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Design
Engineer’s
Case Studies and
Examples

Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Design
Engineer’s
Case Studies and
Examples
Keith L. Richards

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130819
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-9282-7 (eBook - PDF)
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v
Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
About the Author...............................................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Introduction to Stress and Strain...................................................................................1
1.1 Direct Stress.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Tensile Stress......................................................................................................1
1.3 Compressive Stress.............................................................................................1
1.4 Direct Strains......................................................................................................2
1.5 Modulus of Elasticity (E)...................................................................................3
1.6 Ultimate Tensile Stress.......................................................................................4
1.7 Shear Stress........................................................................................................4
1.8 Shear Strain........................................................................................................6
1.9 Modulus of Rigidity...........................................................................................6
1.10 Ultimate Shear Stress.........................................................................................7
1.11 Double Shear......................................................................................................8
1.12 Poisson’s Ratio....................................................................................................9
1.13 Converting between Stresses and Strains.........................................................10
1.14 Three Dimensional Stress and Strain............................................................... 11
1.15 Volumetric Strain............................................................................................. 11
1.16 Bulk Modulus...................................................................................................12
1.17 Relationship between the Elastic Constants.....................................................12
1.18 Factor of Safety in Tensile or Compressive Mode............................................13
1.19 Factor of Safety in Shear Mode........................................................................ 14
1.20 Theories of Elastic Failure............................................................................... 14
1.20.1 Rankine’s Principal Stress Theory...................................................... 16
1.20.2 St. Venant’s Maximum Principal Strain Theory................................. 16
1.20.3 Shear Strain Energy Theory (Von Mises Theory).............................. 17
Chapter 2 Beam Sections Subject to Bending.............................................................................19
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................19
2.2 Basic Theory.....................................................................................................19
2.3 Parallel Axis Theorem (see Figure 2.1)............................................................21
Chapter 3 Shaft Design Basics..................................................................................................... 31
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 31
3.2 Procedure for Design and Analysis of a Shaft................................................. 31
3.2.1 Design Requirements for the Shaft..................................................... 31
3.2.2 Geometry of the Shaft......................................................................... 31
3.2.3 Calculate the Forces Acting on the Shaft............................................32
3.2.4 Calculate the Bending Moments and Shear Forces Acting on
the Shaft..............................................................................................32
3.2.5 Determine the Torsional Profile of the Shaft......................................34
3.2.6 Calculate the Critical Diameters for the Shaft....................................35

vi Contents
3.3 Section Modulus...............................................................................................36
3.3.1 Angle of Twist.....................................................................................37
3.3.2 ASME Shaft Equations.......................................................................38
3.3.3 Fillet Radii and Stress Concentrations................................................39
3.3.4 Undercuts.............................................................................................40
Chapter 4 Combined Torsion and Bending..................................................................................45
Chapter 5 Keys and Spline Calculations......................................................................................57
5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................57
5.1.1 Feather Key.........................................................................................57
5.1.2 Straight Spline.....................................................................................57
5.1.3 Involute Spline.....................................................................................57
5.2 Procedure for Estimating the Strength Capacity of Shaft................................57
5.3 Strength Capacity of Key.................................................................................58
5.4 Strength Capacity of an ISO Straight Sided Spline..........................................60
5.5 Strength Capacity of ISO Involute Spline........................................................60
5.6 Example Calculations....................................................................................... 61
5.6.1 Shaft Calculations...............................................................................63
5.6.2 Key Calculations.................................................................................63
5.6.3 Straight Spline Calculations................................................................64
5.6.4 Involute Spline Calculations................................................................65
Chapter 6 Methods of Attachments.............................................................................................69
6.1 Bolts in Tension................................................................................................69
6.1.1 Loading Producing a Tensile Load in Bolt.........................................69
6.1.1.1 Permissible Stress................................................................71
6.1.2 Load Producing a Tension and Shear Load in Bolt.............................71
6.1.3 Bolts in Shear due to Eccentric Loading.............................................73
6.2 Welding (Permanent)........................................................................................75
6.2.1 Strength of Welded Joints....................................................................75
Chapter 7 Columns and Struts.....................................................................................................79
7.1 Background.......................................................................................................79
7.2 Rankine-Gordon Method.................................................................................80
7.3 Perry-Robertson Method..................................................................................84
Chapter 8 Eccentric Loading.......................................................................................................87
Chapter 9 Flat Plates.................................................................................................................... 91
Chapter 10 Thick Cylinders...........................................................................................................99
Chapter 11 Energy Formulae....................................................................................................... 105
11.1 Flywheels Basics............................................................................................ 105

vii
Contents
Chapter 12 Gearing...................................................................................................................... 115
12.1 Spur Gearing.................................................................................................. 115
12.1.1 Notation............................................................................................. 115
12.1.2 Working Stress σW............................................................................. 115
12.1.3 Width of Teeth................................................................................... 115
12.2 Bevel Gearing.................................................................................................122
12.2.1 Modified Lewis Formula for Bevel Gears.........................................123
Chapter 13 Introduction to Material Selection............................................................................ 131
13.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 131
13.2 Things to Consider......................................................................................... 131
13.2.1 Environment...................................................................................... 131
13.2.2 Strength............................................................................................. 132
13.2.3 Durability.......................................................................................... 132
13.2.4 Stiffness............................................................................................. 132
13.2.5 Weight............................................................................................... 133
13.2.6 Manufacturing................................................................................... 133
13.2.7 Cost.................................................................................................... 133
13.2.8 Maintainability.................................................................................. 133
13.3 A Model for Material Selection...................................................................... 133
13.3.1 Geometry...........................................................................................134
13.3.2 Analysis.............................................................................................134
13.3.3 Measurement Evaluation...................................................................134
13.3.4 Material Selection.............................................................................134
13.3.5 Manufacturability.............................................................................. 135
13.3.6 Adequacy of Design.......................................................................... 135
13.4 A Material Database....................................................................................... 135
13.4.1 Paper Based Database....................................................................... 135
13.4.2 Computer Based Database................................................................ 135
13.4.3 Material Classification and Coding................................................... 137
13.5 Future Developments...................................................................................... 142
13.5.1 Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE)............................................. 142
Chapter 14 General Tables........................................................................................................... 149
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................. 155

ix
Preface
Within the UK, the Engineering Council is the regulatory body for the engineering profession to
which all engineering institutions are regulated and hold the register of all practicing engineers.
There are three grades of membership: Engineering Technician (Eng.Tech.), Incorporated Engineer
(I.Eng.) and Chartered Engineer (C.Eng.). The Incorporated Engineer requires an education to the
equivalent of a degree; the Chartered requires a minimum of a master’s degree.
In recent years many institutions, including the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, have seen a

considerable increase in applications for Eng.Tech. registration. These applicants may be following
a work-based learning program such as an apprenticeship and are enrolled in the institution of their
choice as a student member. Individuals who do not have any formal qualifications may also apply
for registration by demonstrating at an interview that they have the required experience and com-
petence through substantial working experience and by showing that they have sufficient working
knowledge and understanding of the technical issues relating to their area of work.
This book has been written with these young engineers in mind, who are contemplating
taking
this important step and moving towards registration. The subject matter is not confined to these
student engineers; it is hoped that more senior practicing engineers who are not
contemplating reg-
istration will also find the subject matter useful in their everyday work as a ready reference guide.
The contents have been selected on subjects that young engineers may be expected to cover
in their professional careers, and the text gives solutions to typical problems that may arise in
mechanical design.
Computers are now universally used in design offices, and designers often use software without
really understanding its structure or limitations. They may accept the “answer” without question
and not carry out any qualification testing to verify its accuracy. The importance of carrying out
these checks is stressed to ensure that mistakes are minimised.
The design examples selected are mainly static problems, and the writer has tried to give as wide
a selection as possible in the space available. It was deliberated whether to include a selection of
fatigue related problems, and after careful reflection the subject was considered to be beyond the
scope of this book.
The subjects covered include the following:
• Introduction to stress calculations
• Beam sections subject to bending
• Shaft design basics
• Keys and spline strength calculations
• Columns and struts
• Gearing
• Introduction to material selection
• Conversions and general tables
Chapter 13, Introduction to Material Selection, has been added so that young
engineers will
give some thought to the materials used in terms of physical and mechanical properties. It is rec-
ommended that a personal database be built up listing these properties; this has been found by the
writer to be a great asset in his own career when searching for information on this subject.
The solutions used in this book have been checked using MathCAD, and every effort has been
made to ensure that the units are also coherent.

x Preface
Any errors that are found will be totally my responsibility, and therefore I apologise beforehand
for any made. Where errors are found, the writer will be very grateful if you, the reader, can advise
me of them so that future reprints will be corrected.
I have to thank Professor Richard Dippery for his helpful comments when reading the draft copy,
and I take this opportunity to also thank my wife, Eileen, for all the help and support given while
writing the manuscript and to whom this book is dedicated.
Keith L. Richards

xi
About the Author
Keith Richards is a retired Chartered Mechanical Design Engineer who has worked in the design
industry for over 55 years. Initially he served an engineering apprenticeship with B.S.A. Tools Ltd.,
which manufactured a wide range of machine tools, including the Acme Gridley, a multi-spindle
automatic lathe built under licence, and the B.S.A. single spindle automatic lathe. These were used
in Britain and widely exported around the world.
On leaving the B.S.A., for a number of years he served as a freelance Engineering Designer
covering a wide range of industries, including aluminium rolling mill design for installation in a
company in Yugoslavia, an industrial forklift truck for an American company that was manufac-
tured in America and Europe, and the prototype Hutton tension leg platform, an offshore oil pro-
duction platform using drill string technology to anchor it to the seabed. His responsibility on this
project covered the design and engineering of the mooring system components of the platform and
was answerable to the customer (Conoco) and Lloyds Inspectorate for all the engineering aspects to
enable the platform operators to receive the licence to operate in the North Sea.
Other work covered experimental and analytical stress analysis, photo-elastic stress analysis,
residual stress determinations, and electric strain gauge analysis. One aspect of this work involved
the environmental testing of specialised camera support equipment for the European Space Agency
(ESA) space probe Giotto. This work was contracted to British Aerospace, which designed the sup-
port. One major problem of working in space is the very high voltages developed, and concern had
been expressed that if there was an insulation breakdown in the support, then the camera would
be irreparably damaged and the mission would lose the opportunity of photographing the comet’s
head. The probe survived and went on to investigate a further comet, Grigg-Skjellerup.
He was also involved in the design of the chassis of a vehicle to carry a 50 ton nuclear waste
container, transporting it from the reactor building to the cooling ponds at Berkeley Nuclear Power
Station. The design brief was that the vehicle had to be electrical/hydraulic powered and reliable,
as any breakdown would create a number of problems arising from radiation due to its contents.
Other work in the nuclear industry included working with a small team at Atomic Energy
Research Establishment (AERE) (Harwell) designing a hydraulic powered robotic manipulator
arm, Artisan, that was used for clearing away waste from inside the nuclear storage areas at vari-
ous national and international nuclear power stations. This arm was fitted with a three dimensional
camera to facilitate operation of the arm from a remote position.
Keith also designed a pipeline for conveying liquid carbon dioxide from a storage area across a
roadway to a vaporiser used to cool the nuclear reactors at Hinkley Point B Nuclear Power Station.
This work also included designing a bridge structure for supporting the pipeline crossing the road-
way. The design brief included that the pipe bridge should withstand an impact from a truck travel-
ling at 20 miles per hour without any damage being sustained by the pipeline. Any failure in the
fluid supply would cause significant inconvenience to the site operators keeping the reactors cool.
Keith was also involved in the design and manufacture of a fully automated special purpose pack-
aging line for handling radio-active medical isotopes; these were shipped to all parts of the world.
The line was designed such that the isotopes were loaded at the start of the line and finished radia-
tion proof packages were discharged at the end of the line complete with all the necessary attach-
ments, etc., without any human intervention. Due to the high radiation levels, human operators were
only allowed into the facility for a maximum of 2 hours; hence reliability had to be a high priority.
In recent years Keith became more involved in the aerospace industry, working on projects cov-
ering aircraft undercarriages, environmental control systems for military and commercial aircraft,
and the A380 wing box and trailing edge panels.

1
1 Introduction to
Stress and Strain
This chapter is written for student engineers with only a rudimentary understanding of stresses and
strains and their application to design.
The reader will be introduced to the concepts of direct stress and strain. This includes tensile,
compressive and shear strains, and also defines the modulus of elasticity and rigidity.
1.1 DIRECT STRESS
When a component has either a tensile or compressive force applied to it, the component will either
stretch or be squashed, and the material is then said to be stressed. Stresses cannot be measured
directly; they have to be deduced from strain measurements.
The following brief notes will give some explanation to the terms used in stress calculations.
1.2 TENSILE STRESS
Consider a circular solid bar having a cross-sectional area A subject to an applied tensile force F, as
shown in Figure 1.1. This force is trying to extend the bar by the dimension δ.
σ = σ
Stress
F
A
the symbol for stress is denoted by . (1.1)
ε =
δ
ε
Strain
L
the symbol for strain is denoted by . (1.2)
=
δ
Stiffness K
F
the symbol for strain is denoted by K. (1.3)
1.3 COMPRESSIVE STRESS
Consider the same shaft as shown in Figure 1.1, but this time the force F is now compressing the bar
as shown in Figure 1.2 and shortening the bar by the dimension δ.
The fundamental unit of stress in SI units is the Pascal. In the engineering field the Pascal (1/m2)
is generally considered a small quantity, and therefore multiples of kPa, MPa and GPa are used.
Areas may be calculated in mm2, and here the units of stress measured in N/mm2 are quite

acceptable. As 1 N/mm2 is equivalent to 1,000,000 N/m2, then it will follow that 1 N/mm2 is
the same as 1 MPa.

2 Design Engineer's Case Studies and Examples
1.4 DIRECT STRAINS
In the above discussion on stress it was shown that the force F produces a deformation δ in the
length of the component.
This change in length is referred to as strain and is defined as:
=
300
100
The symbol for strain is ε (epsilon).
Strain has no units, as it is the ratio of the change in length to the original length, and the units
therefore cancel out. Most engineering material has low strain values, as excessive strain will lead
to extensive damage in the material. It will be found when studying the subject further that strain is
generally written in the exponent of 10–6, and this is usually written as με (micro-strain).
Example 1.1
Consider a metal rod 12.0 mm diameter and 2000 mm long subject to a tensile force of 250 N.
The bar stretches 0.3 mm. Assuming the material is elastic, determine the following:
1. The stress in the rod.
2. The strain in the rod.
Solution:
Area of rod:
A
d
4
12.0
4
Area 113.097 mm
2
2
2
=
π
=
π ×
=
(1.4)
A
L
δ
F
FIGURE 1.2 A circular solid bar under direct compression.
A
L δ
F
FIGURE 1.1 A circular solid bar under direct tension.

3
Introduction to Stress and Strain
1. The stress in the rod:
F
A
250.0
113.097
2.210 N/mm (or 2.21MPa)
2
σ =
=
σ =
(1.5)
2. The strain in the rod:
ε =
δ
=
= µε
L
0.30
2000
0.00015 (150 )
(1.6)
1.5 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)
When an elastic material is stretched, it will always return back to its original shape when released.
Figure 1.3 shows that the deformation of the material is directly proportional to the force causing
the extension. This is known as Hooke’s law.
=
δ
=
Stiffness
F
k
N
m
(1.7)
Different classes of materials will have different stiffnesses dependent upon the material and
size. The size characteristic can be eliminated by using stress and strain values instead of force and
deformation.
Force and deformation can be related to direct stress and strain:
F = σ · A (1.8)
δ = ε · L
Elastic Modulus E =
(σ1 – σ2)
(δ1 – δ2)
σ2
σ1
δ2 δ1
ε
σ
FIGURE 1.3 Relationship between stress and strain.

4 Design Engineer's Case Studies and Examples
Therefore
=
σ
ε
F
A
A
L
(1.9)
and
F L
A
⋅
⋅δ
=
σ
ε
(1.10)
The stiffness is in terms of stress and strain only, and this will be a constant. This constant is
known as the modulus of elasticity and has the symbol E.
Hence:
E
F L
A
=
⋅
⋅δ
=
σ
ε
(1.11)
Plotting stress against strain will give a straight line having a gradient of E (see Figure 1.3). The
units of E are the same as stress.
1.6 ULTIMATE TENSILE STRESS
All materials, when stretched, will reach a point when the material has deemed to have failed.
This failure may be when there is a catastrophic break. This stress level is known as the
ultimate
tensile stress (UTS). Different materials will have failure values dependent upon the material type.
Example 1.2
A tensile test carried out on a steel test specimen having a cross-sectional area of 150 mm2 and a
gauge length of 50 mm results in the elastic section having a gradient of 500 × 103 N/mm.
Determine the modulus of elasticity.
Solution:
From the ratio
F
A
the gradient may be established, and this can be used to calculate E.
E
F L
A
500 10
50
100
166.667 N/mm (166.667 MPa).
3
2
=
σ
ε
=
δ
×
= × ×
=
1.7 SHEAR STRESS
When a force is applied transverse to the length of the component (i.e. sideways) the force
is known as a shear force. Examples of this occur when a material is punched as in
Figure 1.4, when a beam
carries a transverse load as in Figure 1.5, or a pin is carrying a load as
in Figure 1.6.
Shear stress is the force per unit area that is subject to the force as the cross-sectional area of the
beam or the cross-sectional area of the pin. The unit for shear stress is τ (tau).

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Emperor; by that peace he had acquired, in a high degree, the
confidence of the Directory, and now possessed great influence with
that body; that he was also closely connected with Buonaparte and
the Generals of the Army in Italy, and was to be considered as firmly
fixed in his post, at least for five or six months; that, under these
circumstances, he could undertake to offer, in our behalf,
propositions which, before this increase of influence, he could not
have hazarded. M. Y. then called our attention to our own situation,
and to the force France was capable of bringing to bear upon us. He
said that we were the best judges of our capacity to resist, so far as
depended on our own resources, and ought not to deceive ourselves
on so interesting a subject. The fate of Venice was one which might
befall the United States.
The American Ministers determined to have no more of these
conferences, and broke them off altogether; but shortly after, they
were approached indirectly and in a new way, as thus detailed by
General Pinckney to his Government:

On the 14th of December, M. X. called on me, in order, as he said, to
gain some information relative to some lands in * * *, purchased by
* * *, for whom * * *. Soon afterwards, General Marshall came in,
and then Mr. Gerry's carriage drove into the yard. Here is Mr. Gerry,
said General Marshall. I am glad of it, said M. X., for I wished to
meet all of you gentlemen, to inform you that M. Y. had another
message to you from M. Talleyrand. I immediately expressed my
surprise at it, as M. Talleyrand, M. Y., and he, all knew our
determination to have no further communication on the subject of
our mission with persons not officially authorized. He replied, that
determination was made six weeks ago; and it was presumed that
we had changed our opinion. I said that I had not, and I did not
believe my colleagues had. At that moment Mr. Gerry entered the
room, and I privately acquainted him with the object of M. X.'s visit.
General Marshall, Mr. Gerry, and myself, then withdrew into another
room, and immediately agreed to adhere to our former resolution.
M. X. was then called in; when I acquainted him, in a few words,
with our determination; and Mr. Gerry expatiated more at large on
the propriety of our acting in this manner, and on the very
unprecedented way in which we had been treated since our arrival.
On the 20th of December, a lady, who is well acquainted with M.
Talleyrand, expressed to me her concern that we were still in so
unsettled a situation; but, adds she, why will you not lend us
money? If you would but make us a loan, all matters would be
adjusted; and, she added, when you were contending for your
revolution, we lent you money. I mentioned the very great difference
there was between the situation of the two countries at that period
and the present, and the very different circumstances under which
the loan was made us, and the loan was now demanded from us.
She replied, we do not make a demand; we think it more delicate
that the offer should come from you: but M. Talleyrand has
mentioned to me (who am surely not in his confidence) the
necessity of your making us a loan; and I know that he has
mentioned it to two or three others; and that you have been
informed of it; and I will assure you that, if you remain here six

months longer, you would not advance a single step further in your
negotiations without a loan. If that is the case, I replied, we may as
well go away now. Why that, possibly, said she, might lead to a
rupture, which you had better avoid; for we know we have a very
considerable party in America, who are strongly in our interest.
The American Envoys having repulsed all these attempts, and
refused to listen longer to these intermediaries, two of them
(Messrs. Pinckney and Marshall) were furnished with their passports,
and left France. Mr. Gerry remained, and underwent many attempts
to be inveigled into a separate negotiation, all of which failed. In the
mean time, (for half a year had now been consumed in this
intrigue,) the despatches of the American Ministers had become
public, exciting every where odium upon the Directorial Government.
The occasion required them to say something, which Talleyrand
undertook, and had the "unparalleled effrontery," as expressed by
Mr. Pickering, to affect ignorance of the whole affair, to demand the
names of the enigmatical personages, (X., Y., Z.,) and of the
"woman" that reinforced them; and to pronounce the whole the
imposture of some intriguers taking advantage of the state of
isolation in which the Ministers lived to try and wheedle them out of
money. Upon this disavowal, Mr. Pickering remarks:
Although the Envoys' despatches, and the facts and circumstances
hereinbefore stated, cannot leave a doubt that X., as well as Y. and
Z., was well known to Mr. Talleyrand, it will not be amiss to add, that
on the 2d of December, X., Y., and Z., dined together at Mr.
Talleyrand's, in company with Mr. Gerry; and that, after rising from
the table, the money propositions, which had before been made,
were repeated, in the room and in the presence, though, perhaps,
not in the hearing, of Mr. Talleyrand. Mr. X. put the question to Mr.
Gerry in direct terms, either "whether the Envoys would now give
the douceur," or "whether they had got the money ready." Mr. Gerry,
very justly offended, answered positively in the negative, and the
conversation dropped.

Mr. Z., who has avowed himself to be Mr. Hauteval, was the person
who first made known to the Envoys the Minister's desire to confer
with them individually on the objects of their mission. He it was who
first introduced Mr. Gerry to Mr. Talleyrand, and served as the
interpreter of their conversations; and in his letter to Mr. Talleyrand,
at the close of Mr. Gerry's document, No. 35, he announces himself
to be the agent of the Minister, to make communications to the
Envoys.
The sensation which these details irresistibly excite is that of
astonishment at the unparalleled effrontery of Mr. Talleyrand, in
demanding of Mr. Gerry the names of X., Y., and Z., after Y. had
accompanied him on a visit to the Minister, with whom the
conversation detailed in the printed despatches then passed, and
who then assured Mr. Gerry "that the information Mr. Y. had given
him was just, and might always be relied on;" after Z. had in the first
instance introduced Mr. Gerry to the Minister, and served as their
mutual interpreter, and when the conversation between them had
also been stated in despatches; and after X., Y., and Z. had all dined
together with Mr. Gerry at Mr. Talleyrand's table, on rising from
which X. and Y. renewed the proposition about the money! The very
circumstances of Mr. Talleyrand's being continued in office after the
account of these intrigues had been published to the world is a
decisive proof that they were commenced and carried on with the
privity and by the secret orders of the Directory. It was to
accomplish the object of these intrigues that the American Envoys
were kept at Paris unreceived six months after their credentials had
been laid before the Directory; and it was only because they were
superior to those intrigues, and that no hopes remained of
wheedling or terrifying them into a compliance, that two of them
were then sent away, and with marks of insult and contempt.
The Directory at that time were: Barras, Merlin, Siéyes, Gohier, and
Roger Ducos,—whose government Buonaparte soon after overthrew,
and drove the two first from France, with the epithet "rotten" applied
to them. The American Ministers were censured by some of their
contemporaries for listening to these subaltern agents, but they had

valid reasons for their conduct: first, to avoid the further threatened
depredations on American commerce; and next, to unite their fellow-
citizens at home by exposing the corruption of the (then) French
Government.

SIXTH CONGRESS.—FIRST
SESSION.
BEGUN AT THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA,
DECEMBER 2, 1799.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
SENATORS.
New Hampshire.—John Langdon, S. Livermore.
Vermont.—Nathaniel Chipman, Elijah Paine.
Massachusetts.—Samuel Dexter, Benjamin Goodhue.
Rhode Island.—Theodore Foster, Ray Greene.
Connecticut.—James Hillhouse, Uriah Tracy.
New York.—John Laurance, J. Watson.
New Jersey.—Jonathan Dayton, James Schureman.
Pennsylvania.—William Bingham, James Ross.
Delaware.—Henry Lattimer, William H. Willes.
Maryland.—John E. Howard, James Lloyd.
Virginia.—Stevens T. Mason, Wilson C. Nicholas.
North Carolina.—Timothy Bloodworth, Jesse Franklin.
South Carolina—Charles Pinckney, Jacob Read.
Georgia.—A. Baldwin, James Gunn.
Tennessee.—Joseph Anderson, William Cocke.
Kentucky.—John Brown, Humphrey Marshall.
REPRESENTATIVES.

New Hampshire.—Abiel Foster, Jonathan Freeman, William Gordon,
James Sheafe.
Vermont.—Matthew Lyon, Lewis R. Morris.
Massachusetts.—Bailey Bartlett, Phanuel Bishop, Silas Lee, Levi
Lincoln, Samuel Lyman, Harrison G. Otis, John Read, T. Sedgwick,
Samuel Sewall, George Thatcher, Joseph B. Varnum, P. Wadsworth,
Lemuel Williams.
Rhode Island.—John Brown, C. G. Champlin.
Connecticut.—Jonathan Brace, Samuel W. Dana, John Davenport,
William Edmond, C. Goodrich, Elizur Goodrich, Roger Griswold.
New York.—Theodore Bailey, John Bird, William Cooper, Lucas
Elmendorph, Henry Glenn, E. Livingston, Jonas Platt, John Smith,
John Thompson, Philip Van Cortlandt.
New Jersey.—John Condit, Franklin Davenport, James H. Imlay,
Aaron Kitchell, James Linn.
Pennsylvania.—Robert Brown, Albert Gallatin, Andrew Gregg, John
A. Hanna, Thomas Hartley, Joseph Heister, John W. Kittera, Michael
Leib, Peter Muhlenberg, John Smilie, Richard Thomas, Robert Wain,
Henry Woods.
Delaware.—James A. Bayard.
Maryland.—George Baer, Gabriel Christie, William Craik, John Dennis,
George Dent, Joseph H. Nicholson, Samuel Smith, John C. Thomas.
Virginia.—Samuel J. Cabell, Matthew Clay, John Dawson, John
Eggleston, Thomas Evans, Samuel Goode, Edwin Gray, David
Holmes, John Geo. Jackson, Henry Lee, John Marshall, Anthony
New, John Nicholas, Robert Page, Josiah Parker, Levin Powell, John
Randolph, Abram Trigg, John Trigg.
North Carolina.—Willis Alston, Joseph Dixon, William B. Grove,
Archibald Henderson, William H. Hill, Nathaniel Macon, Richard D.
Spaight, Richard Stanford, David Stone, Robert Williams.

South Carolina.—R. G. Harper, Benj. Huger, Abraham Nott, Thomas
Pinckney, John Rutledge, Thomas Sumter.
Georgia.—James Jones, Benjamin Taliaferro.
Tennessee.—William C. C. Claiborne.
Kentucky.—Thomas T. Davis, John Fowler.
PROCEEDINGS IN THE SENATE.
Monday, December 2, 1799.
The first session of the sixth Congress, conformably to the
constitution, commenced this day, and the Senate assembled, in
their Chamber, at the city of Philadelphia.
PRESENT:
John Langdon, from New Hampshire.
Benjamin Goodhue, from Massachusetts.
Theodore Foster, from Rhode Island.
James Hillhouse and Uriah Tracy, from Connecticut.
John Laurance and James Watson, from New York.
William Bingham, from Pennsylvania.
Humphrey Marshall, from Kentucky.
Jacob Read, from South Carolina.
James Gunn, from Georgia.
Joseph Anderson, appointed a Senator by the State of Tennessee, for
the remainder of the term for which their late Senator, Andrew
Jackson, was appointed; Abraham Baldwin, appointed a Senator by the
State of Georgia; John Brown, appointed a Senator by the State of
Kentucky; Samuel Dexter, appointed a Senator by the State of

Massachusetts; Samuel Livermore, appointed a Senator by the State of
New Hampshire; and William Hill Wells, appointed a Senator by the
State of Delaware; severally produced their credentials, and took
their seats in the Senate.
The Vice President being absent, the Senate proceeded to the
election of a President pro tempore, as the constitution provides,
and Samuel Livermore was chosen.
Ordered, That Mr. Read administer the oath required by law to the
President of the Senate pro tempore.
The President administered the oath, as the law prescribes, to
Messrs. Anderson, Baldwin, Brown, Dexter, and Wells.
Ordered, That the Secretary wait upon the President of the United
States, and acquaint him that a quorum of the Senate is assembled,
and that, in the absence of the Vice President, they have elected
Samuel Livermore, President of the Senate pro tempore.
Ordered, That the Secretary acquaint the House of Representatives
that a quorum of the Senate is assembled and ready to proceed to
business, and that, in the absence of the Vice President, they have
elected Samuel Livermore, President of the Senate pro tempore.
Resolved, That each Senator be supplied, during the present
session, with three such newspapers, printed in any of the States, as
he may choose, provided, that the same be furnished at the rate
usual for the annual charge of such papers.
A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate
that a quorum of the House is assembled, and have elected Theodore
Sedgwick their Speaker.
Ordered, That Messrs. Read and Bingham, be a committee on the part
of the Senate, together with such committee as the House of
Representatives may appoint on their part, to wait on the President
of the United States, and notify him that a quorum of the two Houses
is assembled, and ready to receive any communications that he may
be pleased to make to them.

The President communicated a letter signed John Trumbull,
presenting to the Senate of the United States impressions of two
prints of the American Revolution, which he had lately caused to be
published; and the letter was read.
Ordered, That it lie on the table.
The Senate adjourned to 11 o'clock to-morrow morning.
Tuesday, December 3.
William Cocke, appointed a Senator by the State of Tennessee, and
James Schureman, appointed a Senator by the State of New Jersey, in
the room of John Rutherfurd, resigned, severally produced their
credentials, were qualified, and took their seats in the Senate.
Henry Latimer, from the State of Delaware, and James Ross, from the
State of Pennsylvania, severally attended.
that a quorum of the House is assembled, and have appointed a
joint committee on their part, together with such committee as the
Senate may appoint on theirs, to wait on the President of the United
States, and notify him that a quorum of the two Houses is
assembled, and ready to receive any communications that he may
be pleased to make to them.
Mr. Read reported from the joint committee appointed for the
purpose, that they had waited on the President of the United States,
and had notified him that a quorum of the two Houses of Congress
are assembled; and that the President of the United States, acquainted
the committee, that he would meet the two Houses, this day, at 12
o'clock, in the Chamber of the House of Representatives.
that the House are now ready to meet the Senate, in the Chamber
of that House, to receive such communications as the President of
the United States shall be pleased to make to them.

Whereupon the Senate repaired to the Chamber of the House of
Representatives, for the purpose above expressed.
The Senate then returned to their own Chamber, and a copy of the
Speech of the President of the United States, this day addressed to
both Houses of Congress, was read:
Gentlemen of the Senate, and Gentlemen of the House of
Representatives:
It is with peculiar satisfaction that I meet the sixth Congress of the
United States of America. Coming from all parts of the Union, at this
critical and interesting period, the members must be fully possessed
of the sentiments and wishes of our constituents.
The flattering prospects of abundance, from the labors of the
people, by land and by sea; the prosperity of our extended
commerce, notwithstanding interruptions occasioned by the
belligerent state of a great part of the world; the return of health,
industry, and trade, to those cities which have lately been afflicted
with disease; and the various and inestimable advantages, civil and
religious, which, secured under our happy frame of Government, are
continued to us unimpaired, demand, of the whole American people,
sincere thanks to a benevolent Deity, for the merciful dispensations
of his providence.
But, while these numerous blessings are recollected, it is a painful
duty to advert to the ungrateful return which has been made for
them, by some of the people in certain counties of Pennsylvania,
where, seduced by the arts and misrepresentations of designing
men, they have openly resisted the law directing the valuation of
houses and lands. Such defiance was given to the civil authority as
rendered hopeless all further attempts, by judicial process, to
enforce the execution of the law; and it became necessary to direct
a military force to be employed, consisting of some companies of
regular troops, volunteers, and militia, by whose zeal and activity, in
co-operation with the judicial power, order and submission were
restored, and many of the offenders arrested. Of these, some have

been convicted of misdemeanors, and others, charged with various
crimes, remain to be tried.
To give due effect to the civil administration of Government, and to
ensure a just execution of the laws, a revision and amendment of
the judiciary system is indispensably necessary. In this extensive
country it cannot but happen that numerous questions respecting
the interpretation of the laws, and the rights and duties of officers
and citizens, must arise. On the one hand, the laws should be
executed: on the other, individuals should be guarded from
oppression. Neither of these objects is sufficiently assured under the
present organization of the Judicial Department. I therefore
earnestly recommend the subject to your serious consideration.
Persevering in the pacific and humane policy which had been
invariably professed and sincerely pursued by the Executive authority
of the United States, when indications were made on the part of the
French Republic, of a disposition to accommodate the existing
differences between the two countries, I felt it to be my duty to
prepare for meeting their advances, by a nomination of ministers
upon certain conditions, which the honor of our country dictated,
and which its moderation had given a right to prescribe. The
assurances which were required of the French Government, previous
to the departure of our Envoys, have been given through their
Minister of Foreign Relations, and I have directed them to proceed
on their mission to Paris.[45] They have full power to conclude a
treaty, subject to the constitutional advice and consent of the
Senate. The characters of these gentlemen are sure pledges to their
country that nothing incompatible with its honor or interest, nothing
inconsistent with our obligations of good faith or friendship to any
other nation, will be stipulated.
It appearing probable, from the information I received, that our
commercial intercourse with some ports in the island of St. Domingo
might safely be renewed, I took such steps as seemed to me
expedient to ascertain that point. The result being satisfactory, I
then, in conformity with the act of Congress on the subject, directed

the restraints and prohibitions of that intercourse to be discontinued,
on terms which were made known by proclamation. Since the
renewal of this intercourse, our citizens, trading to those ports, with
their property, have been duly respected, and privateering from
those ports has ceased.
The act of Congress relative to the seat of the Government of the
United States, requiring that, on the first Monday of December next,
it should be transferred from Philadelphia to the district chosen for
its permanent seat, it is proper for me to inform you that the
Commissioners appointed to provide suitable buildings for the
accommodation of Congress and of the President, and for the public
offices of the Government, have made a report of the state of the
buildings designed for those purposes in the city of Washington;
from which they conclude that the removal of the seat of
Government to that place, at the time required, will be practicable,
and the accommodations satisfactory. Their report will be laid before
you.
At a period like the present, when momentous changes are
occurring, and every hour is preparing new and great events in the
political world, when a spirit of war is prevalent in almost every
nation with whose affairs the interests of the United States have any
connection, unsafe and precarious would be our situation were we to
neglect the means of maintaining our just rights. The result of the
mission to France is uncertain; but, however it may terminate, a
steady perseverance in a system of national defence, commensurate
with our resources and the situation of our country, is an obvious
dictate of wisdom; for, remotely as we are placed from the
belligerent nations, and desirous as we are, by doing justice to all, to
avoid offence to any, nothing short of the power of repelling
aggressions will secure to our country a rational prospect of
escaping the calamities of war, or national degradation. As to myself,
it is my anxious desire so to execute the trust reposed in me, as to
render the people of the United States prosperous and happy. I rely,
with entire confidence, on your co-operation in objects equally your
care; and that our mutual labors will serve to increase and confirm

union among our fellow-citizens, and an unshaken attachment to our
Government.
JOHN ADAMS.
United States, December 3, 1799.
Ordered, That Messrs. Ross, Read, and Tracy, be a committee to
report the draft of an Address to the President of the United States, in
answer to his Speech this day to both Houses.
Ordered, That the Speech of the President of the United States, this
day communicated to both Houses of Congress, be printed for the
use of the Senate.
Resolved, That two Chaplains of different denominations, be
appointed to Congress for the present session, one by each House,
who shall interchange weekly.
The Senate proceeded to the appointment of a Chaplain to Congress
on their part, and the Right Reverend Bishop White was unanimously
elected.
Thursday, December 5.
Jonathan Dayton, appointed a Senator by the State of New Jersey,
and Ray Greene, appointed a Senator by the State of Rhode Island,
severally produced their credentials, were qualified, and took their
seats in the Senate.
Monday, December 9.
Elijah Paine, from the State of Vermont, attended.
The Senate proceeded to consider the report of the committee of
the draft of an Address in answer to the Speech of the President of
the United States to both Houses of Congress, at the opening of the
session; which, being read in paragraphs, was adopted, as follows:

To the President of the United States:
Accept, sir, the respectful acknowledgments of the Senate of the
United States, for your Speech delivered to both Houses of Congress
at the opening of the present session.
While we devoutly join you in offering our thanks to Almighty God,
for the return of health to our cities, and for the general prosperity
of the country, we cannot refrain from lamenting that the arts and
calumnies of factious, designing men, have excited open rebellion a
second time in Pennsylvania; and thereby compelled the
employment of military force to aid the civil authority in the
execution of the laws. We rejoice that your vigilance, energy, and
well-timed exertions, have crushed so daring an opposition, and
prevented the spreading of such treasonable combinations. The
promptitude and zeal displayed by the troops called to suppress this
insurrection, deserve our highest commendation and praise, and
afford a pleasing proof of the spirit and alacrity with which our
fellow-citizens are ready to maintain the authority of our excellent
Government.
Knowing, as we do, that the United States are sincerely anxious for a
fair and liberal execution of the Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and
Navigation, entered into with Great Britain, we learn, with regret,
that the progress of adjustment has been interrupted, by a
difference of opinion among the commissioners. We hope, however,
that the justice, the moderation, and the obvious interests of both
parties, will lead to satisfactory explanations, and that the business
will then go forward to an amicable close of all differences and
demands between the two countries. We are fully persuaded that
the Legislature of the United States will cheerfully enable you to
realize your assurances of performing, on our part, all engagements
under our treaties, with punctuality, and the most scrupulous good
faith.
When we reflect upon the uncertainty of the result of the late
mission to France, and upon the uncommon nature, extent, and
aspect, of the war now raging in Europe—which affects materially

our relations with the powers at war, and which has changed the
condition of their colonies in our neighborhood—we are of opinion,
with you, that it would be neither wise nor safe to relax our
measures of defence, or to lessen any of our preparations to repel
aggression.
Our inquiries and attention shall be carefully directed to the various
other important subjects which you have recommended to our
consideration; and from our experience of your past administration,
we anticipate, with the highest confidence, your strenuous co-
operation in all measures which have a tendency to promote and
extend our national interests and happiness.
SAMUEL LIVERMORE,
President of the Senate, pro tempore.
Ordered, That the committee who prepared the Address, wait on the
President of the United States, and desire him to acquaint the Senate
at what time and place it will be most convenient for him that it
should be presented.
Mr. Ross reported, from the committee, that they had waited on the
President of the United States, and that he would receive the Address
of the Senate to-morrow, at 12 o'clock, at his own house.
Whereupon, Resolved, That the Senate will, to-morrow, at 12
o'clock, wait on the President of the United States accordingly.
Agreeably to the resolution of yesterday, the Senate waited on the
President of the United States, and the President of the Senate, in
their name, presented the Address then agreed to.
To which the President of the United States made the following reply:
Gentlemen of the Senate:

I thank you for this Address. I wish you all possible success and
satisfaction in your deliberations on the means which have a
tendency to promote and extend our national interests and
happiness; and I assure you that, in all your measures directed to
those great objects, you may, at all times, rely with the highest
confidence on my cordial co-operation.
The praise of the Senate, so judiciously conferred on the
promptitude and zeal of the troops, called to suppress the
insurrection, as it falls from so high authority, must make a deep
impression, both as a terror to the disobedient, and an
encouragement of such as do well.
JOHN ADAMS.
The Senate returned to their own Chamber, and proceeded to the
consideration of Executive business.
Wednesday, December 11.
Nathaniel Chipman, from the State of Vermont, attended.
James Lloyd, from the State of Maryland, attended.
Mr. Tracy, from the committee to whom was referred the letter
signed John Trumbull, of 20th September, 1798, reported a
resolution, which was adopted, as follows:
Resolved, That the Senate of the United States accept the prints
presented by John Trumbull, Esq., and that their President be
requested to inform him, that while they respect the delicacy which

dictated the manner of offering this elegant present, they consider
their country honored by the genius of one of her sons, by whom
these prints are happily designed, to perpetuate two memorable
scenes in her progress to independence, and to preserve in lively
recollection the names and virtues of heroes who fell in her defence.
The following Message was received from the President of the United
States:
Representatives:
The letter herewith transmitted will inform you that it has pleased
Divine Providence to remove from this life our excellent fellow-citizen
George Washington, by the purity of his character, and a long series of
services to his country, rendered illustrious through the world. It
remains for an affectionate and grateful people, in whose hearts he
can never die, to pay suitable honors to his memory.
JOHN ADAMS.
The Message and letter were read and ordered to lie for
consideration.
that the House having received intelligence of the death of their
highly-valued fellow-citizen, General George Washington, and sharing
the universal grief this distressing event must produce, have
resolved that a joint committee be appointed, to report measures
suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow with
which Congress is penetrated on the loss of a citizen, first in war,
first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen; and, having
appointed a committee on their part, desire the concurrence of the
Senate.

The Senate proceeded to consider the foregoing resolution of the
House of Representatives; whereupon,
Resolved, That they do concur therein, and that Messrs. Dayton,
Bingham, Dexter, Gunn, Laurance, Tracy, and Read, be the committee on
the part of the Senate.
Resolved, That the Senate will wait on the President of the United
States, to condole with him on the distressing event of the death of
General George Washington; and that a committee be appointed to
prepare, for that occasion, an Address to the President of the United
States, expressive of the deep regret of the Senate; and that this
committee consist of Messrs. Dexter, Ross, and Read.
Resolved, That the chairs in the Senate Chamber be covered, and
the room hung with black, and that each member, and the officers of
the Senate, go into mourning, by the usual mode of wearing a crape
round the left arm, during the session.
Monday, December 23.
Timothy Bloodworth, from the State of North Carolina, and John E.
Howard, from the State of Maryland, severally attended.
Mr. Dexter, from the committee appointed for the purpose on the
18th instant, reported the draft of an Address to the President of the
United States, on the death of General George Washington; which
being read in paragraphs, was adopted, as follows:
To the President of the United States:
The Senate of the United States respectfully take leave, sir, to
express to you their deep regret for the loss their country sustains in
the death of General George Washington.
This event, so distressing to all our fellow-citizens, must be
peculiarly heavy to you, who have long been associated with him in
deeds of patriotism. Permit us, sir, to mingle our tears with yours; on
this occasion it is manly to weep. To lose such a man, at such a

crisis, is no common calamity to the world. Our Country mourns her
Father. The Almighty Disposer of human events has taken from us
our greatest benefactor and ornament. It becomes us to submit with
reverence to Him who "maketh darkness his pavilion."
With patriotic pride, we review the life of our Washington, and
compare him with those of other countries, who have been pre-
eminent in fame. Ancient and modern names are diminished before
him. Greatness and guilt have too often been allied; but his fame is
whiter than it is brilliant. The destroyers of nations stood abashed at
the majesty of his virtues. It reproved the intemperance of their
ambition, and darkened the splendor of victory. The scene is closed,
and we are no longer anxious lest misfortune should sully his glory;
he has travelled on to the end of his journey, and carried with him
an increasing weight of honor; he has deposited it safely, where
misfortune cannot tarnish it, where malice cannot blast it. Favored of
heaven, he departed without exhibiting the weakness of humanity.
Magnanimous in death, the darkness of the grave could not obscure
his brightness.
Such was the man whom we deplore. Thanks to God! his glory is
consummated; Washington yet lives—on earth in his spotless
example—his spirit is in heaven.
Let his countrymen consecrate the memory of the heroic General,
the patriotic Statesman, and the virtuous Sage; let them teach their
children never to forget that the fruit of his labors and his example
are their inheritance.
SAMUEL LIVERMORE,
President of the Senate, pro tempore.
Ordered, That the committee who prepared the Address, wait on the
President of the United States, and desire him to acquaint the Senate
at what time and place it will be most convenient for him that it
should be presented.
Mr. Dexter reported, from the committee, that they had waited on
the President of the United States, and that he had acquainted them

that he would receive the Address of the Senate immediately, at his
own house.
Whereupon, the Senate waited on the President of the United States,
and the President of the Senate, in their name, presented the
Address this day agreed to.
To which the President of the United States made the following reply:
Gentlemen of the Senate:
I receive with the most respectful and affectionate sentiments, in
this impressive address, the obliging expressions of your regard for
the loss our country has sustained in the death of her most
esteemed, beloved, and admired citizen.
In the multitude of my thoughts and recollections on this melancholy
event, you will permit me only to say, that I have seen him in the
days of adversity in some of the scenes of his deepest distress and
most trying perplexities; I have also attended him in his highest
elevation, and most prosperous felicity, with uniform admiration of
his wisdom, moderation, and constancy.
Among all our original associates in that memorable League of the
Continent in 1774, which first expressed the sovereign will of a free
nation in America, he was the only one remaining in the General
Government. Although, with a constitution more enfeebled than his,
at an age when he thought it necessary to prepare for retirement, I
feel myself alone, bereaved of my last brother, yet I derive a strong
consolation from the unanimous disposition which appears, in all
ages and classes, to mingle their sorrows with mine, on this common
calamity to the world.
The life of our Washington cannot suffer by a comparison with those
of other countries who have been most celebrated and exalted by
fame. The attributes and decorations of royalty could have only
served to eclipse the majesty of those virtues which made him, from
being a modest citizen, a more resplendent luminary. Misfortune,
had he lived, could hereafter have sullied his glory only with those
superficial minds, who, believing that characters and actions are

marked by success alone, rarely deserve to enjoy it. Malice could
never blast his honor, and envy made him a singular exception to
her universal rule. For himself, he had lived enough to life, and to
glory. For his fellow-citizens, if their prayers could have been
answered, he would have been immortal. For me, his departure is at
a most unfortunate moment. Trusting, however, in the wise and
righteous dominion of Providence over the passions of men, and the
results of their councils and actions, as well as over their lives,
nothing remains for me but humble resignation.
His example is now complete, and it will teach wisdom and virtue to
magistrates, citizens, and men, not only in the present age, but in
future generations, as long as our history shall be read. If a Trajan
found a Pliny, a Marcus Aurelius can never want biographers,
eulogists, or historians.
JOHN ADAMS.
The Senate returned to their own Chamber.
that the joint committee appointed on the part of the House of
Representatives, on the 19th instant, on the receipt of the
intelligence of the death of General George Washington, having made
report to that House, they have agreed to sundry resolutions
thereupon, in which they desire the concurrence of the Senate.
Mr. Dayton, from the joint committee appointed the 19th instant, on
the part of the Senate, on the receipt of the intelligence of the death
of General George Washington, reported in part, and the report was
agreed to. Whereupon,
The Senate took into consideration the resolutions of the House of
Representatives, of this day, on the report of the joint committee on
the subject above mentioned, and which resolutions are as follows:
Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That a marble monument

be erected by the United States in the Capitol, at the City of
Washington; and that the family of General Washington be requested
to permit his body to be deposited under it; and that the monument
be so designed as to commemorate the great events of his military
and political life.
And be it further resolved, That there be a funeral procession from
Congress Hall to the German Lutheran Church, in honor of the
memory of General George Washington, on Thursday, the 26th
instant; and that an oration be prepared at the request of Congress,
to be delivered before both Houses on that day; and that the
President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House of
Representatives, be desired to request one of the members of
Congress to prepare and deliver the same.
And be it further resolved, That it be recommended to the people of
the United States to wear crape on the left arm, as mourning, for
thirty days.
And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States be
requested to direct a copy of these resolutions to be transmitted to
Mrs. Washington, assuring her of the profound respect Congress will
ever bear to her person and character; of their condolence on the
late afflicting dispensation of Providence, and entreating her assent
to the interment of the remains of General George Washington, in the
manner expressed in the first resolution.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to
issue a proclamation, notifying to the people throughout the United
States, the recommendation contained in the third resolution.
Resolved, unanimously, That the Senate do concur in the aforesaid
resolutions.
In conformity to the resolve of the 23d instant, the Senate went in
procession to the German Lutheran Church, where was delivered an

oration in honor of the memory of General George Washington. After
which, they returned to their own Chamber, and adjourned.
Friday, December 27.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Senate be communicated, through
their President, to General Henry Lee, for the eloquent and impressive
oration to the memory of General George Washington, which he
prepared and delivered at the request of Congress.
Resolved, That the Secretary be directed to apply to General Lee for
a copy of the same.
Monday, December 30.
Thomas Jefferson, Vice President of the United States, and President
of the Senate, attended.
Jesse Franklin, appointed a Senator by the Legislature of the State of
North Carolina, produced his credentials, was qualified, and took his
seat in the Senate.
The Vice President laid before the Senate a letter signed John Cleves
Symmes, stating the reasons why Congress should be induced to
receive of him the purchase money for certain public lands at the
contract price; and the letter was read.
Mr. Livermore laid before the Senate a letter signed Henry Lee, in
answer to their vote of thanks of the 27th instant, and request of a
copy of his oration; which was read.
Mr. Dayton, from the joint committee appointed the 19th instant, on
the intelligence of the death of General George Washington, made a
further report, in part, and it was agreed that the consideration
thereof be postponed.

that the House have passed "Resolutions directing further measures
in honor of the memory of General George Washington," in which
they desire the concurrence of the Senate.
The resolutions were read, as follows:
Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That it be recommended
to the people of the United States to assemble on the 22d day of
February next, in such numbers and manner as may be convenient,
publicly to testify their grief for the death of General George
Washington, by suitable eulogies, orations, and discourses, or by
public prayers.
And be it further resolved, That the President be requested to issue a
proclamation for the purpose of carrying the foregoing resolution
into effect.
Whereupon, Resolved, That the Senate do concur in the said
resolution.
Friday, January 3, 1800.
Wilson Cary Nicholas, appointed a Senator by the Legislature of the
State of Virginia, to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of
Henry Tazewell, Esq., produced his credentials, was qualified, and
took his seat in the Senate.
Tuesday, January 7.
Stephens Thompson Mason, from the State of Virginia, attended.
Wednesday, January 8.

The following Message was received from the President of the United
States:
Representatives:
In compliance with the request in one of the resolutions of Congress,
of the 21st of December last, I transmitted a copy of those
resolutions, by my Secretary, Mr. Shaw, to Mrs. Washington, assuring
her of the profound respect Congress will ever bear to her person
and character; of their condolence in the late afflicting dispensation
of Providence; and entreating her assent to the interment of the
remains of General George Washington, in the manner expressed in
the first resolution. As the sentiments of that virtuous lady, not less
beloved by this nation than she is at present greatly afflicted, can
never be so well expressed as in her own words, I transmit to
Congress her original letter.
It would be an attempt of too much delicacy to make any comments
upon it; but there can be no doubt that the nation at large, as well
as all the branches of the Government, will be highly gratified by any
arrangement which may diminish the sacrifice she makes of her
individual feelings.
JOHN ADAMS.
United States, January 8, 1800.
The letter is as follows:
Sir: While I feel with keenest anguish the late dispensation of Divine
Providence, I cannot be insensible to the mournful tributes of
respect and veneration which are paid to the memory of my dear
deceased husband; and, as his best services, and most anxious
wishes, were always devoted to the welfare and happiness of his
country, to know that they were truly appreciated and gratefully
remembered, affords no inconsiderable consolation.
Taught by the great example which I have so long had before me,
never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I must consent

to the request made by Congress, which you have had the goodness
to transmit to me; and, in doing this, I need not, I cannot, say what
a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense of public duty.
With grateful acknowledgments, and unfeigned thanks, for the
personal respect and evidences of condolence, expressed by
Congress and yourself, I remain, very respectfully, sir, your most
obedient, humble servant.
MARTHA WASHINGTON.
The President of the United States.
Ordered, That the Message and letter be referred to the joint
committee appointed on the 19th December last, to report suitable
measures in honor of the memory of General George Washington,
deceased.
Thursday, January 23.
Charles Pinckney, appointed a Senator by the State of South Carolina,
produced his credentials, was qualified, and took his seat in the
Senate.
Disputed Presidential Elections.
On motion, of Mr. Ross, that it be
Resolved, That a committee be appointed to consider whether any,
and what, provisions ought to be made by law for deciding disputed
elections of President and Vice President of the United States, and
for determining the legality or illegality of the votes given for those
officers in the different States:
A motion was made to amend the motion by adding, "and that the
committee be authorized to report by bill or otherwise."
Mr. Brown, of Kentucky, was of opinion that this was a subject on
which Congress had no right to legislate. When the constitution

undertook to make provisions on a subject, if they were found
incomplete, or defective, they must be remedied by recommending
an amendment to the constitution. He wished the gentleman who
had made this motion would pay further attention to the subject,
and believed he would find that if any thing was to be done it must
be done by proposing an amendment to the constitution.
Mr. Ross said, that the constitution had certainly made no provision
on this subject. It only directed that after the votes were received,
&c., the President of the Senate should, in the presence of the
Senate and the House of Representatives, open the certificates, and
the votes should be counted. Suppose, said he, persons should claim
to be Electors, who had never been properly appointed, should their
vote be received? Suppose they should vote for a person to be
President who had not the age required by the constitution, or who
had not been long enough a citizen of the United States, or for two
persons who were both citizens of the same State—such cases might
happen and were very likely to happen, and is there no remedy?
What a situation would the country be in if such a case was to
happen! He thought it their duty to make provision for it, and he
believed a law was sufficient.
Mr. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina, thought it a very dangerous
practice to endeavor to amend the constitution by making laws for
the purpose. The constitution was a sacred deposit, put into their
hands; they ought to take great care not to violate or destroy the
essential provisions made by that instrument. He remembered very
well that in the Federal Convention great care was used to provide
for the election of the President of the United States, independently
of Congress; to take the business as far as possible out of their
hands. The votes are to be given by Electors appointed for that
express purpose, the Electors are to be appointed by each State,
and the whole direction as to the manner Of their appointment is
given to the State Legislatures. Nothing was more clear to him than
that Congress had no right to meddle with it at all; as the whole was
intrusted to the State Legislatures, they must make provision for all
questions arising on the occasion.

Mr. Dexter, of Massachusetts, did not feel himself at all in doubt as to
the right of the Legislature to make such provisions on this subject
as appeared to be necessary. It was directed by the constitution that
a President should be appointed, that he should be of not less than
thirty-five years of age, that he should have been at least fourteen
years a citizen of the United States, &c. The proceedings in the
election of a President may be defective in all these particulars, and
can it be supposed that there is no way to correct them? The
constitution is not silent on this head; among the powers given to
Congress in the 5th section is this, "to pass all laws necessary and
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all
other powers vested by this constitution in the Government of the
United States, or in any department or officer thereof." The law now
proposed appears to be necessary to carry into effect the power of
appointing the President; it is, therefore, clearly constitutional.
Mr. Livermore, of New Hampshire never felt less doubt on any subject
than the one now under consideration: the constitution has given
many directions as to the appointment of the President, some of
which he read. It is possible (said Mr. L.) that gentlemen can
suppose all these may be violated and disregarded, and yet that it is
nobody's business to interpose and make provision to prevent it? He
trusted the honorable Senate would agree to the resolution to
appoint a committee for that purpose.
Mr. Baldwin, of Georgia, expressed his regret that the mover of this
resolution had not thought proper to bring forward a subject so new
and important, in the form commonly used in parliamentary
assemblies, by a single proposition, viz: "that it is expedient that
further provision be made respecting disputed votes for President
and Vice President of the United States." It was manifest from the
debate that several different questions had been under consideration
at the same time, and different gentlemen were in fact directing
their remarks to different questions.
The first question was, the one he had just mentioned, whether
there was so great a defect in the present provisions, which exist on

this subject, as to render further provisions necessary?
The second is, if further provisions are necessary, must they be
made by amendment to the constitution? or,
Thirdly, whether they can be made by law?
He must say for himself, that he did not agree that the present
provisions on this subject were so defective and absurd as had been
represented. His general respect for those who had gone before him
in this House, and especially for the venerable assembly of the most
experienced statesmen of the country by whom the constitution had
been formed, forbade him to entertain the belief that the subject,
which is the strong feature that characterizes this as an Elective
Government, could have been till now so entirely out of sight and
neglected. Gentlemen appeared to him, from their observations, to
forget that the constitution in directing Electors to be appointed
throughout the United States equal to the whole number of the
Senators and Representatives in Congress, for the express purpose
of intrusting this constitutional branch of power to them, had
provided for the existence of as respectable a body as Congress, and
in whom the constitution on this business has more confidence than
in Congress. Experience had proved that a more venerable selection
of characters could not be made in this country than usually
composed that electoral body. And what are the questions which can
arise on the subject intrusted to them to which they are
incompetent, or to which Congress is so much more competent? The
questions which present themselves seem to be:
1. Those which relate to the elections, returns, and qualifications, of
their own members. Shall these be taken away from that body, and
submitted to the superior decision and control of Congress, without
a particle of authority for it from the constitution?
2. The legality or constitutionality of the different steps of their own
proceedings, as, whether they vote for two persons both of the
same State; whether they receive votes for a person under thirty-
five years of age, or one who has not been fourteen years a citizen

of the United States, &c. It is true they, as well as any other
constitutional branch of this Government acting under that
instrument, may be guilty of taking unconstitutional or corrupt steps,
but they do it at their peril. Suppose either of the other branches of
the Government, the Executive, or the Judiciary, or even Congress,
should be guilty of taking steps which are unconstitutional, to whom
is it submitted, or who has control over it, except by impeachment?
The constitution seems to have equal confidence in all the branches
on their own proper ground, and for either to arrogate superiority, or
a claim to greater confidence, shows them in particular to be
unworthy of it, as it is in itself directly unconstitutional.
3. The authentication of their own acts. This would seem to be as
complete in them, as in either of the other branches of the
Government. Their own authentication of their act finishes the
business intrusted to them. It is true this must be judged of by the
persons who are concerned in carrying it into execution; as in all
laws and official acts under this Government, they to whom they are
directed, and who are to be bound by them, must judge, and judge
at their peril, whether they are duly authenticated or whether they
are only a forgery.
If this be the just view of the subject, (and he could see no other
which did not involve inextricable difficulties,) it leaves no possible
question for the Senators and Representatives, when met together
to count the votes agreeably to the constitution, but to judge of the
authentication of the act of the Electors, and then to proceed and
count the votes as directed. If this body of the Electors of all the
States had been directed by the constitution to assemble in one
place, instead of being formed into different Electoral colleges, he
took it for granted none of the questions on which this resolution
has been brought forward, would have occurred; every one would
have acknowledged that they were to be settled in that assembly. It
having been deemed more safe by the constitution to form them
into different Electoral colleges, to be assembled in the several
States, does not at all alter the nature or distinctness of their

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