Decarbonisation cycle: Exploration and explanation

Research Topic: Decarbonisation
Group 9
members:
Niteshwara(36497262
) Jin Mei (36341576)
Dhirren (36558117)
Ryan (36341592)

Table of C ontent
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical background
3. Applications of Decarbonization
C hallenges of Decarbonization
4.
5. C onclusions

Introduction
● What is decarbonisation?
Decarbonisation can be described as all
initiatives whereby a sector, government,
or an organisation to lessen its carbon
footprint, and its emissions of
greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2)
to improve its climate
impact
.
(Engie, 2021)
Figure 1: CO2
mandatory
(Bramoenergy.co
m,
2024)

Theoretical Ba ckground
Why the need for decarbonisation?
● Climate change :
- The long term shifts in earth’s temperature and weather patterns (Nat.
Geo. , 2024)
- Driven by the increase in the
release of greenhouse gases (GHGs)
- Carbon Dioxide(CO₂), Methane(CH₄)
- Effects : rising sea levels,
more extreme weather events, air
pollution
Figure 2 : Greenhouse Effects (Desonie, D. 2023)

C limate change
According to the NOAA,
- Combined land and sea temperatures have increased at
an average rate of 0.06 celsius per decade since 1850
- global temperatures could reach as much as 5.67C
warmer
Future of global warming depends on
how much CO2 and other GHGs we
emit.
Figure 4 : Projected carbon emissions and temperatures
(Hayhoe, K, 2017)

C arbon C ycle Disruption
What is the carbon cycle?
- Natural process which carbon atoms circulate between the
Earth’s atmosphere, ocean, soil and organisms. (US, DoE,
2024)
- Key components : atmosphere,
photosynthesis, respiration,
decomposition, oceans, fossil
fuels
- Human activities have disrupted
the natural carbon cycle.
Figure 5 : Carbon Cycle (US Department of Energy, 2024)

W hy is it important?
- Our planet is a closed system, meaning the Earth does not
lose or gain carbon, but carbon does move constantly.
- Human activities releases stored carbon into the
atmosphere, where it becomes a GHG.
- According to the US Department of Energy, historically
about 25% of carbon emissions from humans have been
captured by forests grassland and farms, while 30% is by
oceans.

C arbon C ycle Disruption
- The excess amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere by
humans disrupt the carbon cycle as nature alone is not able to
absorb all of it.
- Negative effects (NOAa,2024) :
- ocean acidification
- Climate Change
- Air pollution

Carbon Capture, Utilization and storage (CCUS)
What is CCUS?
A process that captures CO2 emissions from
large
sources like power plants or industrial facilities
usin
fossil fuels or biomass, for industrial use.(Lebling et
al.
2023)
Application of Decarbonization
Figure 7: Technology of CCUS. Source : HDEC Newsroom

Examples of CC U S
● Concrete and Cement Industrial Sectors
The CO2 emissions during the process of firing clay is
recaptured and than sequestered in a hardened
concrete.
● Food and Beverages Sectors
CO2 from the industrial process is recovered
And purified than get sent to food and
beverage industries. (Greenbiz,2023)
Figure 9:: Liberty Coca-Cola,
(Greenbiz,2023)
Figure 8: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 8, 5212–5223

Figure 10: Electrification of Energy Demand
(Pawas Prasoon, 2021)
● Electrification
Process of replacing energy consuming
device, appliance or sector from non
electrical energy to electrical energy.
● Why Electrify ?
❖ Cleaner Energy
Sources
❖ Energy Efficiency
❖ Lower operating cost

Examples of Electriﬁcation in
different sectors
Transportation Industry
Electric Vehicles
Electric arc
Furnaces
Figure 11:A Deep Dive into the Statistics and Trend (Ukpanah,
2024)
Figure 12: Electric arc furnaces (EAF)
(Kopeliovich,2023)

● Carbon exchange and how it works
Utilizing a market-driven
approach, carbon trading
seeks to offer financial
rewards to companies that
lessen their environmental
impact. In contrast to
voluntary offsets, which allow
customers to pay for the right
to offset their carbon
footprint, carbon trading is a
mandated program.
Figure 15: American century investments. (Sharvari Johari,
2023)

● Renewable energy
By increasing the usage of renewable
energy such as solar energy, wind
energy, geothermal energy,biomass
and hydropower, the rate of
greenhouse gas emissions reduces
exponentially.
By changing to a much cleaner and
sustainable energy, we could achieve a
carbon neutral future, no longer having
to depend on the usage of fossil fuels,
which is one of the main cause of
greenhouse gasses.
Figure 16: Legendpower
( 2023)

C hallenges of Decarbonisation
Challenges faced by “Carbon capture, utilisation and
storage ( CCUS ).
1. Economics aspect
- High cost of operation
- In the United States, the Biden administration
has invested more than 12 billion in CCUS
operation.
2. The Chicken and egg problem of infrastructure.
- New infrastructure and devices need to be
developed and provided to support the CCUS
operation.
- For example, pipelines will be needed to
transfer captured carbon from sites to
storage facilities.
Figure 17: Decoding challenges of
“CCUS”. (Martinez, 2024)
(Oil & Gas IQ,
2023)

Challenges faced by Electrification (Proctor.D, 2023)
1. Supply Chain and Workforce Constraints
- Slow rate of production and distribution of
critical materials.
- For example, lithium batteries.
- Shortage of skilled technician
- Less effective of installation and
maintenance.
2. Economic and Investment Uncertainty
- Massive investments are required.
- Challenging due to inflation and fluctuating
energy prices.
Figure 18: Renewable Energy (Gera,I ;Bureau,
E ,2023)

Challenges faced by carbon exchange
1. Ethical issues
- Carbon market and trading systems are
manipulated by wealthy and powerful.
- Polluters emits greenhouse gases by purchasing
carbon credits from others.
- Trust in carbon market has been eroded due to
lack of transparency.
2. Public awareness
- Lack of understanding
- For example, mechanism of carbon exchange and
its potential benefits. Figure 9: Challenges of Traditional Carbon Credit Market (Antier_SEO,
2023)
Lyimo, P. (2024)

Ref erences
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Ref erences

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