Design Optimization of Disk Brake Rotor

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 960
Performance, Emission and Visiographic Analysis of Gasoline Engine
with Cyclohexylamine and n-Butyl alcohol Additives
Mohammed Shamim
PG Student, Annamalai University
Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Annamalainagar Chidambaram
Tamilnadu, India
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Abstract: In this work, two oxygenated additives likeCyclohexylamineand n-butyl alcohol arerecognizedfortheexperimental
investigation by blending them to 5 ml with gasoline sole fuel. The performance and emission analysis were tested in twin
cylinder SI engine with both additives blend with gasoline. The physical and chemical properties of the gasoline fuel and
additives are tested through ASTM standards and reported. From the experimental results, it was found that brake thermal
efficiency increased to 1.25% and emissions like HC and CO reduced to 5.3% and 17%, respectively for addition of
Cyclohexylamine and n-butyl alcohol. NOx emission found increased in the both additive cases. The Fuel spray images were
captured by AVL Visio scope with pixel fly VGA Camera and necessary equipment’s.
Key Words: Gasoline engine, Cyclohexylamine, n-butyl alcohol, Performance, Visio graph.
NOMENCLATURE:
Sample -1 - Cyclohexylamine
Sample-2 - n-butyl alcohol
Rpm - Revolution per minute
HSU - Hatridge smoke unit
Ppm - Parts per million
BP - Brake power
BTE - Brake thermal efficiency
HC - Hydrocarbon emission
CO -Carbon monoxide emission
NOx - Oxides of nitrogen emission
ASTM - American Standard Testing Materials
1. INTRODUCTION
The major exhaust emissions HC, CO, SO2, NOx, solid particles are and performanceisincreased byaddingthesuitable
additives to the fuel reduced with the present technology [1]. Additivesareintegral partoftoday’sfuel.Togetherwithprecisely
formulated base fuel composition they contribute to efficiency and long life[2,3].They arechemicals,whichareaddedinsmall
quantities either to increase fuel performance, or to correct a deficiency as desiredbythecurrentlegislation[4]. Theycanhave
surprisingly large effects even when added in little amount. Additives are blended into fuel by refineries or end users [5].
However use of metallic additives was successively discontinued primarily becauseofconcernaboutthetoxicityofthebarium
compounds in the exhaust emission. But the interest is revised freshly to verifythe possibleuseofadditivestoreduceemission
level [6]. Alcohol has been used as a fuel for Auto-engines since 19th century; it is not extensively used because of high price.
Alcohol is one of the fuel additive (Ethanol ,Methanol) has certain advantage over gasoline such as better antiknock
characteristics and the reduction of CO and HC emissions [7,8]. Numerous additives (oxygenated organiccompounds)suchas
methanol, ethanol, tertiary butyl alcohol and methyl tertiary butyl ether are used as fuel additives [9]. While having these
advantages, due to confines in technology, economic and regional considerations alcohol fuel still cannot be used extensively
[10]. Ethanol can be fermented and distilled from biomasses; it can be considered as renewable energy beneath the
environmental consideration, using ethanol blended with gasoline is better than methanol becauseofitsrenewabilityandless
toxicity [11]. In this study to improve the performance and reduce theharmful emissionslikeHCandCO,andCyclohexylamine,
n-butyl alcohol additives are blend with gasoline fuel in the proportion of 5ml.

2. FUEL MODIFICATION
Cyclohexylamine and n- Butyl alcohol were added with gasoline fuel with 5ml/litre and set aside in a homogenizer to make
proper blend of fuel and additive. The thermo-physical properties of fuel before and after addition of Cyclohexylamine and n-
Butyl alcohol have tabulated in Table 2 and chemical properties have tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1 Properties of Cyclohexylamine and n- Butyl alcohol
(Source: The European Fuel Oxygenates Association, 2006)
Properties Cyclohexylamine n-Butyl alcohol
Molecular formula C6H11NH2 C4H10O
Molecular weight (g/mol) 99.177 74.12
Boiling point (C) 134.5 117.2
Vapour pressure (mmHg at
20C)
11 7.024
Table 2 Physical and chemical properties of petrol, Cyclohexylamine and n- Butyl alcohol
(Source: ETA Laboratory, Chennai)
Property Petrol Cyclohexylamine n-Butyl alcohol
Specific gravity 0.72 0.7437 0.7457
Kinematic viscosity 1.37 1.39 1.37
Flash pointC -43 -11 -10
Fire point C -13 -10 -8
Pour point C -32 -15 -17
Gross calorific value
(kJ/kg)
45650 45709 45797
Acidity as mg of
KoH/gm
0.024 0.010 0.01
Density@ in gm/cc 0.71 0.7442 0.7437
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental setup is shown in Figure 1. The level of the fuel and lubricating oil were analyzed beforestartingthe
engine. The eddy current dynamometer control unit panel is switched“ON’tonotedownthespeed,loadandtemperaturefrom
the indicator provided in the panel board. Then the ignition switch is turned “ON” position. The fuel discharged from the fuel
tank through the electronic fuel injection pump and then startedtheengineatnoload condition.Theengine wasallowedtorun
with sole fuel by varying speed of (2000, 2200, 2400, 2600 and 2800 rpm) for nearly 30 minutes to obtain steady state
condition. The cooling water temperature reached 50C. Fuel consumptionwasmeasured bystopwatchforoneminuteof fuel.
In the same readings for various speeds 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600 and 2800 rpm were observed. After taking the required
readings the ignition switch is turned “OFF” position to stop the engine and the eddy current dynamometer control unit panel
was also switched “OFF”.

Figure 1 Experimental setup
Table 3 Specification of the test engine (TATA NANO)
Type Vertical In-line Engine with MPFI
No. of Cylinder 2
Displacement 624 cc
Bore 73.5 mm
Stroke 73.5 mm
Compression Ratio 9.5:1
Fuel Petrol
Cycle 4-Stroke
Max. Engine output 25.74 kW @ 5250 rpm
Max. Torque 48 Nm @ 3000 rpm
Speed 2500 rpm
Orifice Diameter 20 mm
Cooling System Water
Loading Device Eddy current Dynamometer
4. FUEL SPRAY VISUALIZATION
The spray visualization was studied through the AVL Visioscopewithall thenecessary equipment’s.TheVisioscopeequipment
was consists with the following accessories;
 Pixel fly VGA camera
 Visio Sparkplug
 Endoscopic unit
 Light Control unit with flash
 AVL Micro IFEM
 AVL Indimodule
 AVL Visio FEM
 Crank angle encoder
 AVL Visioscope 1.4 Software

The AVL Visioscope is a fully digital, triggerable video system specifically designed for IC Engine research.Itisusedto
observe periodic phenomena in IC engines using a strobe. The images delivered by a digital CCD Camera are transmitted
straight to the PC as digital data (and therefore with no loss of quality). Synchronization with the engineisachieved via anAVL
Angle Encoder (365Cor365X). A strobe connected to the Light Unit is used for convenient correction angle adjustment. The
proven endoscopy technology provides optical access to any type of series engine without interfering with the in-cylinder
processes.
Figure 2 Experimental setup with AVL Visioscope
Figure 3 Photographic view of AVL Visioscope unit with accessories
AVL Endoscopic Unit
AVL Visioscope Unit
Pixel fly camera
Light Unit for Pixel
fly camera

Figure 4 Photographic view of endoscope fitted in test engine

Figure 5 Photographic view of Spray Visualization (a) without fuel spray (b) with fuel spray (c) fuel spray ending
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The experimental investigations were conducted by gasoline fuel with two types of oxygenated additives such as
Cyclohexylamine and n-butyl alcohol. The investigations were experimentally conducted in TATA NANO gasoline engine by
various speed conditions of the engine.
5.1 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
5.1.1 BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Figure 6 shows the variations of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with speed for various blends of gasoline with fuel
additives. It is clearly seen from the graph that the gasoline fuel blended with additives gives improved performance when
compared to that of sole fuel. The Sample-2 (n-butyl alcohol) along with gasoline blends shows increased brake thermal
efficiency when compared with other additive. The BTE of Sample-2 at 2600 rpm is 22.9% and 2800 rpm is 22.5%. Further
increases the speed from 2600 rpm the BTE was gradually decreased. The possible reason may be due to the presence of
additional oxygen present in the additive provides better combustionthatresultsinincreased brakethermal efficiencyat2600
rpm. It has shown an increase of 1.2% when compare to sole fuel at 2600 rpm speed of the engine.
Figure 6 Variations of brake thermal efficiency with Speed

5.1.2 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
Figure 7 shows the variations of specific fuel consumption with speed for various blends of gasoline fuel additives.
Brake power increases, SFC decreases. Among the gasoline blends Sample-2 shows lower specific fuel consumption when
compare to other additives. The reason is complete combustion of the fuel achieved by oxygenated additive.
Figure 7 Variations of specific fuel consumption with speed
5.2 EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
5.2.1 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx)
Figure 8 shows the variations for oxides of nitrogen with speed for various blends of gasoline with fuel additives.
Sample-2 shows increase in NOx concentration when compared to that of sole fuel andothergasoline blendswith additives.An
increase of 4.25% was observed when compared to that of gasoline sole fuel. The increased oxygen content provides better
combustion thereby in cylinder temperature is increased due to which an increased NOx emission is observed for
Cyclohexylamine additive with sole gasoline fuel at maximum speed of the engine.
Figure 8 Variations of oxides of nitrogen with Speed

5.2.2 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
Figure 9 shows the variations of carbon monoxide with speed for various gasolineblendsandfuel additives. Sample-2
blend shows decreased CO emission since the availability of additional oxygen content improve the combustion process and
converts CO into CO2. A decrease of 17% was observed when compared to that of sole gasoline fuel. The CO emission for sole
fuel, additive-2 at maximum speed of the engine is 0.76, 0.63 % by vol. respectively
Figure 9 Variations of CO with Speed
5.2.3 HYDROCARBON (HC)
Figure 10 shows the variations of Hydrocarbon emission with speed for various gasoline blends with fuel additives.
Sample-2 shows decrease in HC emission when compared to that of sole gasoline fuel. The reason is due to complete
combustion provided by the oxygenated additive. It has showna decreaseof 5.3%whencomparetoneatsolegasolinefuel.The
HC emission of sole fuel and sample-2 is 28.4, 26.9 ppm respectively with maximum engine speed.
Figure 10 Variations of HC emission with Speed

CONCLUSION
The main conclusions of this study are;
1. The Sample-2 shows increased brake thermal efficiency at 2600 rpm speed than that of other additives. If increases the
speed from 2600 rpm the BTE is gradually decreased. From this investigation concluded by 2600 rpmisoptimumspeedofthe
engine. It has shown an increase of 1.2% when compared to other sample and sole gasoline fuel.
2. The Sample-2 gasoline fuel show significant reduction in CO, HC emission and increases of NOx emission when compared to
that of sole gasoline fuel. The CO and HC emission was decreased by 17%, 5.3% respectively.
3. The fuel spray visualization images were captured through AVL Visioscope with pixel fly VGA camera, endoscopic unit and
necessary equipment’s.
REFERENCES
[1] Mohammed Shamim, C. Syed Aalam. “Performance, Emission and Visiographic Analysis of Gasoline Engine withMTBEand
DIE Additives”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol-04,Issue-08,Aug-2017,Pages 575-
584, e-ISSN: 2395-0056p-ISSN: 2395-0072.
[2] Mohammed Shamim, C. Syed Aalam, D. Manivannan, Shashank Kumar:CharacterizationofGasolineEngineUsingMTBEand
DIE Additives, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology(IRJET), Volume04,Issue03,March-2017,Pages
191-199.
[3] Mohammed Shamim, C. Syed Aalam, D. Manivannan, R. Ravi Kumar, T. Dinesh Kumar, G. Prabagaran: Performance and
Emission Test on Gasoline Engine Using Cyclohexylamine and n- Butyl alcohol Additives, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume 04, Issue 02, Feb- 2017, Pages 1351-1360.
[4] Mohammed Shamim, C. Syed Aalam, M. Mathibalan, D. Manivannan, R. Ravi Kumar, E. Anand: Investigation of Pine Oil-
Gasoline Blends through Performance and Emission Analysis on Petrol Engine , International ResearchJournal ofEngineering
and Technology(IRJET), Volume 04, Issue 03, March-2017, Pages 339-348.
[5] Mohammed Shamim, C. Syed Aalam, D. Manivannan: Combustion and Emission Analysis of Mahua and Jujube Biodiesel
Blends as Fuel in a CI Engine, International Journal ofAdvancedEngineeringResearch andScience(IJAERS),Volume4,Issue02
,Feb-2017, Pages 116-123.
[6] Aradi, A., Colucci, W., Scull, H., and Openshaw, M., "A Study of Fuel Additives for Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Injector
Deposit Control," SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2020, 2000, DOI: 10.4271/2000-01-2020.
[7] AbdeL-Rahman, M. M. Osman, Experimental investigation on varying the compression ratio of SI engine working under
different ethanol-gasoline fuel blends, International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 21, pp.31-40, 1997.
[8] Ananda Srinivasan, C.G. Saravanan, Study of Combustion Characteristics of an SI Engine Fuelled with Ethanol and
Oxygenated Fuel Additives, Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment, Vol.1, pp.85-91, 2010.
[9] V. Balaji Raman, X. Alexander, Emission and performancetestonpetrol engineusing fuel Modification,International Journal
of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol.3, pp.119-123, 2013.
[10] T. Ramakrishnan, D.John, Panneer Selvam, Studies on Emission Control in S.I. Engine Using Organic Fuel Additives,
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Vol.11, pp.249-254, 2014.
[11] M. Ghazikhani M. Hatami, B. Safari, The effect of alcoholic fuel additives on energy parameters and emissions in a two
stroke gasoline engine, Springer, Arabian Journal of Engineering, Vol. 39, pp.2117-2125, 2014.
[12] Amit R. Patil, R. N. Yerrawar, Shrinath A. Nigade, Onkar B. Chavan, Mr. Hitendra S. Rathod, BhushanK.Hiran,International
Journal for Research & Development in Technology, Vol.2, pp.2349-3585, 2014.
[13] Vivek Singh Shekhawat and Ravi Shankar Padwa, Role of Additives and their Influence on Performance of Engine for
Petroleum Diesel Fuel, Oxygenated-Diesel Blend: A Review, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT) Vol. 4, pp.1-5, 2015.
BIOGRAPHIES
Mohammed Shamim received the B.E. degree in Mechanical EngineeringfromAnnamalaiUniversity,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu in 2013 and
Completed Masters of Engineering degree in Energy Engineering and Management from Annamalai
University, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu in
2017 respectively.

Design Optimization of Disk Brake Rotor

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Design Optimization of Disk Brake Rotor