Design a smart control strategy to implement an intelligent

Research Article
Design a Smart Control Strategy to Implement an Intelligent
Energy Safety and Management System
Jing-Min Wang andMing-Ta Yang
Department of Electrical Engineering, St. John’s University,No. 499, Section 4, TamKing Road, TamsuiDistrict,
New Taipei City 25135, Taiwan
Correspondence should be addressed to Ming-Ta Yang; mtyang@mail.sju.edu.tw
Received 12 August 2014; Accepted 6 October 2014; Published 28 October 2014
Academic Editor: Kyung-Chang Lee
Copyright © 2014 J.-M.Wang and M.-T. Yang.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
The energy saving and electricity safety are today a cause for increasing concern for homes and buildings. Integrating the radio
frequency identification (RFID) and ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) mature technologies, the paper designs a smart control
strategy to implement an intelligent energy safety andmanagement system(IESMS)which performs energymeasuring, controlling,
monitoring, and saving of the power outlet system. The presented RFID and billing module is used to identify user, activate
smart power outlet (SPO) module, deduct payable for electricity, and cut off power supply to the outlets by taking away the RFID
card. Further work on the SPO module, a control strategy based on the minimum effect and first-in first-out rule, is designed to
autonomously shut down some of the power outlets instantly to prevent electrical circuit overload. In addition, theWSN transfers
the power parameters of each SPO module to central energy monitoring platform, and the monitoring platform with graphical
user interface (GUI) displays the real-time information and power charge of the electricity. Numerous tests validate the proposed
IESMS and the effectiveness of the smart control strategy.The empirical findings may provide some valuable references for smart
homes or smart buildings.
1. Introduction
The world population is rapidly ageing. According to the
World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, the proportion
of elderly population over 60 years old will double fromabout
11% to 22% between 2000 and 2050. In addition, around 4%–
6% of older people in developed countries have experienced
some form of maltreatment at home. Creation an aged-friendly
environment and safety living is today an attractive
issue. The smart home or smart building concept, of course,
is a promising and cost-effective way to the problems. The
popularity of home automation has been increasing greatly in
recent years due to much higher affordability and simplicity
through network connectivity [1–5], but its current status is
not matured [1].
Fires in residences have taken a high toll of life and
property. US Fire Administration indicated that there were
362,100 residential building fires, 2,555 civilian fire deaths,
13,275 civilian fire injuries, and around $6.6 billion in
property damage in 2010. Overloaded electrical appliances,
frayed wires and extension cords, and blown fuses are the
most common causes of house fires. A no fuse breaker (NFB)
or called molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) is a plastic
protective device that interrupts a current if the current
exceeds the trip rating of the breaker.The NFB is installed in
the low voltage circuit to protect electrical equipment from
overload and short circuit. On the overload trip operating
characteristics, even though the NFB trips, the operating
circuit may be overheat already. In fact, over 80% electrical
fires start below the safety threshold of NFB. NFB could not
guarantee the energy safety. Additionally, long-termoverload
of the NFB may cause aging mechanism, contact fault, or
delay trip which always results in electrical fires for the NFB
failure. Once the NFB trips; furthermore, it would cause the
major power outages or electricity blackouts that are very
costly for energy providers and very uncomfortable for users.
How to reduce the region of power outage and prevent fire
suffered from overload appliances is also the concern of the
work.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2014, Article ID 312392, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/312392

2 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Standby power is electricity used by appliances and
equipment while they are switched off or not perform their
primary functions. In 2007, International Energy Agency
(IEA) pointed out that advanced country families did not
pull the plug and wasted standby power, accounting for about
5% to 10% of the total electricity consumption. The standby
power for every family was nearly 30 kWH monthly and
resulted in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissionof 16 kg.Moreover,
the standby power was responsible for roughly 1% of global
carbon dioxide emissions.This is a serious threat for energy
crisis and greenhouse effect. The utilization of renewable
energy resources [6] and the development of efficient energy
management [7, 8] are the key solutions to these problems.
Power outlets or power sockets are probably the most
commonly used electrical devices in modern home envi-ronments.
Unlike conventional power outlets, smart power
outlets could measure and monitor consumption electricity
and control ON/OFF states of the electrical appliances. The
smart power outlets have recently emerged as a newparadigm
for home energymanagement that can autonomously control
electrical appliances and especially provide safety electricity
environment. The needs of finding a smart and intelligent
power outlet are increasing concern [9].
Currently, consumption electricity is a rather complex
issue for the end-user. The values of consumption electricity
are hidden from the user. One is never aware which device
contributes to it to which amount. Consequently, the visu-alization
of power consumption data of electrical appliances
for enhancing energy-awareness is becoming increasingly
important.
In recent years, the design of efficient energy man-agement
system for homes or buildings is an active field
of research. With the advance of microelectromechanical
system and wireless communication technology have led to
great progress in radio frequency identification (RFID) [10–
13] and wireless sensor network (WSN) [5, 8, 13–15]. Among
the various applications, energy management is probably the
most important one to be addressed. Elzabadani et al. [16]
presented an intelligent way to sense new devices installed
in a smart space. As a result, it can identify and monitor
any load, but it is unable to collect power information. Song
et al. [17] constructed a ZigBee-based power outlet for smart
homes, but it did not measure power consumption. Abe et al.
[18] proposed a ZigBee-based smart power outlet network for
gathering power consumption data. However, the presented
energy management system does not provide any protection
in an emergency. Based on the ZigBee communication and
infrared remote control, Han et al. [19] proposed a system
that performed active control for reducing standby power
using sensor information.The study lacks overload detection
and protection. Huang et al. [20] constructed a ZigBee-based
monitoring system with self-protection. The work equipped
each power outlet with an energy metering IC to calculate
power parameters from the outlet. It created more complex
circuit structure and higher device costs. In addition, they just
focused on two outlets protection in a branch.
Energy management system is the integration of tech-nologies
and services through home networking for an intel-ligent
living environment. In view of the energy conservation
and energy safety trends, the paper presents a valuable
approach to this issue. The intelligent energy safety and
management system (IESMS) is proposed to lower CO2
emissions and higher electricity safety by reducing end-user
consumption electricity and preventing electrical circuit
overload. Compared to the existing related research [17–20],
there are some key features concerned with the work.
(i) Using household appliances, the user needed to be
identified and obey user-pays principle by means of
the RFID and billing module. The payment mecha-nism
may motivate user to save energy.
(ii) Using the minimum effect and first-in first-out rule,
a smart control strategy is designed to realize energy-aware
coordination of the household appliances and
to implement the IESMS. A microcontroller (MCU)
programming is developed to secure four power
outlets in an electrical loop fromoverload and ensure
home against fire.
(iii) The paper constructed a SPO module with only an
energy metering IC to measure and calculate power
consumption of each of the four power outlets by
a multiplexer. Compared with the literature [20],
expenses were reduced. Moreover, the work devel-oped
a smart control strategy to exercise control over
the four power outlets in an electrical loop.
(iv) To achieve further energy efficiency, all the power
outlets would be automatically shut down while user
was taking away the RFID card. Consequently, there
is no standby power consumption of the household
appliances.
The results of the study may be useful to researchers
attempting to develop smart homes or smart buildings. Fur-thermore,
the IESMS can be applied to the service apartment
or dormitory.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: the
system architecture and operation is explained in Section 2.
Section 3 describes the functions of RFID and billing module.
SPO module is developed and implemented in Section 4 in
detail. Section 5 proposed a smart control strategy that per-forms
overload detection and protection. Numerous exper-imental
results are presented in Section 6. Finally, Section 7
presents the conclusions for the work.
2. System Architecture and Operation
The capability of power controlling, monitoring, and energy
safety is indispensable to power management. The section
presents the architecture for realizing the IESMS based on
the user-pays principle. Figure 1 depicts the applied IESMS
for a building. The RFID and billing module, SPO module,
and ZigBee WSN transmission module were installed in
each room.The supervisor could access the electricity status
through the ZigBee WSN and by the graphic user interface
(GUI), which is performed in central energy monitoring
platform.The IESMS operation is described as follows.

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 3
Central energy monitoring
platform
Room N
RFID and billing Smart power outlet
module
Lobby coordinator
Floor router
Room end device
Room 2
Room 1
Room 1
Room 1
Floor 1
Floor 1
Floor 3
Floor 2
ZigBee WSN
module
module
module
...
...
...
RFID
RFID
RFID
RFID
Room N
Room N
FloorM
FloorM
Room N-1
FloorM-1
FloorM-2
Figure 1: Applied IESMS for a building.
First, the RFID and billing module could control user
access and control on or off the power outlets. In addition,
the module would complete the user-pays claim and shut
down power outlets automatically as user leaves the room
and takes away the RFID card. As a result the standby power
consumption of the household appliances is saving.
Second, the SPO module is the critical module of the
whole system since power measurements and overload pro-tection
are integrated within SPO. It is an autonomous low
voltage overload control that can provide power system
operation safety. The power outlet system comprises four
receptacles each with voltage/current sensing and control
action, energy metering IC for energy measurement, a 16-bit
MCU for implementing safety operation, and ZigBee WSN
module for transmitting the related data to central energy
monitoring platform. The SPO module detected the power
parameters anytime while a household appliance plug was
put in the power outlet. Once the operating current of an
electrical loop was over the set threshold, the control unit
would shut down one or more of the power outlets based on
the minimum effect and first-in first-out rule. Accordingly,
a major power outage would not happen in the designed
system.
Third, the ZigBee is a WSN standard based on the IEEE
802.15.4 and expected to have an explosive growth in remote
control and monitoring applications because of its low cost
and low power consumption.The work employed XBee-Pro
Series 2 [21] that is designed for high power and long range
transmission for the ZigBeeWSN. The work used cluster tree
network structure to connect other ZigBee devices on the
network. The ZigBee end device was installed in each SPO
module for transferring the power parameters to the central
energy monitoring platform. Furthermore, the central energy
monitoring platform has a lobby coordinator to collect all the
data fromfloor routers,which are repeaters set in the staircase
of each floor.
Finally, the central energy monitoring platform mainly
consists of ZigBee lobby coordinator and displayer to accom-plish
the remote energy monitoring. The coordinator is
the core of the whole ZigBee WSN, which is in charge
of producing web beacon, collecting all the information
generated by SPO module of each room, and coordinating
the traffic of each floor router. All the collected information
is stored in SQL (structured query language) server. The
monitoring platform used visual basic (VB) as the interface
software to provide a user-friendly environment. The GUI on
the monitoring platform would display the real-time power
parameters and power charge for each power outlet in an
electrical loop. The operation flowchart of the system is
illustrated in Figure 2.

SPO module power outage
Confirm user via RFID
Identify
verification
Yes
No
Supply power to the SPO module
Activate the using household appliances
Yes
Total current
> threshold
No
Collect power parameters from
Shut down some of the appliances
each power outlet and calculate charge
ZigBee WSN
Display the power parameters and charge
on the central energy monitoring platform
Figure 2: Operation flowchart of the IESMS.
3. RFID and Billing Module
RFID is composed of reader/writer and RFID tag. It is an
automatic wireless identification technology that uses radio
wave to transmit data and uniquely identify users individually
according to their unique identifiers recorded in each RFID
tag. The reader/writer is a device that receives signal back
fromthe tag and writes data on the tag. If a user with RFID
card enters a room, the RFID unit will recognize the user and
then AC power supplies to SPO module. By the billing unit,
the electricity bill will be deducted from the RFID card.
The work used the RFID reader/writer module Mifare
RC522 [22] connected to Arduino Uno [23] to read/write the
passive tag. The Arduino Uno is a MCU board based on the
ATmega328. The RFID card was used to control user access
and security, control power outlets ON/OFF, and implement
the user-pays principle.
Figure 3 shows the control circuit with RFID andArduino
Uno for supplying power to SPO module. The work used
solid state relay (SSR) instead of traditional relay for reducing
power consumption. The RFID and Arduino module sends
a high voltage to the 퐽-퐾 flip-flop and then the flip-flop
produces a high voltage to drive the NPN power transistor
while the user identification is confirmed. The contact of SSR
closes and the AC power source line is connected to SPO
module. The SPO module is thus ready for work. A diode
is placed across the relay coil to protect it from arcing each
time the coil is deenergized. Moreover, all the power outlets
were shut down for the identification failure.The nature way
to reduce the standby power consumption of the household
appliances achieves further energy-saving.
4. SPO Module
The SPO module with an energy metering IC is designed
to sense, measure, control, and monitor for each household
appliance and to provide a safety feature in the form of
overload protection.The SPO module was developed on the
assumption that an electrical circuit provided four power
outlets to be used in a room. Figure 4 shows the detailed
block diagrams of the SPO module indicated units and their

Coil
RFID
reader/writer Arduino Uno
+5V
+5V
+5V
J SET Q
KCLR Q
SSR
To
SPO
module
AC
power
source
+
−
Figure 3: Control circuit for supplying power to SPO module.
interactions.The SPO module consists of five units: the “DC
power unit,” which supplies power to all the units of the SPO
module; the “power parameters measuring unit,” sensing and
measuring power parameters in real time and then sending
them to MCU; the “MCU,” processing of the information
frompower parametersmeasuring unit and sending a control
signal to control unit; the “control unit,” controlling the power
outlet conditions ON/OFF; the “liquid crystal display (LCD)
unit,” monitoring the consumption electricity and displaying
the electricity bill. A brief description of the units is as
follows.
4.1. DC Power Unit. The power unit transfers AC 110V to
various DC powers and provides operating powers for the
entire system. It delivers low voltage power 5V to all the units
in SPO module and LCD unit and provides power 3.3V to
ZigBeeWSN room end device.
4.2. Power Parameters Measuring Unit. The unit provides
sense and measure power parameters in real time and send
out the messages to MCU for controlling and monitoring.
As shown in Figure 4, the work used voltage divider and
JCTP-80Z current transformer (CT) to sense the voltage
and current of each power outlet. The CT is an electrical
device whose output AC voltage is highly dependent on input
AC current. It is a very sensitive current-measuring device.
This fact is illustrated in the characteristic curve shown in
Figure 5 [24]. It detects the current being used. Each of
the current sensing signals is periodically sent to energy
metering IC through a multiplexer. The energy metering IC
ADE7763 [25] performs root-mean-square calculations on
the sensing voltage and current and computes the active
power consumed by each of the household appliances. All the
real-time processing information needs sending to MCU via
serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus.
4.3.MCU. Themain part of the SPOmodule is theMCUthat
is a 16-bit dsPIC30F4011 [26] and contains built-in analog-to-digital
converter (ADC), general purpose input and output
(GPIO), universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter
(UART), and SPI. The controller has extensive digital signal
processor functionality, reading all the incoming measuring
signals processed by energy metering IC, sending signals
to control unit, ZigBee WSN, and LCD unit. According
to the information about active power consumption, the
MCU calculates the electricity bill and sends the message to
Arduino Uno controller. Leaving the room, the user pays the
bill by RFID card.
4.4. ControlUnit. Theunitwas used to control the powerout-let
ON/OFF for protecting electrical circuit against overload.
Figure 6 presents the hardware circuit of the control unit. In
the beginning, the Reset button is pushed and the output 푄
is on LOW state. The AC power source line is connected to
power outlet. Under normal operation, MCU sends a low
signal to the 퐷 flip-flop, with the result that a low voltage on
푄 is fed into the NPN transistor. Both transistor and relay are
cut off, and AC power source provides electricity to power
outlet. However, depending on the control strategy, MCU
will send some high signals to chosen control units to make
the power outlets shut down instantly when the amount of
working current is over the safety threshold.
4.5. LCD Unit. To monitor the power parameters of the
household appliances, the LCDwas connected to theGPIOof
the MCU.The LCD unit employed a 4-bit data transmission
mode.

DC
power
unit
LCD unit
Voltage sensing
circuit
ZigBee WSN
room end device
To
Arduino Uno
microcontroller
SPI
MCU
GPIO
Current sensing Current sensing Current sensing Current sensing
Differential
Energy metering IC
From
MCU GPIO
From
MCU GPIO
From
MCU GPIO
From
MCU GPIO
From
MCU GPIO
To
To differential
controller unit
Binary control input
binary control input
Power parameters
measuring unit
To entire system
AC power source
controlled by
RFID unit
Control unit 1 Control unit 2 Control unit 3 Control unit 4
circuit 1 circuit 2 circuit 3 circuit 4
4-channel multiplexer
4-channel multiplexer
UART(TX)
Outlet 1 Outlet 2 Outlet 3 Outlet 4
1, 2, 3, and 4
Figure 4: Detailed block diagrams of the SPO module.
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
Ta = 25 ∘
C
100 Ohms
10Ohms
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Sensed current in Amps RMS (IO)
Output in Volts RMS (V)
Figure 5: Voltage-current characteristic curve of the JCTP-80Z.
5. Smart Control Strategy
A smart control strategy needs to be developed and pro-grammed
to become aware of any overload and to send
out some signals to control units for controlling power
outlets ON/OFF. The section presents the control algorithm
to prevent circuit overload.
+5V
+5V
From
MCU
GPIO
Reset
Outlet
D SETQ
CLR Q
AC power
source
controlled by
RFID unit
Figure 6: Control power outlet ON/OFF.
5.1. Safety Threshold Current for Overload Protection. The
MCU dsPIC30F4011 has a built-in 10-bit high-speed ADC
with four sample/hold devices and 500 ksps conversion rate.
The maximum analog voltage is 5V, then 1V analog input
can be converted to the digital value of [(210
− 1)/5 V] ×
1V = 204.6. By looking at the characteristic curve for CT
(please refer to Figure 5), an AC 9A current produces AC 1V

voltage with 100Ω load. For the power line in an electrical
loop was set by threshold current of 16A in this work, the
corresponding digital value was (16A/9 A) × 204.6 = 363.73.
The allowable digital value of 364 was thus chosen as the
safety margin of the total consumption current for the studied
SPO module. The safety threshold can be adjusted based on
the rating current of the electrical loop.
5.2. Working Flowchart. The focus of our research was to
propose a control strategy for the SPO module that was able
to detect the total working current of the four household
appliances with safety operation and overload protection in
an electrical loop. The flow diagram of the control strategy
in Figure 7 was used to show the sequence of the program
execution, in which 푂푖 is the transformed digital value for
the 푖th power outlet current. As mentioned earlier, the value
of the Base with acceptable margin was set 364. The pro-gramming
flow was based on the minimumeffect and first-in
first-out rule. The priority of the control strategy is that the
number of shut power outlets is a minimum and the power
outlets are shut down sequentially when overload occurs. For
example, four household appliances labeled as A, B, C, and
D are plugged in power outlets sequentially. The shutdown
order of the power outlets is as follows:A → B → C → D →
A + B → A + C → A + D → B + C → B +
D → C + D → A + B + C → A + B + D → B + C + D → A +
B + C + D.
6. Experimental Results and Validation
A prototype demo system with four power outlets was
built in an electrical loop. Figure 8 shows the SPO module
prototype for measuring, controlling, and monitoring of
power outlets in a room. As mentioned in the preceding
section, the total current consumed by household appliances
with safety margin was set 16A. The MCU controls the
power outlets ON/OFF by using the minimum effect and
first-in first-out rule. To verify the feasibility of the control
strategy and to illustrate the reliability of the proposed SPO,
numerous experiment measurements and tests were made in
the section.
The list of the selected household appliances for the
test is shown in Table 1. At first the user was needed to be
identified via RFID unit.The electrical loop with four power
outlets provided electricity for household appliances. Of the
various tests evaluated, the experiments were executed on
the assumption that the appliances were requested to plug
in the power outlets from 1 to 4 in order. Table 2 shows the
results with promising outcome. The cross “X” on the table
is a symbol of unused power outlet. From Table 2, it was
demonstrated to make sure that the proposed SPO module
worked well, with regard to both hardware (modules of RFID
and SPO) and software (execution of programs). Compared
with the existing conventional power outlet, the designed
power outlet made every home a smarter, safer and more
energy efficient environment for consumers and families.
By the ZigBee WSN transmission, Figure 9 shows the
GUI monitoring platform, in which it displays the real-time
Table 1: Household appliances to be tested in the work.
Item codes Household appliances
Operating current
(monitored by
LCD)
퐴 Electric fan 0.41A
퐵 Dehumidifier 1.89A
퐶 Electric pot 6.22A
퐷 Electric kettle 7.29 A
퐸 Hair dryer 9.29 A
퐹 Induction cooker 10.45A
results of Test 1 and the use of household appliances 퐴 +
퐵 + 퐶 + 퐷. The monitor screen includes five blocks. Block
퐴 is the selected of the floor and room. Block 퐵 displays the
total working current together with the electrical energy and
electricity payment (NT dollar-domination) for the selected
room. Block 퐶 shows the values of the voltage, current and
active power of the four working power outlets collected
from the room end device. In addition, Block 퐷 is used to
show the current real-time dynamic waveforms of the voltage
(upper with red color) and current (lower with green color)
for the four appliances. Finally, the history information for
the working voltage, working current, and active power can
be also displayed in Block퐷by keying in the date on Block 퐸.
And the dynamic waveforms of the voltage and current will
be displayed in 24-hour time span. The display results of GUI
showthe feasibility of the presented technology. Importantly,
the proposed technology is designed for smart homes or
smart buildings.
7. Conclusion
Thedesign of an intelligent electricity environment is becom-ing
more important because of the concerns for the life
and property. In the paper, an IESMS is developed for
achieving effective energy management and electricity safety
for buildings. By integrating the matured RFID and ZigBee
WSN technologies, the paper proposes a smart control
strategy and implements the IESMS. The control strategy
executed in a microprocessor is designed to realize energy-aware
coordination of the household appliances and to
implement the IESMS. The primary module in the work is
the SPOmodule.Themodule constantlymeasures the power
parameters and exercise control over the power outlets in an
electrical loop. Furthermore, it also ensures that the overload
caused no damage to the infrastructure and does not trigger
the circuit breaker. Finally, numerous experiment tests have
been conducted to validate the effectiveness and feasibility
of the proposed IESMS. The presented technology may be
applied to the service apartments. The paper is expected to
contribute the valuable results to the related researchers.

Initialization
Base = 364
Detect currents
for all outlets Oi
Sum = ΣOi
Sum > Base i = 1 Sumi > Base Shut down
outlet Oi
i = 1 i ≦ 4 i = i + 1
j = i + 1
Sumij > Base Shut down
j ≦ 4 j = j + 1
i = 1 i ≦ 3 i = i + 1
outlets Oi and Oj
j = i + 1 k = j + 1 Shut down outlets
Oi, Oj and Ok
k = k + 1
k ≦ 4
j ≦ 3 j = j + 1
i = i + 1 i ≦ 2 Shut down
all the outlets
Yes
No Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
i = 1, 2, 3, 4
Sumi = Sum − Oi
Sumij = Sumi − Oj
Sumijk = Sumij − Ok Sumijk > Base
Figure 7: Flow diagram of the program execution for the control strategy.

Table 2: Experimental tests and results.
Experimental tests Household appliances Total current (A) Power outlet conditions
Demand Actuality Outlet 1 Outlet 2 Outlet 3 Outlet 4
Test 1
퐴 0.41 0.41 ON X X X
퐴 + 퐵 2.30 2.30 ON ON X X
퐴 + 퐵 + 퐶 8.52 8.52 ON ON ON X
퐴 + 퐵 + 퐶 + 퐷 15.81 15.81 ON ON ON ON
Test 2
퐸 9.29 9.29 ON X X X
퐸 + 퐷 16.58 7.29 OFF ON X X
퐸 + 퐷 + 퐶 22.80 13.51 OFF ON ON X
퐸 + 퐷 + 퐶 + 퐵 24.69 15.40 OFF ON ON ON
Test 3
퐶 6.22 6.22 ON X X X
퐶 + 퐹 16.67 10.45 OFF ON X X
퐶 + 퐹 + 퐸 25.96 15.51 ON OFF ON X
퐶 + 퐹 + 퐸 + 퐵 27.85 12.34 OFF OFF ON ON
Test 4
퐶 + 퐸 15.51 15.51 ON ON X X
퐶 + 퐸 + 퐹 25.96 15.51 ON ON OFF X
퐶 + 퐸 + 퐹 + 퐴 26.37 15.92 ON ON OFF ON
퐶 + 퐸 + 퐹 + 퐷 33.25 13.51 ON OFF OFF ON
Figure 8: SPO module prototype.
Figure 9: Test results shown on GUI monitoring platform.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
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