Development of microclimate personal cooling system based on thermoelectric effect

International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 2, JUNE 2014 ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
1 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
Development of Microclimate Personal
Cooling System Based on Thermoelectric
Effect
Amal joseph1
, Alen Mathew2
,
Amal Mathew Varghese3
, Harry John4
, Francis AJ5
1234
U G Student, 5
Assistant Professor, Saintgits College of Engineering
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering
Kerala.
E-Mail: 1
amalavert@gmail.com, 2
alenmathew19@yahoo.com, 3
amalmv0710@gmail.com,
4
harryj25@gmail.com, 5
francis.augustine@saintgits.org
Abstract— This article investigates the effect of a
thermoelectric assisted water cooling method for the
regulation of core body temperature of workers exposed to
high temperature environments. The global objective for this
microclimate personal cooling system is to establish a stable
core body temperature and enhance performance of
individuals in long time exposure to environments of
extreme heat. This article contains determination of the heat
load required to remove to keep the core body temperature of
individual working in specified working conditions through
calculation and data collection, design a thermoelectric
cooling (TEC) system that can meet the calculated load
considering design parameters of thermoelectric coolers,
Provide experimental and software analysis of various
components and working of whole system. Analysis involves
CFD analysis of flow through tubing for the software
confirmation of calculated values. The proposed cooling vest
with its low cost, weight, and power consumption makes
itself an excellent alternative where conventional air
conditioning systems fails.
Keywords— Thermoelectric module, Thermoelectric cooling
vest, Heat stress, Peltier effect, Heat transfer.
INTRODUCTION
There are many situations where conventional air conditioning
systems fails. Workers exposed to harsh environment are
likely to have heat stress. Providing a microclimate system for
personal cooling is the only option in those situations. This
article focuses on developing a microclimate cooling system
in the form of a cooling vest works on the principle of Peltier
effect.
The human body maintains a fairly constant core temperature,
primarily through varying the rate and amount of blood
circulation through the skin and the release of fluid onto the
skin by the sweat glands. Hot working conditions demand a
stable core body temperature. If a person is failed to achieve a
stable condition it affects adversely the peak performance of
him/her, and also possess detrimental health effects such as
heat stroke/stress, cramps, fainting, and breakdown of central
nervous system when core body temperature reaches above
41.5˚C.
Objective of this research is to demonstrate the proposed
cooling system can assist to maintain stable core body
temperature of individuals working in extreme harsh
environments. This is achieved by maintaining a constant skin
temperature of 35˚C. A thermoelectric cooler maintains
temperature of water at 21 ˚C so that when it is pumped
through cooling tubes can take a heat load of 206 W in order
to maintain body temperature to desired levels.
The critical body temperature for peak performance is
between 38.33˚C and 39˚C as stated in [1]. This temperature
represents heat stress for situations that are not encountered
for prolonged time periods. The benefit of a cooling system
would be to prevent the individuals from reaching this point,
by maintaining the core body temperature at a lower safe
temperature; one that is maintained by the body. This vest will
be designed to reduce or eliminate the detrimental effects of
heat stress and strain.
Heat strain reaches a very dangerous level at a body
temperature of 40˚C. This temperature is accepted as the onset
temperature where a human is in impending danger of
irreversible heat stroke [1]. The atmospheric temperature
alone is dangerous to the human body, but, coupled with long
periods of exercise, a fatal situation can result. The human
body itself generates heat due to its metabolic procedures; heat
is gained as well from the environment.
I. DESIGN APPROACH
The following methodology is adopted in this article for
the design of thermoelectric assisted microclimate cooling
system. Work includes designing a torso region microclimate
cooling vest to provide the necessary cooling for the worker.

 Problem definition
 Heat load calculations
 Design of vest and cooling systems
 Material and system selection
 Software and experimental analysis
A. Problem Definition
Considering a person working in harsh working conditions
of 48˚C and low relative humidity 9-11% RH [3]. Personal
cooling system needed to keep skin temperature Tsk as 35˚C.
This is to keep the core body temperature, Tcore as 37˚C. Body
temperature increasing beyond 41.5˚C causes heat stroke. An
individual exposed to such elevated temperature for longer
duration is likely to have his core temperature gradually
increased.
Protective clothing minimizes the radiation heat stress on
individuals and conduction. Convection heat transfer is also
negligible because the clothing is tightly fitted on the worker,
thus reducing the air flow space between the individual. The
heat transfer from the environment heats up the clothing and
thus the core body temperature will rise. Altering the
microclimate around the individual with the help of cooling
vest will provide a stable core body temperature within
permissible limits.
B. Heat Load Calculation
Basic heat transfer mechanism governs the entire process
in this article. The total heat stress developed in human body
is the sum of metabolic heat generated in body, heat gained
from environment and heat loss from body (which is negative)
[1]. The same is expressed below,
Total Heat stress = heat generated in the body (metabolic heat)
+ heat gained from the environment (environmental heat)-heat
loss from the body
NIOSH gives the basic heat balance equation,
ΔS= (M-W) ± C ± R –E
Where ΔS is the change in body heat content, (M-W) is
Total metabolism – external work performed, C is the
convection heat exchange, R is the radiative heat exchange, E
is the evaporative heat loss.
1) Convection:The rate of convective heat exchange is a
function of the difference in temperature between the ambient
air (Ta) and the mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk) and the
rate of air movement over the skin (Va).
C= 7.0×Va
0.6
(Ta-Tsk)= 7.0×0.20.6
(48-35)=39.64 W
Where C is the convective heat exchange, Va is air
velocity in meters per second.
2) Radiation: The radiative heat exchange is primarily a
function of the temperature gradient between the mean radiant
temperature of the surroundings (Tw) and the mean weighted
skin temperature (Tsk). Radiant heat exchange is a function of
the fourth power of absolute temperature of the solid
surroundings less the skin temperature (Tw - Tsk) but an
acceptable approximation for the customary one-layer clothed
individual is
R= 6.6×( Tw - Tsk) = 6.6×(48-35)=85.8 Kcal/hr =98.2 W
Where R is the radiant heat exchange.
3) Evaporation: The evaporation of water (sweat) from
the skin surface results in a heat loss from the body.The
maximum evaporative capacity is a function of air motion (Va)
and the water vapor pressure difference between the ambient
air (Pa) and the water vapor pressure difference between the
ambient air (Pa) and the wetted skin at temperature (Psk) the
equation for this relationship is for the customary one layer
clothed worker
E=2.4×Va
0.6
×(Psk-Pa)= 14×0.20.6×(42.2-8.37) =206.37 W
Where E is the evaporative heat loss
4) Metabolic Heat: This is the heat generated in the
body due to metabolic activities. Exact calculation of this heat
content will differ from person to person. Thus a standard
procedure is followed here. Metabolic heat can be taken as 4
kcal/min for a 70 Kg male. This is the sum of 3 kcal/min for
strenuous walking, 1 kcal/m in for using arms to carry
machinery, and perform difficult tasks as stated in [1].
Metabolic heat, M=274.67 W
Total heat stress, Q˙=M+C+R-E=274.67+39.64+98.2-
206.37=206.14 W
Total heat stress is the heat load which has to be removed
from the body to maintain the core body temperature to a
constant value. External work has to be performed to nullify
the effects of external heat loads. This work is obtained in the
form of cooling effect from TEC.
C. Heat Removal Calculations
The heat load removal from the body is calculated as
follows. For the water flowing through the copper tube,
uniform heating is assumed to be provided to the flowing
water by the body at elevated temperature of 450
c and the
inlet temperature of water is 200
c [2]. Following simple heat
transfer equations it can be found that outlet temperature of
water is 21.50
c.
The Reynolds number is found as 9282.045. This implies
that the flow is laminar. From the relation between Nusselt
number and heat transfer coefficient, we can calculate the heat
transfer coefficient value as 8043.1055 W/m2
K.
D. Design of the Tube and Vest
Based on the heat load calculations suitable vest material
and tube can be selected. The water that is cooled in the
system is circulated through the body through the tubes which
are kept in contact with the body and stitched to the jacket.
The material that must be used as the tube must be suitably
selected that enables perfect heat transfer and sufficient
flexibility

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF TUBE MATERIALS
Properties Tube material
Copper Polyphenylene
Sulfide (PPS)
Liquid
Crystalline
Polymer
(LCP)
Thermal
conductivity
398 W/mK 20 W/mK 20W/mK
Density 8.96 g/cc 1.7 g/cc 1.84 g/cc
Advantages Easily
available in
loose, High
k value,
Lower
price
High flexibility High flexibility
Disadvantage
s
Less
flexibility
Available in
bulk only, low
K value
Available in
bulk only, low
K value
Table I shows copper is a potential tube material but offers
less flexibility. Thermally conducting polymers provides
better flexibility. This article investigates cooling effects when
copper is used as the tube material.
Factors taken into consideration in choosing vest material
are the cost and close fit for the wearer. It is preferable to have
less material between the tube and body to improve heat
conduction. This article suggests single layer clothing.
Materials can be used are rexin and nylon blend or mesh
fabric. Meshed fabric is preferred because of its air
permeability and light weight property. Air permeability
enables removal of heat by evaporative mode.
The vest should be light weight and comfortable. The vest
has 2 layers. The layers are the outer shell of the vest, the
inner mesh lining along with copper tubing pass in between.
Each layer serves its own purpose in the vest. The outer shell
of the jacket helped to protect the human torso from the
harmful effects of the sun. The inner mesh lining provided a
pathway allowing for tubing and a structural support.
E. Thermoelectric Module Selection
A TEC is a cooling/heating device based on
Peltier‐Seebeck effect. It can be considered a small heat
pump that contains no moveable parts, which can be
extremely advantageous. Inside is a heat flux created between
the junctions of the two metals. Two wires are attached to one
side of the TEC to allow for a power supply to run a current
into the system. This transfer of heat from one side to the
other is produced by the electric current that is supplied
through the wires.
The main process that takes place in the jacket is that
water is being circulated through the jacket through selected
tubes, and the water absorbs heat from the body producing the
cooling effect. This water then reaches the cylinder and the
thermoelectric modules attached to the cylinder cool the water
to initial condition.
The water reaching the cylinder after a circulation is
usually at a high temperature almost equal to ambient
temperature and this temperature is reduced to 21.50C with
the help of thermoelectric modules attached to the cylinders.
The heat to be removed from body to keep the body
temperature at 200C is,
Q˙ = m˙cp(Te-Ti)= 0.03317* 4178*1.5=206.14 W
TABLE II
THERMOELECTRIC MODULES AND THEIR SPECIFICATIONS
Product
Imax
(amps)
Vmax
(volts)
Qmax
(watts)
TE-127-2.0-1.15 16.1 15.7 156
VT-199-1.4-0.8 11.3 24.6 172
HP-199-1.4-0.8 11.3 24.6 172
DRIFT 06 11.3 24.9 170
The above table II shows different thermoelectric modules
which are available in market. When consider the requirement
of 206.14 W to be removed, it is preferred to use Drift 06
thermoelectric module as the heat removing capability and
also the physical parameter as mentioned in the table suits the
need. Drift 06 is known as Deltron High Effective Single
Stage Module Drift 06.
The properties of drift 06 are:
• The dimensions are usually 30 x 30mm to 48 x48mm
• The height ranges from 3.2mm to 4.1mm
• The cooling capacity 170 W
• The voltage needed is 24.9V
• The current it takes is 11.3A
• The temperature difference 69°C to 74°C
F. Schematics of Cooling System
The system consists of an aluminium cylinder on to which
the thermoelectric modules are being attached in diametrically
opposite sides. The figure 1 shows the CATIA model of the
TEC assembly which matches our prototype TEC system. The
one end of the tubing is attached to the top of the cylinder
which is the return passage and the other end is attached to a
pump which is drilled to the cylinder with no leakage of water.
Fig. 1 CATIA model of TEC assembly
The cooling system consists of the thermoelectric system
and the jacket. The thermoelectric system comprises of the
thermoelectric modules, pump, fans and the tube is attached to
the jacket, ends to the system. A schematic of the cooling
system is shown in fig 3.

Fig. 2 Cooling System schematics
Water is mainly used in the system as the refrigerant. The
water which is cooled in the cylinder using the thermoelectric
modules is pumped through the tube using a pump. The one
end of the tube is attached to the pump and the other end on
the top of the cylinder through which water circulates back to
the cylinder.
When water flows through the tubes it absorbs heat from
the body and temperature of water increases and this water
flows back into the cylinder which is cooled using the
thermoelectric modules. Thus the cooling effect takes place
and the body temperature gets reduced. Heat load calculations
are done in order to calculate the amount of water needed and
the thermoelectric cooling module.
II. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Software analysis using ANSYS CFD is carried for the
verification of the calculated heat load values. This software
analysis also provides a data base for future systems
considering different load conditions. Experimental analysis
are carried out in a prototype.
A. Software Analysis
Software analysis of the tube flow was carried out using
ANSYS software. The main objective of ANSYS analysis was
the software confirmation of heat load calculation and to
obtain a data base so that further studies can be carried out on
the basis of this. CFD model of tube flow is illustrated below.
ANSYS CFD software is used for the simulation of flow
through tubing and heat transfer.
Geometry for the analysis is generated using CATIA with
following dimensions,
• Length = 6 m
• Internal diameter = 5.7 mm
• Outer diameter = 6 mm
Based on thermodynamic and heat transfer principle, the
input parameters required to carry out the analysis are the inlet
velocity and temperature. From discharge calculations the
velocity is calculated. Inlet temperature is set to a constant
value based on the TEC characteristics.
• Inlet velocity = 1.3 m/s
• Inlet temperature = 303 K
• Flow type = laminar
Water flowing through the tubing is constantly under a heat
load generated by body which accounts for the heat gained
from environment as well as the heat generated due to
metabolic activities. From NIOSH data this heat load is
calculated as 206 W, i.e, surface heat load 206 W.
Following results are obtained from the software analysis.
1) Outlet temperature = 304 K: The outlet temperature
obtained from CFD analysis is close to calculated value 304.5
K. Contours of temperature is shown below in fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Contours of temperature distribution
2) Mass flow = 0.033 Kg/s:
Fig. 4 Contours of mass flow rate
Contours of mass flow rate is shown in fig. 4.
3) Velocity contours: Velocity contours shown in fig. 5
does not show much variations and are within limits. The DC
motor pump is capable to pump the water with sufficient
velocities to facilitate the heat transfer while the water comes
in contact with skin.
Fig. 5 Contours of velocity
B. Experimental Results
When experiments were done on the prototype made, the
cooling rates were noted at different conditions and the table 3
shows it.

TABLE III
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL READINGS
Experimental results shown in table III are obtained by
monitoring the system against the pre-established time scale.
Readings are taken with the help of a digital thermo meter.
Cooling rate readings of single and merged modules are
compared against each other in the same time scale.
Thus it was found that when merged thermoelectric modules
were used the cooling rates have increased considerably. The
fabrication process involved trial and error use of
thermoelectric modules in merged and unmerged conditions
under various conditions. Merged modules always provides
higher heat removal rate. This will allow TEC to be made
from a number of small power modules. This will in turn
reduce the power consumption and the weight of the
assembly. Power consumption and weight are the two
governing parameters in the selection of microclimate cooling
system. Thus the proposed thermo electric cooling system is a
potential candidate in personal cooling systems.
III. CONCLUSIONS
The work carried out indicates that thermoelectric cooling
is a viable solution for controlling body core temperature for
individuals working in harsh environment. The experimental
data shows that use of more number of TEC modules
increases the rate of cooling.
As first phase a vest was designed considering the actual
situation and determined the design value. The value derived
was verified using CFD software and was found correct.
In the second phase the designed system was manufactured, in
which copper tubes are used instead of polymer and a
combination of two TEC modules are used. By carrying out
experiments on the prototype it is revealed that the prototype
is effective in lowering the temperature and the cooling rate is
increased by using merged modules. Considering the weight
and power requirements, the thermoelectric based
microclimate cooling vest is an effective alternative.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We place on record, our sincere gratitude to Er.
Muruganantham P, Professor & HOD, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, for his constant encourage.
We would like to express our whole hearted gratitude to Er.
Francis A J, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering
Department for his valuable guidance and inspiration
throughout the course of this research. We also take this
opportunity to thank all staff members in the Mechanical
Department, Saintgits College of Engineering.
REFERENCES
(1) NIOSH, National Institution for Occupational Safety
and Health. "Occupational Exposure to Hot
Environments." U.S Department of Health and
Human Services, 1986: 1‐ 115.
(2) Yunus A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar. “Heat and mass
transfer” volume 4, pp. 494-495
(3) Sophia D’Angelo. “The Cooling Vest - Evaporative
Cooling”, 2009 pp. 1-150
.
Time
Taken(Min)
Temperature Obtained (0
c)
Using Single
Module
Using Merged Module
Initially 30 30
10 28 25
15 26 22
20 24 19
25 21 17
30 19 15

Development of microclimate personal cooling system based on thermoelectric effect

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