Realizing a Semantic Web Application - ICWE 2010 Tutorial

Realizing a Semantic Web Application ICWE 2010 Tutorial July 5 - 9, 2010 in Vienna, Austria Emanuele Della Valle [email_address] - http://emanueledellavalle.org

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Acknowledgements The presentation of this tutorial is supported by the Search Computing (SeCo) project, funded by European Research Council, under the IDEAS Advanced Grants program. Search computing focuses on building the answers to complex search queries like " Where can I attend an interesting conference in my field close to a sunny beach? " by interacting with a constellation of cooperating search services, using ranking and joining of results as the dominant factors for service composition.

Acknowledgements We are working on using Search Computing to support the development of Semantic Web applications like the one illustrated in this tutorial We believe that Search Computing methods and tools will revolutionize the development of mash-ups using (but not limiting to) Linked Data Learn more: http://www.search-computing.it/ http://blog.search-computing.it/ Stay tuned: http://twitter.com/searchcomputing Get connect: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Search-Computing/10150092533150370

Introduction Goal We will “develop” (no panic ;-), no hands on!) together an application of the Semantic Web we named Music Event Explorer or simply meex We will challenge the Semantic Web technologies in realizing a new service for Web users Using Transforming and Combining existing data

Introduction Ingredients RDF as unified data model OWL as modelling language for the data sources GRDDL as a standard approach to translate in RDF the data stored in XML data sources D2RQ as tool to translate in RDF the data stored in relational data sources SPARQL as standard query language to access RDF data Jena as application framework to merge the various data in a single RDF model and manipulate it Joseky as tool to expose SPARQL endpoint ARQ as SPARQL client library A RDF storage to guarantee persistency A OWL reasoner to infer new knowledge Exhibit as user interface

Introduction Approach In order to realize meex We start from the user need We derive user requirements We “develop” the ontologies and the software components While presenting we will explain the use of Semantic Web technologies and tools. (gray background slides) A demonstrative installation of the application, together with the source code, is available at http://swa.cefriel.it/meex

By the way what’s the Semantic Web Computer should understand more Large number of integrations - ad hoc - pair-wise Too much information to browse, need for searching and mashing up automatically Each site is “understandable” for us Computers don’t “understand” much ? Millions of Applications Search & Mash-up Engine 010 0 1 1 0 0 1101 10100 10 0010 01 101 101 01 110 1 10 1 10 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 10 0 1 101 0 1

By the way what’s the Semantic Web What does “understand” mean? What we say to Web agents " For more information visit <a href=“http://www.ex.org”> my company </a> Web site. . .” What they “hear” " blah blah blah blah blah <a href=“http://www.ex.org”> blah blah blah </a> blah blah. . .” Jet this is enought to train them to achive tasks for us [ source http://www.thefarside.com/ ]

By the way what’s the Semantic Web What does Google “understand”? Understanding that [page1] links [page2]  page2 is interesting Google is able to rank results! “ The heart of our software is PageRank™, a system for ranking web pages […] (that) relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page's value .” http://www.google.com/technology/

By the way what’s the Semantic Web Two ways for computer to “understand” Smarter machines Such as Natural Langue processing (NLP) Audio Processing Image Processing (IP) Video Processing … many many more They all work fine alone, the problem is combining them E.g., NLP meets IP NLP: What does your eye see? IP: I see a sea NLP: You see a “c”? IP: Yes, what else could it be? Not the Semantic Web approach Smarter Data Make data easier for machines to publish, share, find and understand E.g. http://wordnet.rkbexplorer.com/description/word-sea vs. http://wordnet.rkbexplorer.com/description/word-c The Semantic Web approach Some NLP Related Entertainment http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/ NL/amusement.html

By the way what’s the Semantic Web The Semantic Web 1/4 “ The Semantic Web is not a separate Web, but an extension of the current one, in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” “ The Semantic Web”, Scientific American Magazine, Maggio 2001 http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00048144-10D2-1C70-84A9809EC588EF21 Key concepts an extension of the current Web in which information is given well-defined meaning better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. Both for computers and people

By the way what’s the Semantic Web The Semantic Web 3/4 “ The Semantic Web […] , in which information is given well-defined meaning […]” Human understandable but “only” machine-readable Human and machine “ understandable ” Web 1.0 Semantic Web

By the way what’s the Semantic Web The Semantic Web 4/4 Semantic Web Fewer Integration - standard - multi-lateral […] better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. Even More Applications Easier to understand for people More “understandable” for computers Semantic Mash-ups & Search

User Need A user need for meex Imagine the users need to explore music events related to a given music style An event is a concert, a show or a workshop at which one or more artist participate. An artist is either a single musician or a band. For instance, if a user is interest in Folk music meex finds the artists that play Folk music searches for events of those artists allows the users to explore the events related to each artist as a list, on a time line and on a map

User Need A manual solution I open musicmoz [1] and I look up artists that play Folk music If the pages of the artists on musicmoz don’t satisfy me I navigate to musicbrainz [2] I look up in EVDB [3] if some of those artists have organized an event close to my location in these days I take note of the possible alternatives and I check how to get there using google maps [4] [1] http://www.musicmoz.org [2] http://www.musicbrainz.org [3] http://www.eventful.com [4] http://maps.google.com

User Need A manual solution I look up artists that play Folk music

User Need A manual solution I can learn more navigating to musicbrainz

User Need A manual solution I look up in EVDB if some of those artists have organized an event close to my location in these days

User Need A manual solution I take note of the possible alternatives and I check how to get there using google maps

User Need Music Event Explorer Of course I can do it manually, but I need the time to do so. Can’t I write a mash-up?

The Problem Space What is needed? Ivan Herman in introducing the Semantic Web explains (Some) data should be available for machines for further processing Data should be possibly combined, merged on a Web scale Sometimes, data may describe other data (like the library example, using metadata)… … but sometimes the data is to be exchanged by itself, like my calendar or my travel preferences Machines may also need to reason about that data

The Problem Space The rough structure of data integration Map the various data onto an abstract data representation make the data independent of its internal representation… Merge the resulting representations Start making queries on the whole! queries that could not have been done on the individual data sets

The Problem Space The rough structure of data integration

The Problem Space So where is the Semantic Web? The Semantic Web provides technologies to make such integration possible! For example: an abstract model for the relational graphs: RDF extract RDF information from XML (eg, XHTML) pages: GRDDL add structured information to XHTML pages: RDFa a query language adapted for the relational graphs: SPARQL characterize the relationships, categorize resources: RDFS , OWL , SKOS , Rules applications may choose among the different technologies some of them may be relatively simple with simple tools (RDFS), whereas some require sophisticated systems (OWL, Rules) reuse of existing “ontologies” that others have produced

The Problem Space So where is the Semantic Web?

The Problem Space “Global as a View” approach Content Ontology 1 Content Ontology 2 Content Ontology N Application Ontology Bridge Ontology Content Ontology 3 Bridge Ontology

Software Engineering for the Semantic Web A Semantic Web application is still an application! A Semantic Web application is still an application, thus we need to follow good practice from Software Engineering in developing it. We adopt a Spiral Model inspired by the famous Boehm spiral model We extend it with Knowledge Engineering practices

D.1 Model the application ontology D.2 Model the content ontology R.1 Users’ needs analysis R.3 Software requirements analysis R.4 Content requirements analysis D.3 Model sample contents Reuse Merge Extend I.1 Implement the initial Knowledge Base V.1 Validation I.3 Configure External Source Wrappers I.2 Implement the integrated model Reuse Merge Extend I.4 Implement the application R.2 Risk analysis D.4 Design Application T.1 Testing

Requirements Analysis Application requirements analysis (1) In this step (namely R.3) we should elicit functional requirements of the application as grouping and filtering data non-functional requirements of the application as performance and scalability w.r.t. number of users However this is just a tutorial, therefore we concentrate on functional requirements, leaving non-functional requirements underspecified

Requirements Analysis Application requirements analysis (2) Meex must enable a user to explore data in the form of a list a chronological graphic a geographic map for each event must show name begin and end date place for each artist must show name nationality music styles he/she plays related artists must allow users to filter and rank results

Requirements Analysis Content requirements analysis Given we are developing a Semantic Web application is cruscial we reuse data already available on the Web EVDB - http://eventful.com MusicBrainz - http://musicbrainz.org MusicMoz - http://musicmoz.org

Requirements Analysis EVDB Content Source EVDB is a Web 2.0 website that makes available information about event all around the world For each event it knows The start data The end data The place in terms of address and geographic coordinates EVDB offers a Web API in the form of a REST service that sends back XML <entry> <id>http://eventful.com/events/E0-001-020438140-1</id> <title>U2</title> <gd:when startTime="2009-07-07" endTime="2009-07-08" /> <gd:where> <gd:contactSection label="San Siro"> <gd:postalAddress>20151 Milan, Italy</gd:postalAddress> <gd:geoPt lat="45.4667" lon="9.2"/> </gd:contactSection> </gd:where </entry> see http://api.evdb.com

Requirements Analysis MusicBrainz Content Source MusicBrainz is a Web 2.0 website that gathered a large amount of information about music offers information about artists and bands songs, albums and tracks relations among artists and bands The data of MusicBrainz are available as a PostgreSQL dump see http://musicbrainz.org/doc/DatabaseDownload It is exposed as a SPARQL endpoint by see http://ontotext.com/factforge/

Requirements Analysis MusicMoz Content Source MusicMoz is another Web 2.0 website dedicated to music offers information about artists and bands including their nationality music styles and their taxonomic relationships the styles each artist or band plays reuses MusicBrainz identifier for artists and bands The data of MusicMoz are available as large XML files <category name="Bands_and_Artists/U/U2/" type="band"> <resource name="musicbrainz" link="http://musicbrainz.org/artist/b10bbbfc-cf9e-42e0-be17-e2c3e1d260d.html" /> <from>Ireland</from> <style number="1">Rock</style> <style number="2">Pop</style> </category> see http://musicmoz.org/xml/

Requirements Analysis meex needs to merge this data meex in order to be able to manipulate all this data at the same time needs to merge the data of the three data sources. The artists and bands information from MusicBrainz should be linked to the music styles they play from MusicMoz the events related to them from EVDB

Requirements Analysis Data Licence Issue The data of all three data sources are freely usable, we just need to make sure that the logos of the three applications appears on each page of meex EVDB requests also to include a link to the permalink of the event on EVDB website MusicBrainz request also that derived data are made available in Creative Commons. Read out more here EVDB - http://api.eventful.com/terms MusicMoz - http://musicmoz.org/xml/license.html MusicBrainz - http://musicbrainz.org/doc/DatabaseDownload

System Design “Global as a View” approach instantiated Music Moz Ontology EVDB Ontology meex Application Ontology Bridge Ontology Music Brainz Ontology Bridge Ontology MusicMoz MusicBrainz EVDB [File XML] [DB] [REST+XML] MUSIC EVENTS EXPLORER

System Design The five ontologies that model meex Performer Style Event performsStyle performsEvent String When Where relatedPerformer Artist Style Event hasStyle relatedArtist fromCountry from hasWhere hasWhen hasWhere hasWhen rdfs mb evdb mm gd xsd meex subPropertyOf subPropertyOf subPropertyOf subPropertyOf subPropertyOf subClassOf subClassOf subClassOf

System Design The five ontologies form a network The properties hasStyle and from in MusicMoz ontology refer to the class Artist in MusicBrainz ontology Both the meex application ontology and the EVDB ontology refers to a shared ontology in which the class when and where are described The bridge ontology is a collection of subClassOf and subPropertyOf statements Further explanations follow when discussing the step I.2 (Implement the integrated model)

System Design MusicBrainz Ontology Sample content mb:artist/b10bbbfc-cf9e-42e0-be17-e2c3e1d2600d a mb:Artist ; rdfs:label "The Beatles" ; mb:related_artist mb:artist/ebfc1398-8d96-47e3-82c3-f782abcdb13d , mb:artist/618b6900-0618-4f1e-b835-bccb17f84294 . mb:artist/ebfc1398-8d96-47e3-82c3-f782abcdb13d a mb:Artist ; rdfs:label "The Beach Boys" . mb:artist/618b6900-0618-4f1e-b835-bccb17f84294 a mb:Artist ; rdfs:label "Eric Clapton" . String When Where Artist Style Event hasStyle relatedArtist from hasWhere hasWhen mb evdb mm SampleInstance-MusicBrainz.n3

System Design MusicMoz Ontology Sample content mb:artist/b10bbbfc-cf9e-42e0-be17-e2c3e1d2600d mm:from "England" ; mm:hasStyle mm:style/British-Invasion , mm:style/Rock , mm:style/Skiffle . mm:style/British-Invasion a mm:Style ; rdfs:label "British Invasion" . Note that we are reusing IRI from the MusicBrainz ontology String When Where Artist Style Event hasStyle relatedArtist from hasWhere hasWhen mb evdb mm

System Design EVDB Ontology Sample content evdb:events/E0-001-008121669-0@2008022719 a evdb:Event ; gd:label "Tell Me Why: A Beatles Commentary" . evdb:hasWhen evdb:events/E0-001-008121669-0@2008022719_When; evdb:hasWhere evdb:events/E0-001-008121669-0@2008022719_Where. evdb:events/E0-001-008121669-0@2008022719_When gd:startTime "2008-02-28" ; gd:endTime "2008-02-28" . evdb:events/E0-001-008121669-0@2008022719_Where gd:hasGeoPt evdb:events/E0-001-008121669-0@2008022719_GeoPt ; gd:label "The Wilmington Memorial Library" ; gd:postalAddress "175 Middlesex Avenue, Wilmington, USA" . evdb:events/E0-001-008121669-0@2008022719_GeoPt gd:lat "42.556943" ; gd:lon "-71.165576" . String When Where Artist Style Event hasStyle relatedArtist from hasWhere hasWhen mb evdb mm

System Design Wrap up of what we did so far We are done with the modeling of ontologies and sample contents We can now design meex (step D.4 of our approach) In order to design meex architecture We first design its interfaces in terms of both graphic user interface and connection to the three data sources Secondly we design how it works inside in terms of components and execution semantics

System Design meex interfaces MusicBrainz database Adapter Database  RDF SPARQL Server EVDB REST service MusicMoz File XML meex XML Browser Web 3) HTML and RDF 2) RDF GRDDL processor EVDB  RDF MusicMoz  RDF XML 2) RDF 1 ) Music style User

System Design How we access the data In order to get RDF data out from the three external data source we can use different techniques For MusicBrainz database we can use tools that enable to query non-RDF databases as virtual RDF graphs using a standard SPARQL endpoint For MusicMoz XML files we can use a GRDDL processor using the XSLT MusicMoz->RDF For EVDB we can use a GRDDL processor applying the XSLT EVDB->RDF to the XML file obtained using the EVDB REST service

System Design User Interface In order to collect users’ input and to present results back to the users, we can use Web 2.0 technologies and develop an AJAX interface Such AJAX interface must allow for Inserting the music style, the resulting events will refer to Exploring the events found by meex Filtering the events based on Artists Their nationality The music style they play

System Design Designing how meex works inside Ajax Web Framework GRDDL Processor For each Artist SPARQL Client MusicBrainz SPARQL Endpoint HTTP REST Client EVDB HTTP REST service GRDDL Processor EVDB  RDF MusicMoz  RDF Linking Artists to Events RDF Merge Extraction and Transformation Ajax Web Framework Music style Set of artist in RDF Artist SPARQL Query Events in XML Events in RDF Artists and events in RDF Artist data in RDF HTTP Query Dati RDF Artists and events in RDF

System Design Execution Semantics (1) The user requests a music style meex access the local copy of MusicMoz and using the GRDDL processors obtains a set of artist that plays the given music style [more to follow]

System Design Execution Semantics (2) [follows] For each artist meex : uses the SPARQL client to query the MusicBrainz SPARQL endpoint and it obtains the artist name and his/her relationships with other artist invokes the EVDB REST service, it obtains the events that refer to the artist in XML and uses the GRDDL processor to obtain this data in RDF links the data about each artist to the data about the events that refers to him/her [more to follow]

System Design Execution Semantics (3) [follows] When all the peaces of information about artists and events are available in the RDF storage, meex extracts them and serializes them in the format of the Ajax Web framework The ajax Web framework allows the user for exploring the events found by meex When the user decides to start a new exploration, meex starts over from the beginning

System Design Two important internal components The RDF storage must be initialized with both the application and the content ontology is filled in with the data meex loads from the three data source given the music style requested by the user The reasoner allows all query in meex to be express in terms of the application ontology even if data are loaded from the data sources using the content ontology NOTE: the reasoner support the semantic integration of the data loaded from the external data sources. The meex’s programmer can ignore that multiple and heterogeneous data sources were used to load data

Development Implement the initial Knowledge Base (1) We start implementing meex by setting up the initial knowledge base (step I.1) We need to select tools to read and write RDF in the RDF/XML and RDF/N3 syntax to manipulate programmatically RDF to store RDF to reason on OWL to interpret SPARQL

Development Implement the initial Knowledge Base (2) We choose Jena because offers API to read and write different RDF syntax provides a programmatic environment for RDF, RDFS and OWL, SPARQL a guarantees RDF model persistence through several relational database adapters includes a rule-based inference engine which implement OWL semantics includes ARQ, a query engine that supports SPARQL In order to use the RDF storage and the OWL reasoner from Jena we need to configure them as shown in the following slides

Development Configuring the RDF storage Class.forName("org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver"); DBConnection con = new DBConnection( "jdbc:derby:C:/Meex/RDFStorage;create=true", "sa", "", "Derby"); Model model = ModelFactory.createModelRDBMaker(con). createDefaultModel(); We choose to use Derby (from Apache) as relational database underneath the RDF storage. With row 1 we tell Jena where to find the JDBC driver With row 2 we define the JDBC connection With row 3 we instantiate the object model of Jena we will use to access and manipulate the RDF model in the storage

Development Configuring the OWL reasoner Reasoner reasoner = ReasonerRegistry.getOWLMicroReasoner(); model = ModelFactory.createInfModel(reasoner, model); Jena offers numerous options to configure the internal rule-based inference engine with different expressivity-performance tradeoffs We need simple reasoning features (i.e., subClassOf and subPropertyOf transitive closure), the OWL Micro configuration is, therefore, the most appropriate one With row 1 we instantiate a OWL micro reasoner With row 2 we instantiate a model with inference support using the model previously created and the OWL micro reasoner

Development Implement the integrated model (1) We move on with the implementation of meex realizing the integrated model (step I.2) In the integrated model we merge application and content ontology Our intent is to integrate semantically the heterogeneous data coming from the external data sources In order to realize the integrated model we need to define a bridge ontology using the properties rdfs:subclassOf rdfs:subpropertyOf to connect classes and properties in the application ontology to those in the content ontology

Development Implement the integrated model (2) mb:Artist rdfs:subClassOf meex:Performer . mb:related_artist rdfs:subPropertyOf meex:relatedPerformer. mm:Style rdfs:subClassOf meex:Style . mm:hasStyle rdfs:subPropertyOf meex:performsStyle . mm:from rdfs:subPropertyOf meex:fromCountry . evdb:Event rdfs:subClassOf meex:Event. evdb:hasWhen rdfs:subPropertyOf meex:hasWhen. evdb:hasWhere rdfs:subPropertyOf meex:hasWhere. In rows 1 and 2 we connect the ontology of MusicBrainz to the application ontology, i.e. the classes mb:Artist and meex:Performer the properties mb:related_artist and meex:relatedPerformer . Likewise, in rows 3, 4 and 5, we connect the ontology of MusicMoz to the application ontology and in rows 6, 7 and 8 we connect the ontology of EVDB to the application ontology

Development Back to the five ontologies that model meex Performer Style Event performsStyle performsEvent String When Where relatedPerformer Artist Style Event hasStyle relatedArtist fromCountry from hasWhere hasWhen hasWhere hasWhen mb evdb mm gd xsd meex subPropertyOf subPropertyOf subPropertyOf subPropertyOf subPropertyOf subClassOf subClassOf subClassOf

Development Implement the integrated model (3) Thanks to this bridge ontology (and the reasoner), when a client application issues a SPARQL query using terms in the meex application ontology, it gets as results the information loaded from the external data sources meex GUI can, therefore, query the RDF storage homogeneously in the terms of application ontology without caring of the heterogeneous formats of the three data sources To give an idea of the differences, in the next slide we show the data loaded from MusicBrainz the SPARQL query that meex GUI issue in the application ontology to the RDF storage the answer it gets

Development Implement the integrated model (4) mb:artist/b10bbbfc-cf9e-42e0-be17-e2c3e1d2600d a mb:Artist ; rdfs:label "The Beatles" ; mb:related_artist mb:artist/ebfc1398-8d96-47e3-82c3-f782abcdb13d , mb:artist/618b6900-0618-4f1e-b835-bccb17f84294 . mb:artist/ebfc1398-8d96-47e3-82c3-f782abcdb13d a mb:Artist ; rdfs:label "The Beach Boys" . mb:artist/618b6900-0618-4f1e-b835-bccb17f84294 a mb:Artist ; rdfs:label "Eric Clapton" . SampleInstance-MusicBrainz.n3 SELECT ?artistName ?relatedArtistName WHERE { ?x a meex:Performer . ?x rdfs:label ?artistName . ?x meex:relatedPerformer ?relatedArtist . ?relatedArtist rdfs:label ?relatedArtistName . ?artistName ?relatedArtistName The Beatles The Beach Boys The Beatles Eric Clapton

Development Configure External Source Wrappers Following the proposed approach, next step (i.e. I.3) suggests to configure the external source wrappers In the following slide we show how to implement and configure all the component necessary to allow meex to load data from the external data sources

Development meex interfaces (1) MusicBrainz database Adapter Database  RDF SPARQL Server EVDB REST service MusicMoz File XML meex XML Browser Web 3) HTML and RDF 2) RDF GRDDL processor EVDB  RDF MusicMoz  RDF XML 2) RDF 1 ) Music style User

By the way, is this practice “orthodox”? Semantic Web Double Bus [source http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/diagrams/sw-double-bus.png ]

Development Importing data from MusicBrainz The data of MusicBrainz are stored as dump of PostgreSQL database So, first of all we install the relational database PostgreSQL necessary documentation is available on PostgreSQL and MusicBrainz official websites When the database is available we need to install and configure a translator from relational database to RDF a SPARQL endpoint We choose D2RQ as translator and Joseki as SPARQL server

Development Configuring D2RQ for MusicBrainz map:artist a d2rq:ClassMap; d2rq:dataStorage map:database; d2rq:class mb:Artist; d2rq:uriPattern " http://musicbrainz.org/artist/@@artist.gid@@ "; map:artist_name a d2rq:PropertyBridge; d2rq:belongsToClassMap map:artist; d2rq:property rdfs:label ; d2rq:column "artist.name". map:artist_relation a d2rq:PropertyBridge ; d2rq:belongsToClassMap map:artist; d2rq:property mb:artist_relation; d2rq:join "artist.id = artist_relation.artist“; d2rq:join "artist_relation.ref = artist2.id"; d2rq:alias "artist AS artist2"; d2rq:uriPattern "http://musicbrainz.org/artist/@@artist2.gid@@". D2RQ-MusicBrainzDB.n3 artist artist_relation id gid artist ref

Development Configuring Joseky for MusicBrainz [] rdf:type joseki:Service ; rdfs:label "SPARQL for MusicBrainzDB" ; joseki:serviceRef "MusicBrainz" ; joseki:dataset _:MusicBrainzDS ; joseki:processor joseki:ProcessorSPARQL_FixedDS . _:MusicBrainzDS rdf:type ja:RDFDataset ; ja:defaultGraph _:MusicBrainzModel ; rdfs:label "MusicBrainz Dataset" . _:MusicBrainzModel rdf:type d2rq:D2RQModel ; rdfs:label "MusicBrainz D2RQ Model" ; d2rq:mappingFile <file:D2RQ-MusicBrainzDB.n3> ; d2rq:resourceBaseURI <http://musicbrainz.org/> . joseki-config.ttl With row 1 we expose a SPARQL endpoint giving the name of the service and the URL at which it will become accessible http://localhost:2020/MusicBrainz With row 2 and 3 we configure the SPARQL endpoint to expose MusicBrainz via D2RQ using the configuration file D2RQ-MusicBrainzDB.n3 (see previous slide)

Development meex interfaces (2) MusicBrainz database Adapter Database  RDF SPARQL Server EVDB REST service MusicMoz File XML meex XML Browser Web 3) HTML and RDF 2) RDF GRDDL processor EVDB  RDF MusicMoz  RDF XML 2) RDF 1 ) Music style User

Development Importing data from MusicMoz and EVDB The MasicBrainz SPARQL endpoint is ready, let’s imporing data from MusicMoz and EVDB. They both exchange data in XML. In the design steps we chose to use a GRDDL processor to convert from XML in RDF (in the RDF/XML syntax) The GRDDL recommendation requires the XML documents to directly refer to the XSLT that performs the translation. Neither MusicMoz nor EVDB XML files originally include the reference request by GRDDL We can programmatically add it In the following slide we show an excerpt of the modified XML files for MusicMoz We can proceed likewise for EVDB

Development Importing data from MusicMoz (1) <musicmoz xmlns:grddl='http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view#‘ grddl:transformation ="file:///[...]/ musicmoz-to-rdf.xsl "> <category name="Bands_and_Artists/B/Beatles,_The“ type="band"> <resource name="musicbrainz" link="http://musicbrainz.org/artist/ b10bbbfc-cf9e-42e0-be17-e2c3e1d2600d.html"/> <from>England</from> <style number="1">British Invasion</style> <style number="2">Rock</style> <style number="3">Skiffle</style> </category> <style><name>British Invasion</name></style> <style><name>Rock</name></style> <style><name>Skiffle</name></style> </musicmoz> Excerpts from the files musicmoz.bandsandartists.xml and musicmoz.lists.styles.xml

Development Importing data from MusicMoz (2) <xsl:template match="musicmoz/category[(@type='band' or @type='artist‘) and resource/@name='musicbrainz']"> <xsl:variable name="artist_uri“ select="resource[@name='musicbrainz']/@link"/> <xsl:for-each select="style"> <xsl:variable name="style_reformatted“ select="concat('http://musicmoz.org/style/',text())"/> <rdf:Description rdf:about="{$artist_uri}"> <mm:hasStyle rdf:resource="{$style_reformatted}"/> </rdf:Description> </xsl:for-each> <rdf:Description rdf:about="{$artist_uri}"> <mm:from><xsl:value-of select="from"/></mm:from> </rdf:Description> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="musicmoz/style"> <xsl:variable name="style_reformatted" select="concat('http://musicmoz.org/style/', name)"/> <mm:Style rdf:about="{$style_reformatted}"> <rdfs:label><xsl:value-of select="name"/></rdfs:label> </mm:Style> </xsl:template> Excerpts from the file musicmoz-to-rdf.xsl

Development Importing annotations from MusicMoz (3) As GRDDL processor we choose GRDDL Reader , the GRDDL processor for Jena. With row 1 we instantiate a Jena model that will momentarily contain the RDF data produce by the GRDDL processor With row 2 we instantiate a RDFReader that uses a GRDDL processor to load RDF data With row 3 and 4 we load in the RDF model instantiate in row 1 the data contained in the XML files of MusicMoz using the RDF reader configured for GRDDL With row 5 we merge the loaded RDF data with those already present in the RDF storage Model mmModel = ModelFactory.createDefaultModel(); RDFReader reader = mmModel.getReader("GRDDL"); reader.read(mmModel, "file:///.../musicmoz.bandsandartists.xml"); reader.read(mmModel, "file:///.../musicmoz.lists.styles.xml"); model.add(mmModel);

Development So far so good! (1) MusicBrainz database Adapter Database  RDF SPARQL Server EVDB REST service MusicMoz File XML meex XML Browser Web 3) HTML and RDF 2) RDF GRDDL processor EVDB  RDF MusicMoz  RDF XML 2) RDF 1 ) Music style User

Development So far so good! (2) Ajax Web Framework GRDDL Processor For each Artist SPARQL Client MusicBrainz SPARQL Endpoint HTTP REST Client EVDB HTTP REST service GRDDL Processor EVDB  RDF MusicMoz  RDF Linking Artists to events RDF Merge Estrazione e trasformazione Ajax Web Framework Music style Set of artist in RDF Artist SPARQL Query Events in XML Events in RDF Artists and events in RDF Artist data in RDF HTTP Query Dati RDF Artists and events in RDF

Development What’s left? All the business logic that coordinates the interaction among the internal component is still to be implemented NOTE: implementing the business logic requires both writing many lines of pure Java code and work with several Semantic Web technologies we will focus our attention to the Semantic Web technologies The complete Java code is available on meex the website for downloading. See http://swa.cefriel.it/meex

Development What’s left? Ajax Web Framework GRDDL Processor For each Artist SPARQL Client MusicBrainz SPARQL Endpoint HTTP REST Client EVDB HTTP REST service GRDDL Processor EVDB  RDF MusicMoz  RDF Linking Artists to events RDF Merge Estrazione e trasformazione Ajax Web Framework Music style Set of artist in RDF Artist SPARQL Query Events in XML Events in RDF Artists and events in RDF Artist data in RDF HTTP Query Dati RDF Artists and events in RDF

Development MEMO: Execution Semantics (1) The user requests a music style meex access the local copy of MusicMoz and using the GRDDL processors obtains a set of artist that plays the given music style [more to follow]

Development Step 2 : from the music style to the artists The step 2. of meex execution semantics requires to query MusicMoz for the artist that plays the music style requested by the users The following SPARQL query extracts information from MusicMoz in terms of the application ontology PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX meex: <http://swa.cefriel.it/meex#> SELECT DISTINCT ?performer WHERE { ?performer meex:performsStyle ?style. ?style rdfs:label "British Invasion" . }

Development MEMO: Execution Semantics (2) [follows] For each artist meex : uses the SPARQL client to query the MusicBrainz SPARQL endpoint and it obtains the artist name and his/her relationships with other artist invokes the EVDB REST service, it obtains the events that refer to the artist in XML and uses the GRDDL processor to obtain this data in RDF links the data about each artist to the data about the events that refers to him/her [more to follow]

Development Step 3.a: querying MusicBrainz The step 3.a of meex execution semantics requires to query MusicBrainz for the data that describe an artist including the related artists PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX mb: <http://musicbrainz.org/> DESCRIBE < mb:artist/b10bbbfc-cf9e-42e0-be17-e2c3e1d2600d >; Excerpts from the file MusicBrainz.java

Development Step 3.b: querying EVDB The step 3.b of meex execution semantics requires to invoke the EVDB REST service, obtain the list of events in XML and use the GRDDL processor to obtain the RDF Excerpts from the file EVDB.java

Development Step 3.c: linking artists to events (1) The step 3.c of meex execution semantics requires to link the artist information retrieved from MusicMoz and MusicBrainz to the event information retrieved from EVDB We can use the following SPARQL CONSTRUCT query on top of the RDF generated by EVDB wrapper to create the links PREFIX meex: <http://swa.cefriel.it/meex#> CONSTRUCT {?performer meex:performsEvent ?event.} WHERE { ?performer a meex:Performer . ?event a meex:Event . }

Development Step 3.c: linking artists to events (2) Note that the links we create are not “semantically” checked, we only encode in RDF the results of a keyword matching performed by EVDB search engine E.g., if the event “Tell Me Why: A Beatles Commentary” is returned by EVDB when asking for Beatles, such an event will be linked to Beatles :-/ But , the available data can be used to create smart filter For example (very simple one, indeed) MusicBrainz contains information about death of artists or band broke up we can put a filter in front of the EVDB wrapper invoker to avoid looking for events of broken bands or dead artists

Development MEMO: Execution Semantics (3) [follows] When all the peaces of information about artists and events are available in the RDF storage, meex extracts them and serializes them in the format of the Ajax Web framework The ajax Web framework allows the user for exploring the events found by meex When the user decides to start a new exploration, meex starts over from the beginning

Development Step 4: preparing the data for the GUI We choose Exhibit as Ajax Web framework because allows facet browsing allows grouping and filtering events by artist name artist nationality the style the artist plays the related artists includes different views an ordered list a chronological graph a geographic map

Development Step 4: configuring Exhibit We can configure Exhibit by the means of two files: an HTML page that controls the look and feel and a JSON file that contains the data to be explored by the user In this tutorial we focus on the preparation of the JSON file. We refer to Exhibit documentation and the website of our Semantic Web book for the preparation of the HTML page of Exhibit for meex A JSON file is a simple text file that contains data organized in set of recors. In the following slide we show the information of The Beatles expressed in JSON.

Development Step 4: a sample JSON file type: "Event", label: "1964 The Tribute Tribute to Beatles", eventful_link: "http://eventful.com/events/ E0-001-006129372-5", when_startTime: "2008-01-25", when_endTime: "2008-01-26", where_label: "Paramount Theater", where_address: "17 South Street, New York 10940, United States", where_latlng: "41.4544,-74.471", performer_label: "The Beatles", fromCountry: "England", styles: ["Skiffle", "British Invasion", "Rock"], relatedPerformers:["The Beach Boys", "Eric Clapton"]

Development Step 4: serializing RDF in JSON In order to serialize RDF in JSON we extract the information we loaded in the RDF storage using the SPARQL query shown in the following slide we serialize the result in JSON NOTE: as we’ve already said several time, the query can be expressed in terms of the application ontology even if the data were loaded in other heterogeneous formats

Development Step 4: extracting the data PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX meex: <http://swa.cefriel.it/meex#> PREFIX gd: <http://schemas.google.com/g/2005> SELECT DISTINCT ?event ?event_label ?when_startTime ?when_endTime ?where_label ?where_address ?where_lat ?where_lon ?performer ?performer_label ?fromCountry WHERE { ?event rdfs:label ?event_label; meex:hasWhen ?when; meex:hasWhere ?where. ?when gd:startTime ?when_startTime; gd:endTime ?when_endTime. ?where gd:label ?where_label; gd:postalAddress ?where_address; gd:hasGeoPt ?geoPt. ?geoPt gd:lat ?where_lat; gd:lon ?where_lon. ?performer meex:performsEvent ?event; rdfs:label ?performer_label; meex:fromCountry ?fromCountry.}

Where to find this presentation This presentation is available for download and reuse from the Search Computing blog Check it out! http://blog.search-computing.net/2010/07/rswa2010/

MAJOR CREDITS Dario Cerizza [dario.cerizza@cefriel.it] who help in conceiving, designed and developed meex Irene Celino [irene.celino@cefriel.it - http://iricelino.org/ ] who help in conceiving meex and supported the design and development of meex These slides are an evolution of Emanuele Della Valle Dario Cerizza, Irene Celino. Realizing a Semantic Web Application. Tutorial Presented at 7th Int. Semantic Web Conference Karlsruhe, Germany, October 26, 2008

More credits The development of meex have been supported by CEFRIEL Semantic Web Activities To learn more visit http://swa.cefriel.it The gray slides of this tutorial are largely based on Ivan Herman. An Introduction to the Semantic Web (Through an Example…) . 2010-06-04. Available online at http://www.w3.org/People/Ivan/CorePresentations/IntroThroughExample/

Tools employed (1) Jena Application Framework http://jena.sourceforge.net Derby Relational database for the RDF storage http://db.apache.org/derby PostgreSQL Relational database for MusicBrainz http://www.postgresql.org D2RQ Translator from relational database to RDF http://sites.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/suhl/bizer/d2rq

Tools employed (2) Joseki SPARQL Endpoint Server http://www.joseki.org ARQ SPARQL query engine for Jena http://jena.sourceforge.net/ARQ GRDDL Reader GRDDL processor http://jena.sourceforge.net/grddl Exhibit Ajax Web Framework http://static.simile.mit.edu/exhibit

Resources RDF RDF at the W3C - primer and specifications http://www.w3.org/RDF/ Semantic Web tools - community maintained list; includes triple store, programming environments, tool sets, and more http://esw.w3.org/topic/SemanticWebTools 302 Semantic Web Videos and Podcasts - includes a section specifically on RDF videos http://www.semanticfocus.com/blog/entry/title/302-semantic-web-videos-and-podcasts/

Resources SPARQL SPARQL Frequently Asked Questions http://thefigtrees.net/lee/sw/sparql-faq SPARQL implementations - community maintained list of open-source and commercial SPARQL engines http://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlImplementations Public SPARQL endpoints - community maintained list http://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlEndpoints SPARQL extensions - collection of SPARQL extensions implemented in various SPARQL engines http://esw.w3.org/topic/SPARQL/Extensions

Resources RDF -S/OWL OWL Frequently Asked Questions http://www.w3.org/2003/08/owlfaq.html RDF-S/OWL implementations - community maintained list of open-source and commercial SPARQL engines http://esw.w3.org/topic/SemanticWebTools#head-d07454b4f0d51f5e9d878822d911d0bfea9dcdfd RDF-S Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ OWL Working Group Wiki http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/wiki

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