Digital dividepresentation
- 2. Summary of the presentation This presentation gives an overview about concept and factors causing digital divide internationally mainly in OECD countries. Initially I will be addressing about the concept of digital divide (first level to second level) and how the gap in access to computers and internet is reducing due to broadband access . However, the literature review shows that new form of digital usage divide is emerging which widens the gap among individuals digital literacy and multimedia skills . Later , the presentation focuses on ways to bridge the second level digital divide trough education and government policies. Also emphasis is given on enhancing digital literacy skills to create digital native learners who can use the modern technologies to develop twenty first century skills to participate actively in modern workplace and knowledge economy. Graphs, YouTube videos, pictures and diagrams are used to support the digital divide concept in the presentation.
- 3. Introduction Globalisation has enabled new opportunities for individuals to navigate Information and communication technologies in the internet world. These ICT’s has led to a shift in the concept of digital divide from digital access divide(first level digital divide) to digital usage divide(second level digital divide). Access and use of ICT’s effectively require critical skills such as ability to search, select, process and apply information but many people lack effective internet skills which give rise to second level digital divide(Min 2010).Although access to internet is only a part in bridging the digital divide while crux in bridging this gap is possible by educating internet users to develop digital literacy that enable them to be efficiently and effectively multi-tasking with technology with respect to workplace and global requirements.
- 4. The digital divide defined by OECD (2001)as the gap between different individuals, households, business and geographic areas at different socio- economic levels (age, gender, income, education and culture) with regard to their opportunities to access Information technology and their use of internet.
- 5. DIGITAL DIVIDE IS A MAJOR ISSUE
- 7. Digital divide Developed / Developing countries YouTube video shows the impact of digital divide faced by individuals in developing countries(for instance Africa) where access to computers are still not a available in many rural areas. Note: right click the link and access the “open hyperlink ” to view the You tube video Many of the students in India particularly in rural areas do not have access to computers or internet as a result lag behind developed country digital native learners in education, business and accessing ICT’s. Most of the developed countries are connected to home broadband as compared to the developing countries .The bar graph in Fig.1 shows that 97.6 % of South Korean households had a broadband enabled computer as compared to 4.7% Indians.
- 8. Proportion of households in possession of broadband enabled computers in selected countries: 2010 – Source: Euromonitor International from trade sources/national statistics http://blog.euromonitor.com/2011/02/global-digital-divide-persists-but-is-narrowing- 1.html#sthash.xzzN8AfI.dpuf
- 9. Factors that has a significant effect on computer and internet home access Montagnier and Wirthmann (2011) surveyed that Geographical Location: Urban people are benefitting from information age than rural people. Income: High income households are less prone to digital divide approximately four times less than that of low income group. Gender: Being a man also increases the probability of internet intensive user. Age and education attainment: Belonging to younger generation with high level of educational qualification has a strong impact on accessing information and communication technology with internet access.
- 10. Percentage of U.S. Teenagers Who Use the Internet at Different Locations Anywhere At Home At School At Library All teens 94 89 77 60 Gender Girls 95 91 76 59 Boys 93 86 78 60 Age (years) 12–14 92 89 71 58 15–17 96 89 82 61 Race/ethnicity White 96 91 78 59 Black 92 80 83 69 Hispanic 87 85 69 53 Annual household income ($) <30,000 86 70 75 72 30,000–49,000 93 86 88 63 50,000–74,000 96 87 72 55 ≥75,000 97 99 74 57 Source. Lenhart, Arafeh, Smith, and Macgill (2008) cited in Warschauer & Matuchniak (2010)
- 11. Beyond digital divide Traditionally digital divide is observed as differences between haves and have-nots regarding access , inequality in computer and internet use whereas currently digital divide can be observed through differences in individuals online activities and skills to find information online in efficient and effective ways by using modern technologies (Montagnier &Wirthmann 2011 ). Moreover differences in physical access to internet is decreasing due to more broadband penetration but the differences in skills to use technology is widening among individuals particularly on the internet usage and digital literacy (Van Deursen & van Dijk, 2014).The predictors for differences in internet usage, access and skills as researched by Van Deursen & van Dijk (2014) are gender, age, education, internet experience, income, employ status and culture. It is very important for modern citizens to acquire digital skills to manage and monitor the multimedia information in a useful way that can narrow the new digital usage divide.
- 12. Digital Access To Digital Use Divide Schools are no more seen as a main source of digital access for vast majority of students as most of the students go to school already equip with technical skills due to broadband access at home. Access to computers and internet is no more a problem in many of the OECD countries as broadband is diffusing more rapidly at home (OECD 2008). Therefore the digital access divide decreases but a digital use divide is emerging where there is a wide gap in digital literacy among people to access, analyse and evaluate new emerging technologies. Efficient digital skills promote twenty first century skills of critical thinking, collaboration and communication which are crucial for ‘digital native’ people to participate actively in a knowledge driven economy (OECD 2010).
- 13. Broadband diffusion at home has been increased significantly in ten years (approx. 4% to 60% in U.S)
- 14. Internet retailing as a proportion of total retailing market size: 2005 vs 2010 % of total retail value RSP excluding sales tax, in US$ - Source: http://blog.euromonitor.com/2011/02/global-digital-divide-persists-but-is-narrowing- 1.html#sthash.aezpfkiw.dpuf
- 15. OECD Report OECD(2010) reports that schools would be a means of countering the new form of emerging digital divide related to using technology with advanced skills to enable digital natives to develop ICT skills that is necessary for global workplace. The report says that: •Education should actively engage students to bridge the gap against the new form of digital divide through technology supported education innovation. This will make the new millennium learner better or more effective in the networked society and economy. •Education must provide students to enhance 21st century competences to fully participate in the knowledge economy and society driven by technology.
- 16. Bridging Digital Divide Gaps Learners competencies in ICT skills is greatly influenced by learners access to computer and internet inside and outside the school. Therefore, educational authorities and policy makers must focus on increasing access to ICT for all learners and teachers to enhance digital natives twenty first century skills. However, despite ICT access at school, individual differences and home access can affect digital natives ways of using technology effectively to develop workplace skills (Gudmundsdottir 2010).
- 20. Digital Literacy Make People Active User Of Technology The You tube video describes about the modern concept of digital divide and its impact on education and employment. It also suggest ways to address the issues of twenty first century digital literacy learners by developing skills to effectively use ICT . http://youtu.be/X537MiN6COI?list=PLW8LWUS7iWkXqtNO ytSkLcuSz7sr4Kcwe Note: Right click the cursor on the link and click the open hyperlink to view the YouTube video
- 21. Addressing second level digital divide “Digital literacy” Changes in society demands new skills, especially those related to internet which focus on different aspects of internet use hence internet skills are considered as valuable assets of modern world. The new digital divide gap can be narrowed only if user’s skill level is developed in using ICT’s to become digital natives of technology in the modern society. The issues in digital divide includes quality of access such as speed as well as ease of access (Min 2010). The new millennium learners can diminish these issues by enhancing digital literacy. Therefore, as a result of digital media expanding into the digital society, digital literacy to access, understand and create content using digital media is mandatory for new millennium learner to participate in digital culture (Park 2012)
- 23. References 1. Gudmundsdottir, G.B. 2010,‘From digital divide to digital equity: Learners' ICT competence in four primary schools in Cape Town, South Africa’, International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp.1-22. 2. Min, S. 2010, "From the Digital Divide to the Democratic Divide: Internet Skills, Political Interest, and the Second-Level Digital Divide in Political Internet Use", Journal of Information Technology & Politics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 22-35. 3. Montagnier, P & Wirthmann, A 2011, ‘Digital Divide: From Computer Access to Online Activities - A Micro Data Analysis’, OECD Digital Economy Papers, , no. 189, pp. 0_1 4. Organisation For Economic Co-O, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development & OECD 2008, OECD information technology outlook 2008, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris.
- 24. 5.OECD Publishing, Centre for Educational Research and Innovation & OECD 2010, Are the New Millennium Learners Making the Grade? : Technology Use a0nd Educational Performance in PISA 2006, OECD Publishing, Paris. 6.OECD 2001, Understanding the Digital Divide, OECD Publishing. 7.Van Deursen, A.J. & van Dijk, J.A. 2014, ‘The digital divide shifts to differences in usage’, New Media & Society, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 507-526. 8.Warschauer, M., & Matuchniak, T 2010’ New technology and digital worlds: Analyzing evidence of equity in access, use, and outcomes’, Review of Research in Education, vol.34, no.1, pp.179-225. doi: 10.3102/0091732x09349791. 9. Van Deursen, A. & van Dijk, J. 2011, ‘Internet skills and the digital divide’, New Media & Society, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.893-911. 10. Park, S. 2012, ‘Dimensions of digital media literacy and the relationship with social exclusion’, Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy, , no. 142, pp. 87-100