Direct method
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The Direct Method is a language teaching method that does not allow translation and requires students to learn through direct association between the target language and meaning using objects, pictures, and situations. Key principles are using the target language for communication from the beginning, inductive grammar instruction without explicit rules, and developing reading, writing, speaking, and pronunciation skills through practice. Drawbacks include the need for highly proficient teachers and the potential inefficiency of avoiding explanations in the native language.
Direct method
- 1. Direct Method The Direct Method has one very basic rule: No translation is allowed.
- 2. Direct Method (Berlitz method) receives its name from the fact that meaning is to be connected directly with the target language, without going through the process of translating into the students' native language.
- 3. Principles of the Direct Method Reading in the target language should be taught from the beginning of language instruction; however, the reading skill will be developed through practice with speaking. Objects or pictures present in the immediate classroom environment should be used to help students understand the meaning. The native language should not be used in the classroom. The teacher should demonstrate, not explain or translate. It is desirable that students make a direct association between the target language and meaning.
- 4. Principles of the Direct Method Students should learn to think in the target language as soon as possible. The purpose of language learning is communication (therefore students need to learn how to ask questions as well as answer them). Pronunciation should be worked on right from the beginning of language instruction. Self-correction facilitates language learning. Lessons should contain some con-versational activity-some oppor-tunity for students to use language in real contexts. Students should be encouraged to speak as much as possible.
- 5. Principles of the Direct Method Grammar should be taught inductively. There may never be an explicit grammar rule given. Writing is an important skill, to be developed from the beginning of language instruction. The syllabus is based on situations or topics, not usually on linguistic structures. Learning another language also involves learning how speakers of that language live.
- 6. The principles are still followed in contemporary Berlitz schools: Never translate: demonstrate, Never explain: act, Never make a speech: ask questions, Never imitate mistakes: correct, Never speak with single words: use sentences, Never speak too much: make students speak much, Never use the book: use your lesson plan, Never jump around: follow your plan, Never go too fast: keep the pace of the student, Never speak too slowly: speak normally, Never speak too quickly: speak naturally, Never speak too loudly: speak naturally, Never be impatient: take it easy.
- 7. Techniques of the Direct Method Reading Aloud Question and Answer Exercise Getting Students to Self-correct Conversation Practice Fill-in-the-blank Exercise Dictation
- 8. Drawbacks: First, it required teachers who were native speakers or who had native-like fluency in the foreign language. It was largely dependent on the teacher's skill, rather than on a textbook, and not all teachers were proficient enough in the foreign language to adhere to the principles of the method. Critics pointed out that strict adherence to Direct Method principles was often counterproductive, since teachers were required to go to great lengths to avoid using the native tongue, when sometimes a simple brief explanation in the students native tongue would have been a. more efficient route to comprehension.