Day1 session2 clean fuels and technologies
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Modern diesel, CNG, LPG, and electric buses provide cleaner alternatives to traditional diesel buses. However, each option has advantages and disadvantages for application in Kazakhstan. Modern diesel requires availability of clean fuel, while CNG needs a natural gas pipeline and expensive fueling stations. LPG is widely available but must address low temperature evaporation. Electric buses have zero local emissions but are expensive with limited production and infrastructure. Pilot testing electric buses could help evaluate their longer term potential in Kazakhstan.
Day1 session2 clean fuels and technologies
- 1. SHORT OVERVIEW OF CLEAN FUELS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT: CNG, LPG, DIESEL EURO6 AND ELECTRIC BUSES Rafał Stanek SST-CONSULT /Kommunalkredit Public Consulting Promoting Clean Urban Public Transport in Kazakhstan: Designing a Green Investment Programme 13 December 2016, Astana
- 2. • Pollution from traditional diesel engines • CNG • LPG • Modern diesel • Electric buses Structure of the presentation
- 3. Diesel engines, especially old, contribute to air pollution which is a major environmental risk to health What is the problem with traditional diesel buses Diesel engines generates a lot of: - CO2 - CO - NOx - SO2 - PM (2.5 and 10)
- 4. World Health Organization says diesel exhaust causes cancer (2012) What is the problem with traditional diesel buses
- 5. Diesel exhaust is a Group 1 carcinogen, which causes lung cancer and has a positive association with bladder cancer What is the problem with traditional diesel buses
- 6. • NOx causes a wide variety of health and environmental impacts • It formulates a Ground-level Ozone (Smog) • Acid Rain - NOx and sulphur dioxide react • NOx reacts with ammonia, moisture, and other compounds to form nitric acid and related particles • Global Warming - One member of the NOx, nitrous oxide, is a greenhouse gas What is the problem with traditional diesel buses
- 7. Response are new emission limits
- 8. Response are new emission limits Current global status of sulphur content in diesel
- 9. Response are new emission limits However, actual emissions in the city cycle are higher
- 10. • CNG does not contain any lead, thereby eliminating fouling of spark lugs • CNG powered vehicles have lower maintenance costs • CNG fuel systems are sealed, preventing fuel losses from spills or evaporation • CNG-powered vehicles are considered to be safer CNG buses
- 11. • CNG emits significantly less pollution directly than gasoline or diesel when combusted •Due to low CO2 emissions, switching to CNG can help mitigate GHG emissions. However, natural gas leaks represent an increase in GHG emissions CNG buses
- 12. • The number of vehicles in the world using CNG has grown steadily (30% per year) • Often used in Iran, Pakistan, Italy, the Asia-Pacific region (Seoul), Indian capital of Delhi, and other large cities • Its use has increased in South America, Europe and North America because of rising gasoline prices CNG buses
- 13. • It burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very few sulphur emissions • It is non-toxic, non-corrosive and free of tetraethyl lead or any additives, and has a high octane rating • It burns more cleanly than petrol or fuel- oil and is especially free of the particulates present in the latter • Inherent advantage of LPG over CNG is that it requires far less compression LPG buses
- 14. • LPG is losing momentum in the EU, USA and Japan, particularly when compared to electric mobility • However, LPG is still promising in developing markets like in China, India and Russia • The LPG market is dominated (not only buses), by 5 countries, which together account for almost half of global consumption: Turkey (4 million vehicles), Russia (3 million), Poland (2.8 million), Korea (2.4 million) and Italy (2 million) LPG buses
- 15. • Cleaner diesel internal combustion engines come with a lower price tag than moving to cleaner technologies • Additional investments on the vehicle side are marginal, where the required fuels or fuel infrastructure are often more expensive • The problem is that it requires also a clean fuel, has higher fuel consumption and actual emissions in the city cycle are higher than those measured in laboratory Modern diesel buses
- 16. • Electricity is an energy carrier that can be converted domestically from a wide variety of primary energy sources • The local pollution from engines is zero thus electric buses are the cleanest for urban centres • The disadvantage is: price, limits in battery capacity, distance, long time for battery charging Electric buses
- 17. Modern Diesel: - The problem is the availability of clean fuel (should be imported) - It is easy to disassemble those parts that allow to reduce emissions (including AdBlue) because this leads to a lower fuel consumption Application in Kazakhstan - Diesel
- 18. CNG: - Applicable in cities where natural gas pipeline is available - Need for expensive CNG stations, could be financed by a natural gas provider when scale exceed 100 buses - Buses are produced locally in Kazakhstan Application in Kazakhstan - CNG
- 19. LPG: - Applicable in almost all cities due to high penetration (a lot of filling stations) - Buses could be produced locally in Kazakhstan - Installation has to solve the problem with LPG evaporation in low temperatures Application in Kazakhstan - LPG
- 20. Electric buses: - Expensive, not produced locally - Need for expensive new infrastructure - Could be applied on a pilot scale only Application in Kazakhstan – Electric buses