Débora

Puc- Unidade C. Eucarístico Curso de Letras- ênfase em inglês Disciplina: Morfossintaxe e processamento do texto/ 5ºperíodo Professora: Rosana Espírito Santo Aluna: Débora C. da C. Almeida Revisão de conteúdo gramatical da língua inglesa Tópicos: A) Nouns B) Pronouns C) Determiners

NOUNS WHAT IS A NOUN? A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb.

SMILE; UMBRELLA; WATER; TOOTH

PLURAL NOUNS A regra geral para a formação do plural é acrescentar um -S ao singular: book/ books girl / girls day / days table / tables

Os substantivos terminados em -o , -ch , -sh , -ss , -x e -z formam o plural acrescentando-se o sufixo -es : hero / heroes tomato / tomatoes church / churches watch / watches brush / brushes (pincel) wish / wishes glass / glasses box / boxes buzz / buzzes (zumbido) topaz / topazes ( topázio)

Palavras estrangeiras ou formas abreviadas em -o fazem o plural em -s piano/pianos photo/photos portfolio/portfolios radio/radios solo/solos soprano/sopranos tango/tangos virtuoso/virtuosos

Os substantivos terminados em -y , precedidos de consoante, perdem o -y e recebem -ies country/ countries family/ families fly/ flies lady/ ladies story/ stories

Os substantivos abaixo terminados em -f ou -fe perdem essas letras e recebem -ves half/halves (metade) knife/knives (faca) leaf/leaves (folhas) life/lives (vida) loaf/loaves ( pão ) self/selves (a própria pessoa) (feixe) sheaf/sheaves (estante) shelf/shelves (ladrão) thief/thieves (esposa) wife/wives (lobo) wolf/wolves

Todos os demais substantivos terminados em -f ou -fe fazem o plural em -s : chief/chiefs (chefe) cliff/clipffs (penhasco) roof/roofs (telhado) fife/fifes (pífaro) strife/strifes (briga)

Alguns substantivos passam por mudanças de vários tipos: IRREGULAR PLURAL PERSON – PEOPLE CHILD – CHILDREN TOOTH – TEETH MOUSE – MICE (CAMUNDONGO) OX – OXEN (BOI) GOOSE – GEESE (GANSO) ANALYSIS – ANALYSES MAN - MEN

Com substantivos compostos, pluralizamos o seu componente principal: brother-in-law /brothers-in-law (CUNHADO) errand-boy /errand-boys (MENSAGEIRO) godfather /godfathers (PADRINHO) maidservant /maidservants (CRIADA ) stepdaughter/ stepdaughters (ENTEADA)

Substantivos de origem estrangeira (gregos ou latinos) mantêm seus plurais originais: Alumnus/ alumni (ex- aluno) Analysis/analyses (análise) Axis/axes (eixo) Bacillus/bacilli (bacilo) Bacterium/bacteria (bactéria) Basis/bases (base) Crisis/crises (crise)

Alguns substantivos apresentam a mesma forma para o singular e o plural: Sheep / carneiro(s) species / espécie(s) fish* / peixe(s) salmon / salmão(ões) series / série(s)

Alguns substantivos, por conter a idéia de um grande número ou porque indicam que a entidade é composta de duas partes iguais, são somente usados no plural:

Binoculars- binóculo Cattle- gado

Police- polícia Scales- balança

Há, porém, uma tendência em pluralizar palavras de origem estrangeira com o plural inglês: Stadium/ stadiums (estádio) Terminus/ terminuses (término) Memorandum/ memorandums (memorando) Dogma/dogmas (dogmas)

The highlighted words in the following sentences are all nouns: Late last year our neighbours bought a goat . Portia White was an opera singer . The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes . According to Plutarch , the library at Alexandria was destroyed in 48 B.C. Philosophy is of little comfort to the starving .

Countable Nouns and uncountable A noun can be countable or uncountable; COUNTABLE: I eat a banana every day. I like bananas. Banana is a countable noun. A countable noun can be singular (banana) or plural (bananas). We can use numbers with countable nouns. So we can say ‘ one banana’, ‘two bananas” etc.

Examples of nouns usually countable: Kate was singing a song . There’s a nice beach near here. Do you have a ten-pound note ? It wasn’t your fault. It was an accident . There are no batteries in the radio. We haven’t got enough cups.

Non-Countable Nouns: I eat rice every day. I like rice . Rice is an uncountable noun. An uncountable noun has only one form ( rice ). We cannot use numbers with uncountable nouns. We cannot say “one rice”, “two rices” etc.

Examples of nouns usually uncountable: Kate was listening to (some) music . There’s sand in my shoes. (areia) Do you have any money ? It wasn’t your fault. It was bad luck . There is no electricity in this house. We haven’t got enough water .

MORE EXAMPLES OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE: COUNTABLE: car, book, train, elephant, two books, ten dogs, etc. UNCOUNTABLE: air, coffee, water, money, rice, strength, light, etc.

PRONOUNS SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

1. Subject Pronouns/ 2. Object Pronouns/ 3. Possessive Adjectives I me my you you your He him his She her her It it its We us our You you your They them their

1. Subjective Pronouns: Sempre terão a função de sujeito. e.g. Tom phoned Jane yesterday. He The boys travelled last week. They

2. Objective Pronouns Me- She wants to take me to Miami. You- I need to visit you tomorrow. Him- She likes to cook for him. Her- I have to say this her. It- I need to wash it. Us- They like to help us. You- I want to write to you. Them- I need to know them better

Objective Pronouns Sempre terão a função de objeto. e.g. Jane wrote Tom a letter when he was She him it abroad. The girls talk to their neighbors every They them day.

3. Possessive Adjectives Sempre irão acompanhar um substantivo. MY- MEU. YOUR- SEU HIS- SEU (DELE) HER- SEU (DELA) ITS- SEU (NEUTRO) OUR- NOSSO YOUR- SEUS (DE VOCÊS) THEIR- SEUS (DELES)

Possessive Adjectives MY- MEU I like my car. YOUR- SEU You start your class. HIS- SEU (DELE) He reads his book. HER- SEU (DELA) She lives with her mother. ITS- SEU (NEUTRO) It has its problems. OUR- NOSSO We stay with our children. YOUR- SEUS (DE VOCÊS) You prefer your city. THEIR- SEUS (DELES) They open their store.

4. Possessive Pronouns and 5. Reflexive Pronouns: Mine Myself Yours Yoursef His Himself Hers Herself Its Itself Ours Ourself Yours Yourself Theirs Themself

4. Possessive Pronouns: Sempre irão substituir um substantivo. e.g. My school is traditional, hers is traditional, too. Her bike is brand-new, mine is brand-new, too. Is that pen yours ? Yes, it’s mine . Those sweets aren’t ours . They must be theirs .

5. Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns: REFLEXIVE : aparecem sempre após o verbo concordando com o sujeito da oração. e.g. Daisy cut herself with a blade. (blade: lâmina)

The boys blame themselves for that mistake. (blame: repreender, responsabilizar)

Emphasizers : aparecem antes do verbo ou no final da oração. e.g. I myself wash all dishes or I wash all the dishes myself . Tom himself prepared the meal or Tom prepared the meal himself .

NOTA: Sempre que forem precedidos da preposição by , esses pronomes indicam que a pessoa praticou a ação sozinha por conta própria , podendo ser sustituídos pela palavra alone . e.g. Jane works by herself at the shop. The dog found the way home by itself .

GENITIVE CASE Used to indicate possession Mary’s car. The girls’ school. My cousin’s house. Cervantes’ novels. Alice’s sister. My cousins’ restaurant. Rui Barbosa’s square. The moon’s light

DETERMINERS Nouns are often preceded by the words the , a , or an . These words are called DETERMINERS. They indicate the kind of reference which the noun has. The determiner the is known as the DEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used before both singular and plural nouns: Singular/Plural the taxi the taxis the paper the papers the apple the apples

The determiner a (or an , when the following noun begins with a vowel) is the INDEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used when the noun is singular: a taxi a paper an apple

The articles the and a/an are the most common determiners, but there are many others: any taxi that question those apples this paper some apple whatever taxi whichever taxi

Many determiners express quantity: all examples both parents many people each person every night several computers few excuses enough water no escape

Numerals and Determiners Numerals are determiners when they appear before a noun. In this position, cardinal numerals express quantity: one book two books twenty books In the same position, ordinal numerals express sequence: first impressions second chance third prize

The subclass of ordinals includes a set of words which are not directly related to numbers (as first is related to one , second is related to two , etc). These are called general ordinals, and they include last , latter , next , previous , and subsequent . These words also function as determiners: next week last orders previous engagement subsequent developments

When they do not come before a noun, as we've already seen, numerals are a subclass of nouns. And like nouns, they can take determiners: the two of us the first of many They can even have numerals as determiners before them: five twos are ten In this example, twos is a plural noun and it has the determiner five before it.

The general determiners are: the indefinite articles : a, an a few a little all another any both each either enough every few fewer less little many more most much neither no other several some

For example: " A man sat under an umbrella.“ “ Have you got any English books that I could have?“ “ There is enough food to feed everyone.“ You use general determiners to talk about people or things without saying exactly who or what they are.

BIBLIOGRAFIA: http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/nouns.html Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar um Use, third edition, Cambridge. Imagens retiradas do Google. Coleção Pitpagoras 2000; livro 1 de Inglês- Ensino Médio.

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