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Designing 5G NR (New Radio)

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Qualcomm Research

The document outlines the design and specifications of the 5G NR air interface according to the 3GPP Release-15 standard, emphasizing a unified approach to accommodate diverse services, deployments, and initial commercial launches. Key features include support for various bands, advanced coding techniques, and frameworks for massive IoT applications, while ensuring low latency and high efficiency. Qualcomm's contributions and ongoing research efforts are highlighted as foundational to accelerating 5G technology and its ecosystem evolution.

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Designing 5G NR The 3GPP Release-15 global standard for a unified, more capable 5G air interface April 2018 @qualcomm_tech
22 Diverse services Scalability to address an extreme variation of requirements Diverse deployments From macro to indoor hotspots, with support for diverse topologies Mid-bands 1 GHz to 6 GHz High-bands Above 24 GHz (mmWave) Low-bands Below 1 GHzMassive Internet of Things Diverse spectrum Getting the most out of a wide array of spectrum bands/types NR Designing a unified, more capable 5G air interface A unifying connectivity fabric for future innovation A platform for existing, emerging, and unforeseen connected services Mission-critical services Enhanced mobile broadband 5G NR www.qualcomm.com/5G-NRLearn more:
3 First 5G NR standard complete — the global 5G standard 20182017 20202019 20222021 Release 17+ evolutionRel-16 work itemsRel-15 work items Phase 2 Commercial launches Phase 1 Commercial launchesNRField trialsIoDTs Standalone (SA) Accelerate eMBB deployments, plus establish foundation for future 5G innovations Deliver new fundamental 5G NR technologies that expand and evolve the 5G ecosystem Continue to evolve LTE in parallel as essential part of the 5G Platform NSA Approved study items We are here
44 5G NR pioneering advanced 5G NR technologies To meet an extreme variation of 5G NR requirements Based on ITU vision for IMT-2020 compared to IMT-advanced; URLLC: Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications; IAB: Integrated Access & Backhaul 10x Connection density 3x Spectrum efficiency 10x Decrease in end-to-end latency 10x Experienced throughput 100x Traffic capacity 100x Network efficiency • Live Enhanced mobile broadbandMission-critical services Massive Internet of Things Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Ultra Reliable Low Latency Comms (URLLC) Drone communications Private Networks Deeper coverage Grant-free UL Efficient signalingNarrow bandwidth Enhanced power save modes Massive MIMOScalable OFDM Mobile mmWave Flexible slot-based frameworkSpectrum sharing Advanced channel codingDual Connectivity
55 Qualcomm, the R&D engine fueling the 5G industry 3GPP standards and technology leadership Our system-level inventions are foundational to 5G NR standard Early system-level R&D investments Designing/testing 5G for many years with best-in-class prototype systems Global network experience and ecosystem collaborations Industry-leading demos, simulations, testing and trials on path to commercialization Building on our LTE technology leadership NR Vodafone Group
6 5G NR design and technologies 3GPP Release-15
77 Efficiently address diverse spectrum, deployments/services Scalable OFDM- based air interface Scalable OFDM numerology Flexible slot-based framework Self-contained slot structure Advanced channel coding Massive MIMO Mobile mmWave Multi-Edge LDPC and CRC-Aided Polar Reciprocity-based MU-MIMO Key enabler to low latency, URLLC and forward compatibility Efficiently support large data blocks and a reliable control channel Efficiently utilize a large number of antennas to increase coverage/capacity Enables wide mmWave bandwidths for extreme capacity and throughput Beamforming and beam-tracking 3GPP Rel-15 establishes a solid foundation for 5G NR Our technology inventions are driving Rel-15 specifications Early R&D investments | Best-in-class prototypes | Fundamental contributions to 3GPP For enhanced mobile broadband and beyond
8 November 2015 Qualcomm Technologies’ 5G Analyst Day 5G NR standard aligned with our early 5G design A testament to the impact of our early 5G R&D and fundamental contributions to 3GPP
99 Scalable OFDM-based 5G NR air interface 3GPP Rel-15 specifications aligned with Qualcomm Research whitepaper published Nov 2015 [link] Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 1. Such as Weighted Overlap Add (WOLA) utilized in LTE systems today. 2. DFT-Spread (DFT-S) OFDM. 3. Such as non-orthogonal Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) 2n scaling of sub- carrier spacing to efficiently support wider bandwidths Windowing1 can effectively minimize in-band and out-of- band emissions Single-carrier2 OFDM utilized for efficient uplink transmissions Can co-exist with optimized waveforms and multiple access for IoT UL3 Time Frequency Frequency localization Lower power consumption Asynchronous multiple access Scalable numerology
1010 Scalable 5G NR OFDM numerology—examples Efficiently address 5G diverse spectrum, deployments and services Scaling reduces FFT processing complexity for wider bandwidths with reusable hardware Outdoor macro coverage e.g., FDD 700 MHz Indoor wideband e.g., unlicensed 6 GHz mmWave e.g., TDD 28 GHz Outdoor macro and small cell e.g., TDD 3-5 GHz Sub-Carrier spacing, e.g. 15 kHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 1, 5,10 and 20 MHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 160MHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 400MHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 100 MHz Sub-Carrier spacing, e.g. 30 kHz Sub-Carrier spacing, e.g. 60 kHz Sub-Carrier spacing, e.g. 120 kHz 2 n scaling of Sub-Carrier Spacing (SCS)
1111 Designed for diverse spectrum bands/types Global snapshot of 5G spectrum bands allocated or targeted Licensed Unlicensed/shared Existing band New 5G band 600MHz (2x35MHz) 3.55-3.7 GHz 24.25-24.45GHz 24.75-25.25GHz 27.5-28.35GHz 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.4–3.8GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 27.5-29.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 2.5GHz (LTE B41) 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.7-4.2GHz 3.55-3.7 GHz 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 5GHz4GHz3GHz<1GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz
12 Flexible slot-based 5G NR framework Efficiently multiplex envisioned and future 5G services on the same frequency URLLCeMBB transmission DLCtrl ULCtrl eMBB D2D Multicast Blank subcarriers Nominal traffic puncturing To enable URLCC transmissions to occur at any time using mini-slots Forward compatibility Transmissions well-confined in time/frequency to simplify adding new features in future Scalable slot duration Efficient multiplexing of diverse latency and QoS requirements Self-contained slot structure Ability to independently decode slots and avoid static timing relationships across slots
1313 Scalable 5G NR slot duration for diverse latency/QoS 1. As low as two symbols per mini-slot; 2. Symbols across numerologies align at symbol boundaries and transmissions span an integer # of OFDM symbols 14 OFDM symbols per slot with mini-slot (2, 4, or 7 symbols) for shorter transmissions1 Supports slot aggregation for data- heavy transmissions Efficient multiplexing of long and short transmissions2 0 1 2 11 12 133 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Slot Mini-Slot 500 µs Slot 250 µs Slot 125 µs Subframe 1ms subframe aligned with LTE CP-OFDM Symbol 15 kHz SCS 30 kHz SCS 60 kHz SCS 120 kHz SCS
14 Flexible 5G NR slot structures — Examples DL reference signals (DL DMRS) & UL Reference + Sounding (UL DSMR, SRS) not showed for simplicity Blank slot Designed in a way not to limit future feature introductions Slot-based scheduling/control interval TDD Self-Contained Opportunity for UL/DL scheduling, data and ACK/SRS in the same slot DL Data DL Ctrl UL Ctrl DL Guard DL Ctrl UL Data UL Ctrl GuardUL Data-centric More relaxed TDD timing configurations + FDD operation DL Ctrl DL DataDL UL Data UL Ctrl UL Mini-slot Optimized for shorter data transmissions, e.g. URLLC DL e.g., 2-symbol mini-slotDL UL e.g., 4-symbol mini-slotUL
15 UL DataGuard Benefits of the 5G NR TDD self-contained slot Much faster, more flexible TDD switching and turn-around than 4G LTE 1. Sounding Reference Signal DL Data DL Ctrl UL Ctrl Guard DL Ctrl TDD UL TDD DL More adaptive UL/DL Faster TDD switching allows for more flexible capacity allocation SRS ACK Efficient massive MIMO Optimized TDD channel reciprocity with opportunity for SRS1 every slot Low latency Faster TDD turn-around, with opportunity for UL/DL scheduling, data and ACK in the same slot Flexibility for additional headers E.g., channel reservation header for unlicensed/shared spectrum
1616 5G NR TDD self-contained slot structure in action Three examples showcasing faster TDD switching for low latency DL reference signals (DL DMRS) & UL Reference + Sounding (UL DSMR, SRS) not showed for simplicity Slot 0: 500 µs Slot 1: 500 µs Slot 2: 500 µs Slot 3: 500 µs 1 2 3 Slot 0: 125 µs Slot 1: 125 µs Slot 2: 125 µs Slot 3: 125 µs Slot 4: 125 µs Slot 5: 125 µs Slot 6: 125 µs Slot 7: 125 µs 1. Indoor (sub-6 or mmWave) 2. Outdoor (sub-6 or mmWave) 3. Outdoor mmWave DL Ctrl DL Data UL Ctrl UL Data
17 5G NR flexible FDD slot structure Delivering low latency, extended coverage, and forward compatibility FDD baseline for continuous transmission and extended coverage UL Data UL Ctrl UL Ctrl DL Ctrl DL DataFDD full DL Slot FDD full UL Slot FDD partial slot for faster DL/UL turn-around and efficient half-duplex FDD implementation FDD partial DL Slot FDD partial UL Slot DL Ctrl DL Data UL Data UL Ctrl UL Ctrl
1818 6 4 3 2 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Code rate (R) LDPC Polar Turbo 0 Advanced ME-LDPC1 channel coding is more efficient than LTE Turbo code at higher data rates Selected as 5G NR eMBB data channel as part of 3GPP Release-15 1. Multi-Edge Low-Density Parity-Check High efficiency Significant gains over LTE Turbo—particularly for large block sizes suitable for MBB Low complexity Easily parallelizable decoder scales to achieve high throughput at low complexity Low latency Efficient encoding/decoding enables shorter transmission time at high throughput Normalized throughput (for given clock rate) 5
19 Performance gains of CRC-Aided Polar channel coding led to its adoption across many 5G NR control use cases 1. Parity-Check Polar channel coding Link-level gains of 5G NR CA-Polar design Versus PC-Polar1 (lower is better) Rate = 0.67 Rate = 0.50 Rate = 0.33 5 4 3 2 1 0 RequiredSNR(dB)forBLER=0.01 32 48 64 80 120 Effective payload size (bits) CA-Polar PC-Polar 5G NR CRC-Aided (CA-Polar) design Efficient construction based on single Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for joint detection and decoding U-domain bit mapping Polar encoder (Arikan kernel) Rate matching & channel bit interleaving Control payload To modulation mapper Single CRC Concatenation as Outer Code
2020 5G NR optimized design for massive MIMO Key enabler for using higher spectrum bands, e.g. 4 GHz, with existing LTE sites C1. Sounding Reference Signal. 2. Channel State Information Reference Signal; 3. High-Power User Equipment (HPUE) Tx power gains Optimized design for TDD reciprocity procedures utilizing UL SRS1 Enhanced CSI-RS2 design and reporting mechanism New features, such as distributed MIMO Advanced, high-spatial resolution codebook supporting up to 256 antennas Enabled through an advanced 5G NR end-to-end Massive MIMO design (network and device) Exploit 3D beamforming with up to 256 antenna elements Accurate and timely channel knowledge essential to realizing full benefits UL SRS CSI-RS5G NR co-located with existing LTE macro sites Mitigate UL coverage with 5G NR massive MIMO + HPUE3
21 SRS+PUCCH Step 1: UL SRS1 → Precoding decision → DL Precoded CSI-RS2 Step 2: CSI-RS → UE CQI3 feedback Step 3: Precoding + CQI → Final scheduling decision 0.5ms TDD slot DL Asynchronous CSI-RS SRS+PUCCH DL MIMO rate prediction latency reduced from >10 ms in LTE to 1 ms in 5G NR 5G NR optimized design for TDD reciprocity procedures 5G NR slot structure and enhanced Ref Signals enable fast/accurate feedback *Sub-6 GHz, macro cell numerology, 30 kHz tone spacing; Channel sounding opportunity increases from <= 200 Hz with LTE to 2 kHz with 5G NR. 1. Sounding Reference Signal. 2. Channel State Information Reference Signal. 3. Channel Quality Indicator DLCTRL SRS+PUCCH
22 Faster, more uniform data rates throughout cell 5G NR massive MIMO increases coverage & capacity Assumptions: carrier frequency 4GHz; 200m ISD, 200MHz total bandwidth; base station: 256 antenna elements (x-pol), 48dBm Tx power; UE: 4 Tx/Rx antenna elements, 23dBm max. Tx power; full buffer traffic model, 80% indoor and 20% outdoor UEs. 3.8x 2.9x 4x4 MIMO 5G NR Massive MIMO 5G NR Massive MIMO 4x4 MIMO 52 Mbps 195 Mbps 27 Mbps 79 Mbps
2323 The large bandwidth opportunity for mmWave The new frontier of mobile broadband 5G NR sub-6GHz (e.g. 3.4-3.6 GHz) NR 6 GHz 24 GHz 100 GHz Excels in wider bandwidths Opens up new opportunities Much more capacity With dense spatial reuse Multi-Gbps data rates With large bandwidths (100s of MHz) Unified design across diverse spectrum bands/types 5G NR mmWave (e.g. 24.25-27.5 GHz, 27.5-29.5 GHz)
24 Overcoming numerous challenges to mobilize mmWave Coverage Innovations to overcome significant path loss in bands above 24 GHz Robustness Innovations to overcome mmWave blockage from hand, body, walls, foliage, etc. Device size/power Innovations to fit mmWave design in smartphone form factor and thermal constraints Back antenna module (-X, -Y, -Z direction) Front antenna module (+X, +Y, +Z direction)
2525 Mobilizing mmWave with 5G NR technologies Key properties for robust mmWave operation in a NLOS mobile environment Very dense network topology and spatial reuse (~150-200m ISD) Fast beam steering and switching within an access point Tight integration with sub-6 GHz (LTE or NR) Architecture that allows for fast beam switching across access points Directional antennas with adaptable 3D beamforming and beam tracking NLOS operation Macro (Sub-6 GHz) Seamless mobility Download the 5G NR mmWave technology presentation to learn more — link
2626 Utilizing adaptive beamforming and beam tracking techniques Outdoor vehicular mobility up to 30 mph Multiple gNodeBs with seamless handovers Indoor mobility with wall penetration and dynamic blocking Qualcomm Research 5G mmWave prototype Showcasing robust mobile communications in real-world OTA testing Handheld and in-vehicle UEs with hand-blocking www.qualcomm.com/videos/mobilzing- mmwave-enhanced-mobile-broadband Watch video:
2727 Spectrum aggregation essential to 5G NR deployments Building on solid LTE CA and Dual Connectivity foundation Supplemental DL FDD/TDD CA LAA CA Dual Connectivity LTE/5G NR NSA Supplemental UL Supplemental DL FDD/TDD CA NR LAA CA Dual Connectivity 5G NR Rel-15+ LTE Rel-10+ Dual Connectivity across LTE and NR Fully leveraging LTE investments and coverage, including NSA operation for early 5G NR deployments CA across spectrum bands E.g., tight CA between 5G NR mmWave and sub-6 GHz to address mmWave coverage gaps CA across FDD and TDD bands Sub-1 GHz and mid/high band aggregation; supplemental uplink for better coverage, supplemental downlink for capacity CA across spectrum types E.g., Licensed and unlicensed with 5G NR Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) — approved Rel-15 Study Item Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Dual Connectivity enable deployments with tightly and loosely coordinated cells
2828 Dual connectivity to fully leverage LTE investments Enabling gigabit experiences everywhere Supplementing 5GNR mid-band and mmWave Providing VoLTE leveraging LTE’s ubiquitous coverage Gigabit LTE, VoLTE 5G NR low/mid-band and LTE coverage 5G NR below 10 GHz Gigabit LTE, VoLTE 5G NR above 10 GHz Ubiquitous LTE coverage Seamless mobility Simultaneous dual-connectivity across 5G NR and 4G LTE 5G NR mmWave 5G augmented deploymentsExisting deployments 640+ Commercial networks 9,500+ Commercial devices 2.3B+ LTE/LTE-A subscriptions Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. Source: GSA (www.gsacom.com)—Oct 2017 on network launches, Oct 2017 on subscriptions, Nov 2017 on commercial devices Gigabit LTE provides the coverage foundation for 5G eMBB
29 5G NR FDD/TDD CA to support mid-band deployments Low-band FDD can help increase 5G NR TDD UL data rate/range1 1 Thanks to less path loss and no DL:UL split – depends on massive MIMO, site density, TDD configuration DL5G NR mmWave e.g., TDD 28 GHz UL DL UL 5G NR mid-band e.g., TDD 3-5 GHz DL UL Low-band e.g., FDD 700 MHz DL UL Non-Standalone (NSA) Low-band LTE or NR UL can help increase UL data rate/range NR DL UL LTE UL LTE DL LTE Anchor NR TDD, e.g. 3.5 GHz NR UL e.g. <1 GHz NR DL Time Frequency Standalone (SA) NR low-band can carry NR uplink control and data for edge cell users NR DL UL NR TDD, e.g. 3.5 GHz NR UL e.g. <1 GHz NR DL
3030 NSA 5G NR is accelerating 5G NR deployments for 2019 Non-Standalone (NSA) leverages LTE RAN and EPC for coverage and mobility While introducing 5G NR to enhance the user plane performance and efficiency Dual Connectivity across LTE-band and NR-band LTE EPC LTE RAN 5G NR RAN NSA UE Control and user plane User plane
3131 NSA stepping stone to SA 5G NR for full 5G capability Standalone (NSA) utilizes 5G NextGen Core Network (NGC) Leveraging SDN/NFV technologies to create optimized network slices and deliver on 5G’s full potential SA provides full user/control plane capability for 5G NR, seamlessly coexisting with NSA UEs 5G NGC SA UE Control and user plane LTE EPC LTE RAN 5G NR RAN NSA UE Control and user plane User plane
3232 Ongoing network evolutions simplify NSA to SA evolution Mitigate impact to legacy services and in-market devices while network evolves LTE RAN 5G NR RAN BTS radio processing more centralized (C-RAN) Edge Cloud Core processing more distributed at edge (MEC) Increased cloud- based RAN Trend starting today to help minimize changes to RAN for 5G NR evolution Increased edge- based computing Key enabler to low latency services such as VR and industrial automation5G NGC LTE EPC
3333 5G NR standards and technology leadership Our technology inventions are driving the 5G NR standard Best-in-class 5G prototype systems Designing and testing 5G technologies for many years 5G NR interoperability testing and trials Leveraging prototype systems and our leading global network experience Modem and RFFE leadership Announced the Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 5G modem family LTE foundational technologies Making 5GNR a commercial reality for 2019 For standard-compliant networks and devices Vodafone Group Download the “Making 5G NR a commercial reality” presentation to learn more — link
34 Driving a rich 5G NR technology roadmap beyond eMBB 5G NR URLLC 5G NR Spectrum Sharing in unlicensed/shared spectrum 5G NR Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) 5G NR C-V2X 5G NR Integrated Access and Backhaul 3GPP Rel-15 5G NR eMBB design provides the foundation Sub-6 GHz | mmWave Wireless Industrial Ethernet Download the 3GPP Release-16 5G NR overview presentation to learn more — link
35 5G is the foundation to what’s next. We are the foundation to 5G. Learn more at www.qualcomm.com / 5G Driving the expansion of 5G NR ecosystem and opportunity Making 5G NR a commercial reality for 2019 eMBB deployments
36 @qualcomm_tech http://www.slideshare.net/qualcommwirelessevolution http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8AD95E4F585237C1&feature=plcp www.qualcomm.com/wireless www.qualcomm.com/news/onq Connect with us Questions Twitter Slideshare YouTube Wireless Blog
Follow us on: For more information, visit us at: www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog Thank you! Nothing in these materials is an offer to sell any of the components or devices referenced herein. ©2018 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved. Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. Other products and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries or business units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s engineering, research and development functions, and substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QCT.

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Designing 5G NR (New Radio)

  • 1. Designing 5G NR The 3GPP Release-15 global standard for a unified, more capable 5G air interface April 2018 @qualcomm_tech
  • 2. 22 Diverse services Scalability to address an extreme variation of requirements Diverse deployments From macro to indoor hotspots, with support for diverse topologies Mid-bands 1 GHz to 6 GHz High-bands Above 24 GHz (mmWave) Low-bands Below 1 GHzMassive Internet of Things Diverse spectrum Getting the most out of a wide array of spectrum bands/types NR Designing a unified, more capable 5G air interface A unifying connectivity fabric for future innovation A platform for existing, emerging, and unforeseen connected services Mission-critical services Enhanced mobile broadband 5G NR www.qualcomm.com/5G-NRLearn more:
  • 3. 3 First 5G NR standard complete — the global 5G standard 20182017 20202019 20222021 Release 17+ evolutionRel-16 work itemsRel-15 work items Phase 2 Commercial launches Phase 1 Commercial launchesNRField trialsIoDTs Standalone (SA) Accelerate eMBB deployments, plus establish foundation for future 5G innovations Deliver new fundamental 5G NR technologies that expand and evolve the 5G ecosystem Continue to evolve LTE in parallel as essential part of the 5G Platform NSA Approved study items We are here
  • 4. 44 5G NR pioneering advanced 5G NR technologies To meet an extreme variation of 5G NR requirements Based on ITU vision for IMT-2020 compared to IMT-advanced; URLLC: Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications; IAB: Integrated Access & Backhaul 10x Connection density 3x Spectrum efficiency 10x Decrease in end-to-end latency 10x Experienced throughput 100x Traffic capacity 100x Network efficiency • Live Enhanced mobile broadbandMission-critical services Massive Internet of Things Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Ultra Reliable Low Latency Comms (URLLC) Drone communications Private Networks Deeper coverage Grant-free UL Efficient signalingNarrow bandwidth Enhanced power save modes Massive MIMOScalable OFDM Mobile mmWave Flexible slot-based frameworkSpectrum sharing Advanced channel codingDual Connectivity
  • 5. 55 Qualcomm, the R&D engine fueling the 5G industry 3GPP standards and technology leadership Our system-level inventions are foundational to 5G NR standard Early system-level R&D investments Designing/testing 5G for many years with best-in-class prototype systems Global network experience and ecosystem collaborations Industry-leading demos, simulations, testing and trials on path to commercialization Building on our LTE technology leadership NR Vodafone Group
  • 7. 77 Efficiently address diverse spectrum, deployments/services Scalable OFDM- based air interface Scalable OFDM numerology Flexible slot-based framework Self-contained slot structure Advanced channel coding Massive MIMO Mobile mmWave Multi-Edge LDPC and CRC-Aided Polar Reciprocity-based MU-MIMO Key enabler to low latency, URLLC and forward compatibility Efficiently support large data blocks and a reliable control channel Efficiently utilize a large number of antennas to increase coverage/capacity Enables wide mmWave bandwidths for extreme capacity and throughput Beamforming and beam-tracking 3GPP Rel-15 establishes a solid foundation for 5G NR Our technology inventions are driving Rel-15 specifications Early R&D investments | Best-in-class prototypes | Fundamental contributions to 3GPP For enhanced mobile broadband and beyond
  • 8. 8 November 2015 Qualcomm Technologies’ 5G Analyst Day 5G NR standard aligned with our early 5G design A testament to the impact of our early 5G R&D and fundamental contributions to 3GPP
  • 9. 99 Scalable OFDM-based 5G NR air interface 3GPP Rel-15 specifications aligned with Qualcomm Research whitepaper published Nov 2015 [link] Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 1. Such as Weighted Overlap Add (WOLA) utilized in LTE systems today. 2. DFT-Spread (DFT-S) OFDM. 3. Such as non-orthogonal Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) 2n scaling of sub- carrier spacing to efficiently support wider bandwidths Windowing1 can effectively minimize in-band and out-of- band emissions Single-carrier2 OFDM utilized for efficient uplink transmissions Can co-exist with optimized waveforms and multiple access for IoT UL3 Time Frequency Frequency localization Lower power consumption Asynchronous multiple access Scalable numerology
  • 10. 1010 Scalable 5G NR OFDM numerology—examples Efficiently address 5G diverse spectrum, deployments and services Scaling reduces FFT processing complexity for wider bandwidths with reusable hardware Outdoor macro coverage e.g., FDD 700 MHz Indoor wideband e.g., unlicensed 6 GHz mmWave e.g., TDD 28 GHz Outdoor macro and small cell e.g., TDD 3-5 GHz Sub-Carrier spacing, e.g. 15 kHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 1, 5,10 and 20 MHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 160MHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 400MHz Carrier bandwidth, e.g. 100 MHz Sub-Carrier spacing, e.g. 30 kHz Sub-Carrier spacing, e.g. 60 kHz Sub-Carrier spacing, e.g. 120 kHz 2 n scaling of Sub-Carrier Spacing (SCS)
  • 11. 1111 Designed for diverse spectrum bands/types Global snapshot of 5G spectrum bands allocated or targeted Licensed Unlicensed/shared Existing band New 5G band 600MHz (2x35MHz) 3.55-3.7 GHz 24.25-24.45GHz 24.75-25.25GHz 27.5-28.35GHz 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.4–3.8GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 27.5-29.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 2.5GHz (LTE B41) 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.7-4.2GHz 3.55-3.7 GHz 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 700MHz (2x30 MHz) 5GHz4GHz3GHz<1GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz
  • 12. 12 Flexible slot-based 5G NR framework Efficiently multiplex envisioned and future 5G services on the same frequency URLLCeMBB transmission DLCtrl ULCtrl eMBB D2D Multicast Blank subcarriers Nominal traffic puncturing To enable URLCC transmissions to occur at any time using mini-slots Forward compatibility Transmissions well-confined in time/frequency to simplify adding new features in future Scalable slot duration Efficient multiplexing of diverse latency and QoS requirements Self-contained slot structure Ability to independently decode slots and avoid static timing relationships across slots
  • 13. 1313 Scalable 5G NR slot duration for diverse latency/QoS 1. As low as two symbols per mini-slot; 2. Symbols across numerologies align at symbol boundaries and transmissions span an integer # of OFDM symbols 14 OFDM symbols per slot with mini-slot (2, 4, or 7 symbols) for shorter transmissions1 Supports slot aggregation for data- heavy transmissions Efficient multiplexing of long and short transmissions2 0 1 2 11 12 133 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Slot Mini-Slot 500 µs Slot 250 µs Slot 125 µs Subframe 1ms subframe aligned with LTE CP-OFDM Symbol 15 kHz SCS 30 kHz SCS 60 kHz SCS 120 kHz SCS
  • 14. 14 Flexible 5G NR slot structures — Examples DL reference signals (DL DMRS) & UL Reference + Sounding (UL DSMR, SRS) not showed for simplicity Blank slot Designed in a way not to limit future feature introductions Slot-based scheduling/control interval TDD Self-Contained Opportunity for UL/DL scheduling, data and ACK/SRS in the same slot DL Data DL Ctrl UL Ctrl DL Guard DL Ctrl UL Data UL Ctrl GuardUL Data-centric More relaxed TDD timing configurations + FDD operation DL Ctrl DL DataDL UL Data UL Ctrl UL Mini-slot Optimized for shorter data transmissions, e.g. URLLC DL e.g., 2-symbol mini-slotDL UL e.g., 4-symbol mini-slotUL
  • 15. 15 UL DataGuard Benefits of the 5G NR TDD self-contained slot Much faster, more flexible TDD switching and turn-around than 4G LTE 1. Sounding Reference Signal DL Data DL Ctrl UL Ctrl Guard DL Ctrl TDD UL TDD DL More adaptive UL/DL Faster TDD switching allows for more flexible capacity allocation SRS ACK Efficient massive MIMO Optimized TDD channel reciprocity with opportunity for SRS1 every slot Low latency Faster TDD turn-around, with opportunity for UL/DL scheduling, data and ACK in the same slot Flexibility for additional headers E.g., channel reservation header for unlicensed/shared spectrum
  • 16. 1616 5G NR TDD self-contained slot structure in action Three examples showcasing faster TDD switching for low latency DL reference signals (DL DMRS) & UL Reference + Sounding (UL DSMR, SRS) not showed for simplicity Slot 0: 500 µs Slot 1: 500 µs Slot 2: 500 µs Slot 3: 500 µs 1 2 3 Slot 0: 125 µs Slot 1: 125 µs Slot 2: 125 µs Slot 3: 125 µs Slot 4: 125 µs Slot 5: 125 µs Slot 6: 125 µs Slot 7: 125 µs 1. Indoor (sub-6 or mmWave) 2. Outdoor (sub-6 or mmWave) 3. Outdoor mmWave DL Ctrl DL Data UL Ctrl UL Data
  • 17. 17 5G NR flexible FDD slot structure Delivering low latency, extended coverage, and forward compatibility FDD baseline for continuous transmission and extended coverage UL Data UL Ctrl UL Ctrl DL Ctrl DL DataFDD full DL Slot FDD full UL Slot FDD partial slot for faster DL/UL turn-around and efficient half-duplex FDD implementation FDD partial DL Slot FDD partial UL Slot DL Ctrl DL Data UL Data UL Ctrl UL Ctrl
  • 18. 1818 6 4 3 2 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Code rate (R) LDPC Polar Turbo 0 Advanced ME-LDPC1 channel coding is more efficient than LTE Turbo code at higher data rates Selected as 5G NR eMBB data channel as part of 3GPP Release-15 1. Multi-Edge Low-Density Parity-Check High efficiency Significant gains over LTE Turbo—particularly for large block sizes suitable for MBB Low complexity Easily parallelizable decoder scales to achieve high throughput at low complexity Low latency Efficient encoding/decoding enables shorter transmission time at high throughput Normalized throughput (for given clock rate) 5
  • 19. 19 Performance gains of CRC-Aided Polar channel coding led to its adoption across many 5G NR control use cases 1. Parity-Check Polar channel coding Link-level gains of 5G NR CA-Polar design Versus PC-Polar1 (lower is better) Rate = 0.67 Rate = 0.50 Rate = 0.33 5 4 3 2 1 0 RequiredSNR(dB)forBLER=0.01 32 48 64 80 120 Effective payload size (bits) CA-Polar PC-Polar 5G NR CRC-Aided (CA-Polar) design Efficient construction based on single Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for joint detection and decoding U-domain bit mapping Polar encoder (Arikan kernel) Rate matching & channel bit interleaving Control payload To modulation mapper Single CRC Concatenation as Outer Code
  • 20. 2020 5G NR optimized design for massive MIMO Key enabler for using higher spectrum bands, e.g. 4 GHz, with existing LTE sites C1. Sounding Reference Signal. 2. Channel State Information Reference Signal; 3. High-Power User Equipment (HPUE) Tx power gains Optimized design for TDD reciprocity procedures utilizing UL SRS1 Enhanced CSI-RS2 design and reporting mechanism New features, such as distributed MIMO Advanced, high-spatial resolution codebook supporting up to 256 antennas Enabled through an advanced 5G NR end-to-end Massive MIMO design (network and device) Exploit 3D beamforming with up to 256 antenna elements Accurate and timely channel knowledge essential to realizing full benefits UL SRS CSI-RS5G NR co-located with existing LTE macro sites Mitigate UL coverage with 5G NR massive MIMO + HPUE3
  • 21. 21 SRS+PUCCH Step 1: UL SRS1 → Precoding decision → DL Precoded CSI-RS2 Step 2: CSI-RS → UE CQI3 feedback Step 3: Precoding + CQI → Final scheduling decision 0.5ms TDD slot DL Asynchronous CSI-RS SRS+PUCCH DL MIMO rate prediction latency reduced from >10 ms in LTE to 1 ms in 5G NR 5G NR optimized design for TDD reciprocity procedures 5G NR slot structure and enhanced Ref Signals enable fast/accurate feedback *Sub-6 GHz, macro cell numerology, 30 kHz tone spacing; Channel sounding opportunity increases from <= 200 Hz with LTE to 2 kHz with 5G NR. 1. Sounding Reference Signal. 2. Channel State Information Reference Signal. 3. Channel Quality Indicator DLCTRL SRS+PUCCH
  • 22. 22 Faster, more uniform data rates throughout cell 5G NR massive MIMO increases coverage & capacity Assumptions: carrier frequency 4GHz; 200m ISD, 200MHz total bandwidth; base station: 256 antenna elements (x-pol), 48dBm Tx power; UE: 4 Tx/Rx antenna elements, 23dBm max. Tx power; full buffer traffic model, 80% indoor and 20% outdoor UEs. 3.8x 2.9x 4x4 MIMO 5G NR Massive MIMO 5G NR Massive MIMO 4x4 MIMO 52 Mbps 195 Mbps 27 Mbps 79 Mbps
  • 23. 2323 The large bandwidth opportunity for mmWave The new frontier of mobile broadband 5G NR sub-6GHz (e.g. 3.4-3.6 GHz) NR 6 GHz 24 GHz 100 GHz Excels in wider bandwidths Opens up new opportunities Much more capacity With dense spatial reuse Multi-Gbps data rates With large bandwidths (100s of MHz) Unified design across diverse spectrum bands/types 5G NR mmWave (e.g. 24.25-27.5 GHz, 27.5-29.5 GHz)
  • 24. 24 Overcoming numerous challenges to mobilize mmWave Coverage Innovations to overcome significant path loss in bands above 24 GHz Robustness Innovations to overcome mmWave blockage from hand, body, walls, foliage, etc. Device size/power Innovations to fit mmWave design in smartphone form factor and thermal constraints Back antenna module (-X, -Y, -Z direction) Front antenna module (+X, +Y, +Z direction)
  • 25. 2525 Mobilizing mmWave with 5G NR technologies Key properties for robust mmWave operation in a NLOS mobile environment Very dense network topology and spatial reuse (~150-200m ISD) Fast beam steering and switching within an access point Tight integration with sub-6 GHz (LTE or NR) Architecture that allows for fast beam switching across access points Directional antennas with adaptable 3D beamforming and beam tracking NLOS operation Macro (Sub-6 GHz) Seamless mobility Download the 5G NR mmWave technology presentation to learn more — link
  • 26. 2626 Utilizing adaptive beamforming and beam tracking techniques Outdoor vehicular mobility up to 30 mph Multiple gNodeBs with seamless handovers Indoor mobility with wall penetration and dynamic blocking Qualcomm Research 5G mmWave prototype Showcasing robust mobile communications in real-world OTA testing Handheld and in-vehicle UEs with hand-blocking www.qualcomm.com/videos/mobilzing- mmwave-enhanced-mobile-broadband Watch video:
  • 27. 2727 Spectrum aggregation essential to 5G NR deployments Building on solid LTE CA and Dual Connectivity foundation Supplemental DL FDD/TDD CA LAA CA Dual Connectivity LTE/5G NR NSA Supplemental UL Supplemental DL FDD/TDD CA NR LAA CA Dual Connectivity 5G NR Rel-15+ LTE Rel-10+ Dual Connectivity across LTE and NR Fully leveraging LTE investments and coverage, including NSA operation for early 5G NR deployments CA across spectrum bands E.g., tight CA between 5G NR mmWave and sub-6 GHz to address mmWave coverage gaps CA across FDD and TDD bands Sub-1 GHz and mid/high band aggregation; supplemental uplink for better coverage, supplemental downlink for capacity CA across spectrum types E.g., Licensed and unlicensed with 5G NR Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) — approved Rel-15 Study Item Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Dual Connectivity enable deployments with tightly and loosely coordinated cells
  • 28. 2828 Dual connectivity to fully leverage LTE investments Enabling gigabit experiences everywhere Supplementing 5GNR mid-band and mmWave Providing VoLTE leveraging LTE’s ubiquitous coverage Gigabit LTE, VoLTE 5G NR low/mid-band and LTE coverage 5G NR below 10 GHz Gigabit LTE, VoLTE 5G NR above 10 GHz Ubiquitous LTE coverage Seamless mobility Simultaneous dual-connectivity across 5G NR and 4G LTE 5G NR mmWave 5G augmented deploymentsExisting deployments 640+ Commercial networks 9,500+ Commercial devices 2.3B+ LTE/LTE-A subscriptions Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. Source: GSA (www.gsacom.com)—Oct 2017 on network launches, Oct 2017 on subscriptions, Nov 2017 on commercial devices Gigabit LTE provides the coverage foundation for 5G eMBB
  • 29. 29 5G NR FDD/TDD CA to support mid-band deployments Low-band FDD can help increase 5G NR TDD UL data rate/range1 1 Thanks to less path loss and no DL:UL split – depends on massive MIMO, site density, TDD configuration DL5G NR mmWave e.g., TDD 28 GHz UL DL UL 5G NR mid-band e.g., TDD 3-5 GHz DL UL Low-band e.g., FDD 700 MHz DL UL Non-Standalone (NSA) Low-band LTE or NR UL can help increase UL data rate/range NR DL UL LTE UL LTE DL LTE Anchor NR TDD, e.g. 3.5 GHz NR UL e.g. <1 GHz NR DL Time Frequency Standalone (SA) NR low-band can carry NR uplink control and data for edge cell users NR DL UL NR TDD, e.g. 3.5 GHz NR UL e.g. <1 GHz NR DL
  • 30. 3030 NSA 5G NR is accelerating 5G NR deployments for 2019 Non-Standalone (NSA) leverages LTE RAN and EPC for coverage and mobility While introducing 5G NR to enhance the user plane performance and efficiency Dual Connectivity across LTE-band and NR-band LTE EPC LTE RAN 5G NR RAN NSA UE Control and user plane User plane
  • 31. 3131 NSA stepping stone to SA 5G NR for full 5G capability Standalone (NSA) utilizes 5G NextGen Core Network (NGC) Leveraging SDN/NFV technologies to create optimized network slices and deliver on 5G’s full potential SA provides full user/control plane capability for 5G NR, seamlessly coexisting with NSA UEs 5G NGC SA UE Control and user plane LTE EPC LTE RAN 5G NR RAN NSA UE Control and user plane User plane
  • 32. 3232 Ongoing network evolutions simplify NSA to SA evolution Mitigate impact to legacy services and in-market devices while network evolves LTE RAN 5G NR RAN BTS radio processing more centralized (C-RAN) Edge Cloud Core processing more distributed at edge (MEC) Increased cloud- based RAN Trend starting today to help minimize changes to RAN for 5G NR evolution Increased edge- based computing Key enabler to low latency services such as VR and industrial automation5G NGC LTE EPC
  • 33. 3333 5G NR standards and technology leadership Our technology inventions are driving the 5G NR standard Best-in-class 5G prototype systems Designing and testing 5G technologies for many years 5G NR interoperability testing and trials Leveraging prototype systems and our leading global network experience Modem and RFFE leadership Announced the Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 5G modem family LTE foundational technologies Making 5GNR a commercial reality for 2019 For standard-compliant networks and devices Vodafone Group Download the “Making 5G NR a commercial reality” presentation to learn more — link
  • 34. 34 Driving a rich 5G NR technology roadmap beyond eMBB 5G NR URLLC 5G NR Spectrum Sharing in unlicensed/shared spectrum 5G NR Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) 5G NR C-V2X 5G NR Integrated Access and Backhaul 3GPP Rel-15 5G NR eMBB design provides the foundation Sub-6 GHz | mmWave Wireless Industrial Ethernet Download the 3GPP Release-16 5G NR overview presentation to learn more — link
  • 35. 35 5G is the foundation to what’s next. We are the foundation to 5G. Learn more at www.qualcomm.com / 5G Driving the expansion of 5G NR ecosystem and opportunity Making 5G NR a commercial reality for 2019 eMBB deployments
  • 37. Follow us on: For more information, visit us at: www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog Thank you! Nothing in these materials is an offer to sell any of the components or devices referenced herein. ©2018 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved. Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. Other products and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries or business units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s engineering, research and development functions, and substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QCT.