Definition of landscaping, basic principles and components
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This document defines landscaping and landscape architecture. It discusses six principles of landscape design: balance, rhythm, unity, variety, simplicity, and proportions. It also covers landscape elements like color, form, line, scale, texture, water features, hardscaping materials, and common garden components such as lawns, shrubs, trees, climbers, and flower beds.
Definition of landscaping, basic principles and components
- 1. Definition of landscaping, Principles of gardening, garden components and adornments Lecture No. 2 and 3
- 2. Definition of landscaping Refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including nature, living elements, such as flora or fauna; Natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water; Human elements such as structures, buildings, fences
- 3. Landscape Architecture Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes
- 6. Balance • Symmetrical balance is used in formal landscapes when one side of the landscape is a mirror image of the opposite side. • These landscapes often use geometric patterns in the walkways, planting beds and even how the plants are pruned into shapes. • Asymmetrical balance, also known as informal balance, differs from one side to the other and appears to be relaxing and free flowing.
- 8. SYMMETRICAL BALANCE • Symmetrical balance is where there are more or less equally spaced matching elements of in gardens designs like mirror image • Formal balance- repeats the same left and right, giving stability and dignity. • It is need high maintenance keep both side similar. CENTRAL AXIS SHOWN BOTH SIDE EGUAL BALANCE
- 9. ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE Asymmetrical balance, also known as informal balance, differs from one side to the other and appears to be relaxing and free flowing lambaassociates.wordpress.com http ://www.gardendesignexposed.com Central axis showing assymetrical balance in the images
- 13. Rhythm • Rhythm in a landscape is about repetition and the strategic placement of elements that contribute to a garden’s underlying structure.
- 17. Unity • Unity in design simply means all the separate parts of the landscape work together to create a great total design. • Colors, shapes, sizes, textures and other features work together to create a combined space. • Forms and colors are often repeated. • Lighting, special features, bed shapes and hardscapes such as walk ways all need to work together to create a pleasing look and a unified landscape.
- 20. VAREITY • Vareity adds spices and interest in landscape from the helps of Lines, forms , textures and colors • Vareity is diversity and contrast in form, texture and colors preventing monotony • It has oftentimes been said that ‘variety’ is “the spice of life” • It is essential in order to achieve an significant interest in landscape • For variety, fill in with other landscape material. • Too much vareity creates confusion but the lack of variety is boring • Without vareity in both the use of hard and soft landscape material, this can be lead to unfaourable results.
- 21. VAREITY • • • • • • Using variety of flower and shrubs to create the line of sight vincemichael.wordpress.co m
- 22. SIMPLECITY • Achieved by the repetition of ideas or material. • Simplicity is the concepts of reducing or eliminating extras features to avoid a messy look. • Reduce the different numbers of themes • The reduction of a design to its simplest, its avoids unnecessary cost and maintenance. • Simplicity in the limitation of changes • One of the most common problem in landscape is trying to do “too much” • Simplicity is the essential for the landscape design. • Plants and the other materials of designing in landscape components in to a simple, unified scheme is always an existing challenges
- 23. SIMPLECITY www.pinterest.co m Simplicity shown in images from the repetition of landscape elements
- 24. • Simply refers to the size of elements in relation to each other that is “scale”. • A feeling of balance can also be achieved by having equal proportions of open space and planted • Proportion is the sense or requirement that the size of the individual components or groups of components in a landscape fit into the whole landscape. • Proportion is the relationship with width or length of an area to the relationship to parts of an organization. • Special consideration and study should be given to proper plant selection to avoid using plants that are out of proportion. • Scale usually bears references of size of a thing or object that appears to have a pleasing relationship to other things or to the design as a whole. PROPORTIONS
- 25. PROPORTIONS
- 26. SEQUENCE Sequence of trees, grass and shrubs Lines, rows, and columns can be used to connect and define a space. Utilize bold, straight lines or even wavy curves. A sequence can be created with a formal or informal balance of elements.
- 27. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN 1. COLOUR 2. FORM 3. LINE 4. SCALE OR BALANCE 5. TEXTURE • The 5 basic elements of landscape design are:
- 28. Color wheel Color theory is often used in landscape design by dividing the color spectrum into 4 categories: 1.Primary: reds, yellows and blues. 2.Secondary: greens, violets (purples) and oranges. 3.Tertiary: Mixtures of the primary and secondary categories. •Neutral: White, grays and silvers. All the images follows the principle of landscaping like unity vareity etc
- 29. FORM • In landscape design terminology, form is the shape of a plant. • Upright • oval • Columnar • Spreading • Broad spreading • Weeping • Tall plants create a vertical look, drawing the eye upward • Low spreading plants draw the eye to the horizon. • Use individual specimen plants to break monotony and create interest. • A mixture of a variety of form becomes confusing
- 30. LINE • The line of sight is the viewer's eye movement or flow being influenced by the arrangement of plants and their borders. • Eye movement is unconsciously affected by the way plant groupings fit or flow together, both on the horizontal and vertical planes. • Hedges or rows of plants direct the attention to a focal point or specific Area. • Meandering lines or curves slow movement and create a natural, undisturbed feeling.
- 31. SCALE AND BALANCE • The visual relationship of the Landscape components, relative to size. • Equal sizes on both sides of the landscape gives balance • Symmetrical – the repeating of the elements on either side of an axis(an imaginary central line) • Asymmetrical – equal size or weight on both sides of the axis, without repeating specific elements
- 32. TEXTURE • Texture is the touch or visual surface quality of an object, or plant • The texture of a plant's foliage or bloom can be viewed as coarse, medium or fine.
- 33. Water • Water has been used by landscape architects as a key aesthetic factor. • It was implemented for breaking the monotony caused by the solid materials used by architects or artists Introduction • Water is an important design element. • Like plants, water has qualities that change over time and in different light and weather conditions • Its capable of producing a wide variety of effects, from that of a still pond, to the excitement of a great cascade. Role of water in landscape aesthetics Water related landscape values 1.Sound of water or water birds 2.Movement of rivers, waterfalls or waves 3.Colours of water and coasts 4.Reflections on water surface 5.Possibility of expanding biotopes of certain species. 6.Water creates a sculpturing effect.
- 34. ROCK • “Rock” could be boulders, cobbles, stone and gravel as paving, or building walls as groundcovers and surfacing. • Can be used in its natural state or as cut stone, sliced stone or polished stone. • It is more expensive than most artificial materials but it is very durable, with interest texture. Granite pavers Flag stone Pabbles Gravels in several Colors
- 35. COMPONENTS OF LANDSCAPES AND GARDENS Living components • 1. Lawn • 2. Shrubs and shrubberies • 3. Climber and creepers • 4. Trees • 5. Flower beds and borders • 6. Ornamental hedges • 7. Edges (or) Edging • 8. Carpet beds • 9. Topiary • 10. Trophy
- 36. Lawn • Lawn is a natural green carpet of a garden • It is a ground cover made of perennial fine grass which is maintained by continuous and close mowing • It is a basic feature for home ground development and an essential feature for any other type of garden
- 37. Grasses suitable for lawn making Common Name Scientific name Buffalo grass or shade grass Stenotaphrum secundatum Korean grass Zoysia japonica Bermuda grass or Doob grass Cynodon dactylon Korean velvet grass Zoysia centifolia
- 40. Shrubs and shrubbery • Shrubs are much branched woody perennials and has several branches arising from the base • They form a boarder on the sides of footpath • Shrubs are not grown for shade • Structurally , they provide bulk and mass in the landscape • It is useful as single specimens, mixed borders, beneath the tall trees, and as a ground covers
- 44. In gardens, the shrub boarder is created with more than two kinds of shrubs . Such a shrubby growth is called shrubbery
- 46. Foliage Shrubs • Copperleaf or Copper plant- Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor • Fire croton or Garden croton- Codium variegate
- 48. Climbers and creepers • Climbers and creepers are used to grow against or over walls , trellis , arches , pergolas , pillars , or any large trees • Climbers may be weight or light depending upon the wood it produces • Creepers are those plants that are unable to climb vertically on their own because of their week stems
- 49. Eg: 1. Bougainvillea 2. Creeping Fig (ficus) or climbing fig- Ficus ripens or Ficus pumila. 3. Rangoon creeper or Chinese honeysuckle- Quisqualis Indica. 4. Asian pigeonwings or bluebell vine or butterfly pea or cordofan pea.
- 50. Creeping fig
- 52. Flame vine or orange trumpet vine: Pyrostegia venusta
- 53. butterfly pea: Clitoria ternatea
- 58. Trees • A tree is a perennial ornamental plant with an elongated stem , or trunk , supporting branches and leaves in most species , they give a mass effect and beautiful look to the localities . The place where trees are grown either for landscaping or for scientific study is known as arboretum
- 60. Various forms of ornamental trees are is good for planning in narrow side yards . They are good on either Sides of an entrance . Columnar / erect tree Eg : polyalthia pendula
- 61. Spartan Juniper: Juniperus chinensis
- 62. Global / oval shaped tree have almost clipped appearance and add formal touch to the landscape . Eg: Thuja occientalis
- 63. Vase shaped trees look beautiful with their grey branches . Many of the deciduous trees are vase shaped . Eg : Pithecolobium saman (rain tree)
- 64. Pyramid shaped tree look better when planned in such a way as to provide a distinct view from the lawns . Eg : Araucaria bidwillii
- 65. Weeping / pendulous trees : have drooping branches and flower spikes are always a favourite in a house garden . ex: cassia fistula (golden rain tree)
- 66. Flower beds and borders • Several flowering annuals and herbaceous perennials can be grown in beds and borders • Flower beds are simple design that can be laid out on the borders of the lawn along the foundation of buildings , the path leading to the entrance of the house , and on sides of footsteps Flower borders are continuous beds of more length than width containing plants of heterogeneous character as flower beds which are composed of plants of one kind only .
- 74. Hedges • Serve the purpose of fencing or screening . • Give shelter from strong wind • Help to separate garden components . • Shrubs or trees planted at regular intervals to form continuous screen is called hedge Tall protective hedge – bougainvillea Tall ornamental – hibiscus Dwarf protective – opuntia Dwarf ornamental – lantana , acalypha
- 75. Tall protective hedge – bougainvillea
- 77. Edges • These are materials of any description that is used in gardens for dividing beds, borders from the roads, walks or paths defining spaces allotted for particular purposes as flower beds • Dwarf growing plants up to 20-30cm height such as Eupatorium • Alternanthera which should stand frequent trimming. Lining the borders of beds , lawn , paths etc. with low growing perennials or brick work or stones
- 81. Rockery • This is intended to bring together in a shorter space an idea of mountain or alpine garden with plants growing in the crevices of rocks. • This is an elevated structure resembling a miniature mountain range or slope of a hill with few dominant peaks or valleys. Some of the Cacti & Succulents used in rockery are Agave, Aloe vera, Sedum, Yucca. Ferns: Nephrodium, Polypodium. Flowering: Vinca rosea, Verbena.
- 87. Topiary • Certain plants are often trimmed to shapes of animals or birds etc., • Shrubs are well suited for bending and withstand frequent trimming for developing topiary • Shrubs like Casuarina, Bougainvillea, Cupressus (cypress), duranta repens , murraya exotica , are suitable for topiary work .
- 94. Trophy • Arranging potted colourful foliage or flowering shrubs and annuals or herbaceous perennials around a tree or any central object (statue or flag post ) • They are often arranged in tiers.
- 95. Carpet beds • In a large public garden close-growing plants like Verbena or Alternanthera ( joyweeds, or Joseph's coat) are used to form certain designs or letters • Foliage plants are better suited than flowering plants as they stand severe clipping much better • Carpet beds require constant attention and need not allowing them to overgrow
- 99. Non-living components (Garden Adornments) • Many adornments /enrichments are provided in a garden to make it look more ornamental. • Selection and positioning of enrichment items should add charm and quality to the landscape.
- 100. Fountains • Fountains break the monotony of the garden and add pleasing sound inside the garden. • It can be used as a focal point also. • Musical fountains are gaining popularity nowadays.
- 114. Statues and wells • Statues of animate/inanimate objects can be used. • Made of bronze or stone or copper or concrete. • Statues can be placed in the middle of a running stream of water, along the border of a big lawn, at the cross section of two roads, at the end of a road or near the doorway of the house. • Sculptures sometimes placed at the edge of water sot that they form reflections in the water. • Wells are indicative of the life of a garden, since they are supposed to supply water.
- 120. Garden seats • Should be comfortable, durable, aesthetic and should not look out of place. • Can be made of wood, iron, concrete, fibre or plastic.
- 126. Ornamental stones • Ornamental stones add beauty to the gardens. Stones of various colours and designs can be placed near lily pools / along streams /waterfalls. It improves the look of the area to a great extent.
- 129. Tubs, vases and urns • These are useful for plant display. Made of timber, concrete, terracotta, brass or curved out of stone. • These can be fixed permanently in a place or sometimes it can be movable also.
- 133. Bird bath • A large bowl-shaped container fixed over a pillar of about 1m height. • Water is stored in the bowl for the birds to come and drink/bath. • It should be placed in a quiet place to attract birds.
- 136. Floral clocks • Refers to large clocks operated by electricity, having large arms to show second, minute and hour. • The dial is made by carpet bedding or flower bed. • If flowering annuals are used, they should be replaced every season. • Eg: Alternanthera, Iresine
- 141. Sundials • Used in a garden to know the time. It should be positioned in a place where shadow from a tree or building does not fall for a long duration.
- 142. Lanterns • Carved out of stone and should be low and decorative. • Metal lanterns can also be used.
- 143. Gazebo • A pavilion structure from which the glimpse of the whole garden could be viewed is referred to as gazebo.
- 146. Bridges • Necessary item in a garden to cross as stream. • Size, shape and material of bridge depends upon the type of water barrier. • Made of wood, stone or concrete.
- 151. Kiosk • Usually a structure in the form of an ornamental shed. • The main purpose is to provide shelter for sitting and taking rest. • Usually made of brick floor, wooden frame and decorative tiled roof. • Placement dimension and design should be in harmony with the garden features.
- 154. Garden adornments • There are several garden adornments and accessories such as fountains, statues, garden seats, ornamental posts and pillars, arches and pergolas, trellises, hanging baskets, tubs, vases and urns with plants which make the garden more enjoyable. • Playing of a fountain is an interesting feature in a garden and the water in the cistern should be kept clean. • Garden seats made up of stones, concrete or metal are placed under the tree. • Handsome tubs, vessels and urns are utilized to display plants in conspicuous places. • Arbours, arches, pergolas and trellises serve as support to several beautiful plants and to dispel monotony in garden. • Arbours are usually open in all sides. • Very often a long wall or the end of a pergola leads to an arbour. • Arches are generally erected over walks, usually at the entrance and are usually two meters in height. • Pergolas are series of arches connected over a walk.
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