUSTOMER!First_name AS Person, Count([CUST/BOOKS].ISBN) AS [Number of books], Year([CUST/BOOKS]!DateOut) AS YearOut INTO Table_NotReturned FROM CUSTOMER INNER JOIN [CUST/BOOKS] ON CUSTOMER.CustID=[CUST/BOOKS].CustID GROUP BY CUSTOMER!Surname & " " & CUSTOMER!First_name, Year([CUST/BOOKS]!DateOut), [CUST/BOOKS].DateBack HAVING ((([CUST/BOOKS].DateBack) Is Null) AND ((Year([CUST/BOOKS]!DateOut))=[Give the year])) ORDER BY CUSTOMER!Surname & " " & CUSTOMER!First_name; Only SELECT Creating a new table
  • 61. 61 Functional queries Creating o copy of a table SELECT * INTO NotReturned2008 FROM Table_NotReturned; Merging two tables INSERT INTO Table_NotReturned SELECT * FROM NotReturned2008;
  • 62. 62 Creating reports Characteristic features of a report: •attractive form •basic information in headers and footers •information grouped and sorted •graphical elements improving the form Methods of creating reports: •design view •Wizard •AutoReport: Columnar or Tabelar Source of data: tables or queries
  • 66. 66 Database form A form is an Access object. It generally serves three purposes: 1) To allow users to perform data entry. Data can be inserted, updated, or deleted from a table using a Form object. 2) To allow users to enter custom information, and based on that information perform a task. For example, you may want to ask a user for parameters before running a report. 3) To allow users a method of navigating through the system. For example, you may create a form where a user can select a form to load, a report to run, etc. Forms: bound or unbound A bound form has a RecordSource, a table or query to which the form is "tied" or "based". An unbound form does not have a RecordSource, that doesn't mean it can't contain data, but the programmer will have to bring that data in manually.
  • 67. 67 Creating Forms in Microsoft Access Remember: there is a large number of pre-defined forms. The Form options quickly create a form based upon a table or query.
  • 69. 69 Creating forms – Form Wizzard Form facilitating introduction of a new customer to the database: 1) Select the data source 2) Select the form fields
  • 70. 70 Creating forms – the layout and style
  • 71. 71 Creating forms – the form title The form can be modified in Design View mode.
  • 72. 72 Creating forms - adjustments
  • 73. 73 Using a form Access to the existing records in the table CUSTOMER Input of a new record
  • 74. 74 Editing properties of a form Properties icon: Our original goal is to create a form for data purposes. We don’t want to grant employees full access to view or edit customer records. Setting the „Data Entry” property to „Yes” will only allow users to insert new records and modify records created during that session.
  • 75. 75 The form after the edition of properties Opening the form: no earlier records can be seen The CustID is automatically assigned, First_name and Surname are typed in. A new record is introduced into the table CUSTOMER:
  • 76. Security differences between Access 2007 and earlier versions of Access 76 Earlier versions: -security levels (Low, Medium, or High), -to run potentially unsafe code or not. Access 2007 disables all potentially unsafe code or other components, regardless of the version of Access that you used to create the database. Message Bar: You can choose to trust or not trust the disabled content in the database.
  • 77. 77 You trust the disabled content: •Trust the database only for the current session (while the database is open) Click Options on the Message Bar. •Trust the database permanently Place the database in a trusted location — a folder on a drive or network that you mark as trusted. You don't trust the database: Ignore the Message Bar. When you ignore the Message Bar, you can still view the data in the database and use any components in the database that Access has not disabled.
  • 78. Trust a database for the current session 78 1. Start Office Access 2007, and on the Getting Started with Microsoft Office Access page, under Featured Online Templates, click Assets to open the Assets template.
  • 79. 79 2. In the File Name box, type a name for the new database, and then click Download. Access downloads the database template and creates a new database, and the Message Bar appears. 3. On the Message Bar, click Options. The Microsoft Office Security Options dialog box appears. 4. Click Enable this content, and then click OK.
  • 80. Create a trusted location 80 Start Office Access 2007 (you do not need to open a database to complete these steps). Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Access Options. Click Trust Center, and then click Trust Center Settings.
  • 81. 81 Click Add new location. The Microsoft Office Trusted Location dialog box appears. Click Trusted Locations.
  • 82. 82 The Microsoft Office Trusted Location dialog box appears. In the Path box, type the file path and folder name of the location that you want to set as a trusted source, or click Browse to locate a folder. By default, the folder must reside on a local drive. Note If you want to allow trusted network locations, in the Trust Center dialog box, click Allow Trusted Locations on my network (not recommended).
  • 83. Move a database to a trusted location 83 If you have a database open Click the Microsoft Office Button . Point to Save As, and under Save the database in another format, click one of the available options. In the Save As dialog box, navigate to the trusted location, and then click Save. If you do not have a database open Locate and copy your database
  • 84. Use a database password to encrypt an Office Access 2007 database 84 The encryption tool in Office Access 2007 combines and improves on two older tools — database passwords and encoding. Open in exclusive mode
  • 85. Encrypt by using a database password 85 Open the database (in Exclusive mode) that you want to encrypt. On the Database Tools tab, in the Database Tools group, click Encrypt with Password. The Set Database Password dialog box appears.
  • 86. Decrypt and open a database 86 1. Open the encrypted database as you open any other database. 2. The Password Required dialog box appears. 3. Type your password in the Enter database password box, and then click OK.
  • 87. Remove a password 87 Open the database in Exclusive mode. On the Database Tools tab, in the Database Tools group, click Decrypt Database.
  • 88. Package, sign, and distribute an Access 2007 database 88 Access 2007 makes it easier and faster to sign and distribute a database. When you create an .accdb file or .accde file, you can package the file, apply a digital signature to the package, and then distribute the signed package to other users. •ways to convey trust •add only one database to a package •signs all of the objects in your databases •the process also compresses the package file •a security certificate
  • 89. Create a self-signed certificate 89 In Microsoft Windows, click the Start button, point to All Programs, point to Microsoft Office, point to Microsoft Office Tools, and then click Digital Certificate for VBA Projects
  • 90. 90 Create a self-signed certificate
  • 91. 91 Create a self-signed certificate
  • 92. Create a signed package 92 Open the database Microsoft Office Button , point to Publish, and then click Package and Sign Select a digital certificate and then click OK The Create Microsoft Office Access Signed Package dialog box appears
  • 93. 93 Create a signed package Select a location for your signed database package. Enter a name for the signed package in the File name box, and then click Create. Access creates the .accdc file and places it in the location that you choose
  • 94. Extract and use a signed package 94 1.Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Open. 2.Select Microsoft Office Access Signed Packages (*.accdc) as the file type. 3.Locate the folder that contains your .accdc file, select the file, and then click Open. 4.Do one of the following: •If you have earlier chosen to trust the digital certificate that was applied to the deployment package, the Extract Database To dialog box appears. Go to the next step. •If you have not yet chosen to trust the digital certificate, an advisory message appears.
  • 95. 95 Extract and use a signed package If you trust the database, click Open. If you trust any certificate from that provider, click Trust all from publisher and then click OK. Optionally, select a location for the extracted database, and then in the File name box, enter a different name for the extracted database
  • 97. Hide VBA code from users 97 If your database contains Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) (Visual Basic for Applications (VBA): A macro-language version of Microsoft Visual Basic that is used to program Windows applications and is included with several Microsoft applications.) code, you can hide that code by saving your Microsoft Office Access database (database: A collection of data related to a particular subject or purpose. Within a database, information about a particular entity, such as an employee or order, is categorized into tables, records, and fields.) in the .accde file format. Saving a database as an .accde file compiles all VBA code modules, removes all editable source code, and compacts the destination database. Your VBA code retains its functionality, but the code cannot be viewed or edited. In general, the database will continue to function as usual — you can still update data and run reports.
  • 98. 98 Microsoft Access Security The Security Wizard in MS Access is a very useful tool. But there is more to security than just running the wizard. The 12 steps will describe how to secure a database from start to finish.
  • 99. 99 1. You may secure any database that has been created while joined to the System.Mdw. 2. Create a new workgroup file(*. MDW) 3. Open the unsecured database and create a password for the Admin user. 4. Create a new user account that will be the new workgroup administrator, like "PowerAdmin" 5. Modify the Admins group by adding the new administrator and removing the original Admin account. 6. Re-log into Access as the new workgroup administrator that you created previously. 7. Set up a password for the new workgroup administrator. 8. Run the Security wizard under Tools | Security | User - Level Security. 9. Create any additional group accounts. 10.Create any additional user accounts. 11.Set up the database object's permissions. 12.Any new databases that you create will already be secure. How to secure a database?
  • 100. 100 System.MDW file A Workgroup Information File (*.MDW) stores information to authenticate a user. It stores the user names, group names, and passwords. It does not store any permission or rights to any database. Its main purpose is to verify that a user is really who they say they are. The permissions of the database objects, tables, queries, forms, etc., are stored in each MDB file. The System.mdw is the default workgroup filename created when you install MS Access.
  • 101. 101 The Admin user Every time a user opens the MS Access program, MS Access attempts to login the Admin user with a blank password. If the log in is successful, MS Access continues loading and the user never realizes that they were logged in as Admin. However, if the login is unsuccessful, say for example the Admin user does not have a blank password, then a login dialog box pops up asking the user to specify a username and password When you create a new User, you will be prompted for a User Name, Password, and a PID or Personal Identification number. A PID can be any text or numbers up to 20 characters long. All three values uniquely identify each user.
  • 102. 102 The database.MDB file MS Access verifies that the user name and password exist in the Workgroup Information File. After the user has been verified, the workgroup information file’s job is done. The MDB itself stores security rights and privileges for each user and for each database object. The MDB will have a list of user id’s and the privileges that each user may have. One user may have the rights to open the table, but not delete any records, or change the design of the table. Another user may not have any restrictions at all. The MDB file knows each user’s privileges. The distinction between the workgroup information file and the MDB file is one that confuses a lot of developers.
  • 103. 103 1. Workgroup file All the databases that you have been creating up to this time have been created by the Admin user of the default System.Mdw. The System.Mdw is a generic workgroup file. All System.Mdw on everyone’s computers has the exact same Admin account with no password and with a PID of Null, making the Admin user account not very secure to continue to use. The database does not have to be completely developed to continue setting up security. You may continue to work on it after it is secured. You can secure a database that has already been create with a different workgroup file, if you can log into the database with the account that created the database and if that account still has full rights to all the database objects.
  • 104. 104 2,3. Create a new workgroup file(*. MDW) Use the MS Access Workgroup Administrator program. Do not leave the Workgroup ID blank or anyone will be able to create a workgroup file similar to yours. You can name the workgroup file anything you'd like. It does not have to be named System.MDW. In fact it should have a different name to avoid confusion. It’s a good idea to keep a back up copy of any workgroup file you create file offsite and in a secure location should anything happen to the original. By establishing a password for the Admin user, Access will ask for a user name and password every time it Access is opened.
  • 105. 105 New workgroup administrator Instead of continuing to use the Admin user, we will disable the Admin user's abilities. The reason for this is that every workgroup file has an Admin user, so using it will make our database less secure. I like to name my new workgroup administrator something like PowerAdmin. Write down the new name and PID. Store this information offsite in a secure location.
  • 106. 106 5. Modifying the Admins group Any user in the Admins group will have full control of all the database's objects. They can also control other user's access to the database's objects. By removing the Admin account from the Admins groups, the Admin becomes virtually useless. After our database is secure, if any one successfully logs in as the Admin user, they find that they don't have very many rights. If anyone needs to log in as a user with full rights, they should use the new workgroup administrator that we created in the previous steps.
  • 107. 107 6,7. New workgroup administrator Re-Log into Access the new workgroup administrator that you created previously. Up to this point, the new workgroup administrator doesn't have a password. You can set up a password for this account under Tools | Security | User and Group Accounts | Change Log On Password.
  • 108. 108 8. Run the Security wizard Security wizard under Tools | Security | User - Level Security. 1) This step creates a new database and copies all the current database's objects into it. 2) The Wizard sets the owner of the database from Admin to the new workgroup administrator. This is done by creating a new database while logged in as the new workgroup administrator. 3) The Security Wizard changes the owner of each object in the database from Admin to the new workgroup administrator. 4) The Security Wizard removes all permissions from the Admin user.
  • 109. 109 9. Create any group accounts For example, you may want to create a group named PowerUsers for users that may need lots of database permissions. You may also create a Personnel group account for those user that only need limited rights.
  • 110. 110 10. Create user accounts Assign users to the appropriate groups. If a user belongs to more than one group, the user receives the sum or combination of the permission given to each group.
  • 111. 111 11. The object's permissions Change the database object's permissions for each group account. To make permissions easier for you to manage, try and avoid setting permissions for individual user. Remember that there are several database object types for which you may need to set permissions. Database object Table objects Query objects Form objects Report objects Macro objects Module objects
  • 112. 112 12. Any new databases that you create will already be secure as long as you are still joined to the workgroup file that you created in step #2. Just repeat step #11 to grant permissions to the object in your new database.
  • 113. 113 Security gone awry MS Access help file states: '.if you lose or forget your password, it can't be recovered, and you won't be able to open your database.' If you still need to open your database, try http://www.LostPassword.com. The site has password recovery tools for the most popular office software, ranging from MS Access to FileMaker and from MS Word to WordPerfect. Access Key is a Password Recovery Kit module that recovers both database and user-level security accounts passwords. There's also an Access Security Recovery service (available for legal owners/copyright holders only) that comes handy if a Workgroup Information File is lost or corrupted. You can find more info at http://ref.lostpassword.com/access.htm?900407