TESL methodology- Direct Method
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The Direct Method summarized in 3 sentences: The Direct Method teaches language through demonstration and action without translation, using the target language exclusively in the classroom. It focuses on oral communication skills and inductive grammar learning, emphasizing correct pronunciation and spontaneous use of the language. While motivating for oral skills, it may lack development of reading and writing abilities.
TESL methodology- Direct Method
- 2. INTRODUCTION •Also called Natural Method, was established in Germany and France around 1900. Then it became widely known in the United States through its use by Sauveur and Maximilian Berlitz in successful commercial language schools. •It appeared as an answer to the shortcomings of the Grammar Translation Method (GTM). •Also known as Natural Method, Anti-Grammatical Method and etc. •Direct Method argued that a L2 could be taught without translation or the use of the learner's native tongue if meaning was conveyed directly through demonstration and action.
- 3. •DM believe L2 learning must be an imitation of L1 learning, as this is the natural way humans learn any language. •According to the German scholar F. Franke, a language could best be taught by using it actively in the classroom. •Rather than using analytical procedures that focus on explanation of grammar rules, teachers must encourage direct and spontaneous use of the L2 in the classroom. •These natural language learning principles provided the foundation for what came to be known as the Direct Method, which refers to the most widely known of the natural methods.
- 4. The main principles of the Direct Method
- 5. Classroom was conducted exclusively in the target language. New teaching points were introduced orally. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught. Concrete vocab taught through demonstration, realia. Abstract vocab was thought by association of idea. Grammar was taught inductively .
- 6. Speaking is taught first before reading or writing . Both speech and listening comprehension were taught. Oral communication skills were built up through Q&A-Ts/Ss Printed words should be kept away from the learner for as long as possible Correct pronunciations & grammar were emphasized.
- 7. STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING USING DIRECT METHOD Question & Answer Exercise • Teacher ask student using target language and student answer in full sentences. Reading Aloud • Student read sections of passages, plays or dialogs out loud Dictation • Teacher reads passage aloud various amount of times at various tempos, students writing down what they hear
- 8. Student Self Correct • Teacher facilitates opportunities for students to self correct using follow-up questions, tone, etc Paragraph Writing • Students write paragraphs in their own words using the target language and various models Conversation Practice • Teacher asks students and students ask students questions using the target language Fill-In-The-Blank Exercise • Items use target language only and inductive rather than explicit grammar rules
- 9. Advantages & Disadvantages of Direct Method Advantages Disadvantages Students are encourage & motivated to use Lack of teachers that interested in using L2 spontaneously. DM(not many teachers creative to create their own materials) Its emphasis on speech made it more DM ignores written work & reading attractive for those who have needs of real activities and sufficient attention is not paid communication in the target language to reading & writing skills. It make learning process interesting and fun In large class, DM is not properly because DM encourage using realia during applied.(not satisfy the needs of individual) learning process. Students are able to understand what they DM is not suitable for public school because learn.(it focus on meaning not the rules) it is costly.(realia, visual materials)