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Disasters and Management

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Nancy Schwartz

This document discusses environmental disaster management. It defines key terms like disaster, disaster management, and discusses different types of disasters classified by cause (natural or man-made) and speed of onset (sudden or slow). The disaster cycle and models for disaster management involving prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction are explained. Factors influencing risk like hazards, vulnerability and capacity are also defined.

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ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS AND MANAGEMENT By Nancy Schwartz
1. DEFINITIONS 2. TYPES AND FACTORS 3. DISASTER CYCLE 4. FOUR-STAGE MODEL 5. SIX-STAGE MODEL 6. ORGANIZATION 7. SOCIAL MEDIA 8. DISASTER SCALE 9. STATISTICS AGENDA Environmental Disasters and Management
This is defined as any catastrophic situation in which usual patterns of life or ecosystems are disturbed, and extraordinary emergency measures become necessary to save and preserve human life or the environment. DISASTER Definition
DISASTER United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction's Definition “A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.”
DISASTER MANAGEMENT International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society's Definition "The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters."
DISASTER Key Factors UNPREDICTABILITY UNCERTAINTY UNFAMILIARITY SPEED URGENCY VULNERABILITY
TYPES AND FACTORS
DISASTER TYPES Environmental Disasters and Management CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON CAUSE  Natural hazards  Man-made hazards CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON SPEED  Sudden onset hazards  Slow onset hazards
DISASTER TYPES Environmental Disaster and Management BY NATURAL CAUSES BY HUMAN CAUSES SUDDEN OCCURRENCE Monocausal SUDDEN OCCURRENCE Monocausal PROGRESSIVE OCCURRENCE Multicausal PROGRESSIVE OCCURRENCE Multicausal Storm Heat wave Freeze Earthquake Volcanic eruption DISASTERINSUFFICIENT CAPACITY OF RESPONSE Landslide Drought Flood Epidemic Test Collision Shipwreck Environmental pollution Collision Shipwreck Structural collapse War Economic crisis
NATURAL DISASTERS Serious Destruction Caused by a Natural Hazard HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature GEOLOGICAL natural earth processes or phenomena often caused by shifts in tectonic plates and seismic activity BIOLOGICAL processes of organic components or those transmitted by biological vectors
NATURAL DISASTERS Chain Reaction INTENSE THUNDER- STORM Lightning High Winds Short-Term Heavy Precipitation Street Flooding Increased Streamflow Increased Stream Depth INCREASED STREAM VELOCITY Increased Debris Flow Streambank Erosion Channel Redefined Increased Debris Capacity Roadways Undermined Power Poles Undermined UNDERGROUND UTILITIES EXPOSED Severed Electrical Lines Ruptured Pipeline Exposed Live Power Lines Power Outage Severed Telephone Cables Communications Failure Fire Environmental Contamination Water Supply Contaminated Water Service Disrupted ElectrocutionFire Ruptured Natural Gas Lines Ruptured Petroleum Lines Ruptured Water Mains
MAN-MADE DISASTERS Serious Destruction Caused by a Man-made Hazard TECHNOLOGY Hazards caused by technical or industrial accidents, infrastructure failure or human activities can lead to the loss of life, destruction of property, social or economic disruption or environmental damage.  INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION  NUCLEAR SPREAD AND RADIOACTIVITY  TOXIC WASTE  DAM BREACHES  INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACCIDENTS  FIRES  EXPLOSIONS  LEAKS
MAN-MADE DISASTERS Serious Destruction Caused by a Man-made Hazard ENVIRONMENT Human behavior-induced processes can destroy the natural resource base and change natural processes or ecosystems in a negative way. Potential effects vary and may contribute to increased vulnerability, frequency and intensity of natural hazards.  LAND DEGRADATION  DEFORESTATION  DESERTIFICATION  WILD FIRE  LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY  LAND  WATER AND AIR POLLUTION,  CLIMATE CHANGE  SEA-LEVEL RISE AND OZONE DEPLETION
MAN-MADE DISASTERS Chain Reaction Release of Toxic Cloud Sabotage Human Error Valve Failure RELEASE OF CHEMICALS THROUGH RELIEF VALVE BREACH IN CONTAINMENT VESSEL Sabotage Vessel Failure Structural Damage of External Source
DISASTER FACTORS Environmental Disasters and Management Disasters result from a combination of hazards, vulnerable conditions and insufficient capacity or insufficient measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk. 𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 + ℎ𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟
HAZARDS Environmental Disasters and Management Phenomena that pose a danger to people, structures or assets can cause a disaster. They can be influenced by humans as well as occur naturally in the environment. Hazards are potentially destructive physical events or human activities that can lead to the loss of life, destruction of property, social or economic disruption or environmental damage.
VULERABILITY Environmental Disasters and Management Vulnerability refers to a situation of physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes that increase the susceptibility of a community from the impact of a hazard.
CAPACITY Environmental Disasters and Management Capacity is the combination of all forces and resources that are available within the community, society or organization which can reduce the level of risk or the consequences of the disaster. This includes physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled employees or common characteristics such as leadership and management. Endurance can also be described as capability.
RISK Environmental Disasters and Management Risk is the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses (death, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disturbances or environmental damage) resulting from the interaction between natural or man-made hazards and vulnerable conditions. The load capacity is identified as an element which can reduce the consequences of hazards and vulnerabilities at a dramatic rate so that the risk is minimized. For example, a hazard caused by an intense earthquake would vary in degrees of destruction of human life, property and economic activity in a sparsely populated village compared to a densely populated city. 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 = 𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗ 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑
RISK FORMULA Environmental Disasters and Management Natural causes Human causes NATURAL HAZARDS TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS VULNERABILITY (physical, economic, environmental, and social factors) Disaster risk on… Humans Fauna and Flora Soil Water Climate Cultural Goods
RISK CONDITIONS Environmental Disasters and Management UNDERLYING CAUSES  Poverty  Limited access to power structures and resources  Economic systems  Ideologies  Age  Gender  Illness and disabilities DYNAMIC PRESSURES Lack of:  Training  Education  Appropriate skills  Local investments  Local markets  Services  Population expansion  Urbanization  Environment degradation UNSAFE CONDITIONS  Fragile physical environment  Dangerous locations  Dangerous buildings  Fragile local economy  Low levels of income  Livelihoods at risk  Public actions TRIGGER EVENT  Earthquake  High winds, storm  Floods  Landslide  Volcanic eruption  Drought  War, civil strife  Economic crisis  Technological accident VULNERABILITY HAZARDDISASTER
DISASTER LEVEL Environmental Disasters and Management DISASTERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE ACCORDING TO THEIR ASSETS OR COMMUNITY'S COPING CAPABILITIES. DISASTERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWED: LEVEL1 The organization, institution or community is able to contain the incident using its own resources and can respond effectively. LEVEL 2 Assistance can be required by external resources, however it can be obtained from nearby authorities. LEVEL 3 The magnitude of the disaster exceeds the capacity of the local community or region and support is needed at the district or provincial level.
MOST COMMON CATASTROPHES Environmental Disasters and Management EXPLOTION HURRICANE TORNADO STORMTSUNAMI FIRE FLOOD
DISASTER CYCLE
DISASTER CYCLE Simplified Flowchart IMMEDIATELATENCY EMERGENCY LEVEL OF SUFFERING POLITICAL AWARENESS the length of the latency will be a function of preparedness and readiness recovery and resumption of development death extinction disintegration disappearance of the community PRE-DISASTER POST-DISASTERDISASTER DISTANT IMMEDIATE POPULATION ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS IMPACT DISTANT
DISASTER CYCLE Interaction 1 Reconstruction (i.e. land use panning) can be influenced by risk assessment and vice versa. 2 Pre-impact scenario analysis is often conducted based on previously constructed emergency planning scenarios. 3 Lessons learned from emergency experience feeds back into pre- impact planning as well as perhaps exploiting existing communication strategies. 4 Emergency management can prioritize the restoration of services during the response. Service restoration can support the management of the current emergency situation. 5 After temporary restoration of the most relevant services, reconstruction might be necessary to guarantee a better quality of the service or to recover all non functional services. AFTERTHEEVENT EVENT IMPACT BEFORETHEEVENT REHABILITATION MITIGATION RESPONSE PREPARATION Reconstruction 1 2 3 4 5
DISASTER PHASES Action Examples PRE-DISASTER PHASE DESIGN SHELTERS INFORM THE PUBLIC ASSESS RISKS PROTECT CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES RUN REGULAR DRILLS DISASTER PHASE ALARM PRE-PLANNED STRUCTURES WARN THE PUBLIC FORM CRISIS TEAMS CONTROL HAZARDS PUBLIC RELATIONS POST-DISASTER PHASE CLEAR THE DAMAGE RECONSTRUCT GATHER PEOPLE AFFECTED IN SOCIAL STRUCTURES RESTORE SERVICES RESEARCH SAFETY
FOUR-STAGE MODEL
FOUR-STAGE MODEL Definition PREVENTION Actions for reducing or avoiding disaster consequences. RESPONSE Imminent disaster repercussions if things do not go as normal. PREPARATION Planning and training for possibilities that cannot be avoided or reduced. REHABILITATION Long-term after-effects of a disaster when restoration efforts run parallel to everyday procedures.
FOUR-STAGE MODEL Process DISASTER MITIGATION AND PREVENTION  Multi-hazard risk assessment and mapping  Manage the hazards, vulnerabilities and risks  Enforce DRR-related laws/ orders/ regulations such as building and structural codes, fire codes, mining laws, etc. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS  Capacity building through training orientation, drills and exercises  Establish and operate an end-to- end early warning system;  Conduct of IEC/ Advocacy campaign  Maintain a database of DRRM resources, location of critical infrastructures and their capacities such as hospitals and evacuation centers  Organize, train, equip and supervise local emergency response teams and accredited community volunteers  Promote and raise public awareness of compliance with RA 10121 DISASTER RESPONSE  Continuous disaster monitoring and mobilizing instrument abilities and entities of the LGUs, CSOs, private groups and organized volunteers for response  Respond to and manage the adverse impacts of emergencies;  Provision of emergency relief (food and non-food items, shelter, medical supplies, evacuation camp management, CISD)  Declaration of state of calamity; suspension of classes and work  Conduct of rapid damage needs assessment and incident command system DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY  Food and cash-for-work program  Permanent housing  Livelihood  Healthcare and wellness programs
SIX-STAGE MODEL
SIX-STAGE MODEL Cycle Overview DISASTER MANAGEMENT RECOVERYPROTECTION REHABILITATION RECONSTRUCTION RESPONSE Disaster MITIGATION Non-structural measures Structural measures PREVENTION Vulnerability assessment Hazard assessment PREPAREDNESS Contingency planning Warning and evacuation Search & rescue Security Medical supplies: food water, shelter & clothing
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION Practical Perspective This stage focuses on long-term actions for eliminating or reducing risks and includes a risk analysis. The objective is to prevent hazards from developing into disasters, or to reduce their potential effects. These are steps that are required in order to weaken the effect of a disaster. It is about knowing and avoiding unnecessary risks on a basic level.
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION Practical Perspective POWER FAILURE Emergency generators can be installed and maintained for the event of a power outage. FLOOD Houses can be built on stilts to avoid a flood. STORM Storm or fallout shelters can be built to survive in these incidents. EARTHQUAKE Earthquake-resistant, automatic gas valves can be attached for sealing.
PREPAREDNESS Practical Perspective This next stage is for developing an action plan to deal with disasters. Its communication plan has understandable terminology and a clear chain of command. This also involves coordinating the development and exercise of an interagency task force. It includes proper handling and training of emergency services as well as stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipment. Methods are developed and practiced for population alerts, evacuation plans, and emergency shelters.
RESPONSE Practical Perspective The response stage involves mobilizing necessary emergency services and first responders within the disaster area. This phase is the implementation of the disaster plan. The best response plans are relatively easy to drill and modify for improvement. A well-drilled emergency plan enables efficient search and rescue coordination. Drilling is essential for providing optimum performance with limited resources. Response activities have to be able to adapt according to every situation. In this phase, medical supplies are used according to the priority. EVENT This is a real-time hazard occurrence and its effect on risk elements. The duration of the event depends on the type. DURATION Earthquakes can, for example, last for a few seconds, while a flood can take a long time to complete.
REHABILITATION Practical Perspective BASIS The objective of rehabilitation is the short-term removal of debris, construction of housing units, and the restoration of livelihoods and infrastructure. REQUIREMENTS These are the decisions and issues that are required once immediate needs are met. MEASURES Implementing preventive measures is an important aspect and begins as soon as the danger to human life has ceased.
RECONSTRUCTION Practical Perspective The objective of this stage is to reconstruct the community back to the state before the disaster. It starts after fundamental rehabilitation when the entire situation is mitigated. During this phase, the rest of the social infrastructure is restored and the economy is revived. It can take several years and has the long-term goal of building secure and sustainable livelihoods.
PROCESS SEQUENCE Chart Disaster management RE-EVALUATION OF MEASURES VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT MITIGATION RESPONSE HAZARD ANALYSIS Exposure identification Process identification HAZARD ASSESSMENT PREVENTION Structural measures identification Non-structural measures identification PREVENTION ASSESSMENT PREPAREDNESS Identification of warning and evacuation structures Identification of awareness and information structures Identification of disaster relief structures PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENT VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS RISK MANAGEMENT RISK ASSESSMENT HAZARD MODIFICATION PREVENTION MODIFICATION PREPAREDNESS MODIFICATION Humanitarian assistance Rescue and relief Rehabilitation and reconstruction RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION MODIFICATION
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION Staff Organization and Operations Directors ADVISORS AND CONTACT REPRESENTATIVES 1 2 3 4 5 6 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS PRESS AND MEDIA RELATIONS SUPPLIESOPERATIONSLOCATION STAFF/ INTERNAL SERVICES
Disaster Coordinator ORGANIZATION Coordinator Supervisors FOOD COORDINATOR DATA COLLECTION COORDINATOR MEDICAL COORDINATOR TRANSPORT COORDINATOR CLOTHES COORDINATOR EDUCATION REHABILITATION COORDINATOR
ORGANIZATION Vehicles Management Squad Hazmat and Sanitation Squad
ORGANIZATION Vehicles Supervision Squad
ORGANIZATION Vehicles Technology and Safety SquadFiremen and Medic Squad
SOCIAL MEDIA
SOCIAL MEDIA The Next Generation of Disaster Management 35 % send a request for help directly on the Facebook profile of the emergency service 25 % send direct Twitter messages EXPECT HELP TO SHOW UP WITHIN 60 MINUTES OF A POSTING ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS1/3HAVE USED AN EMERGENCY APP1 in 5 37 % use info on social media to buy supplies and find shelter 18 % retrieve emergency information through Facebook 76 % contact friends to make sure they are safe 24 % let loved ones know they are safe During disasters, social networks often replace 911 as the go-to source for help. 44 % ask their online friends to contact responders SURVIVORS CONTACT EMERGENCY RESPONDERS VIA SOCIAL MEDIA, WEBSITES OR EMAIL 1 in 5 80 % expect emergency response agencies to monitor and respond to social media platforms DOWNLOAD DISASTER-RELATED APPS 25%
SOCIAL MEDIA Tornados in the USA AN EMPLOYEE OF A HOSPITAL IN JOPLIN USED FACEBOOK TO SUCCESSFULLY LOCATE 1,100 MISSING HOSPITAL WORKERS. TUSCALOOSA, AL, CREATED "TUSCALOOSA FORWARD" – A SOCIAL MEDIA WEBSITE THAT LET RESIDENTS SHARE IDEAS FOR REBUILDING 300IdeasWERE SHARE BY 4000 VISITORS 8 0VOLUNTE ERS ARRIVEDINUNDER A SCHOOL SYSTEM IN TUSCALOOSA POSTED REQUEST FOR VOLUNTEERS TO HELP WITH SCHOOL CLEANUP EFFORTS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS 3 0MINUTE S THAT RAVAGED THE U.S., MADE 2011 THE DEADLIEST TORNADO YEAR IN THE U.S. EVER 1,665 TORNADOS THE PAGE MOBILIZED VOLUNTEERS & ASSISTED IN THE SEARCH FOR SURVIVORS. 123,000 members within days of a devastating tornado. A Facebook page dedicated to tornado recover in Joplin, MO attracted
SOCIAL MEDIA An Earthquake in Haiti SURVIVORS TOOK TO SOCIAL MEDIA TO ALERT AID AGENCIES OF THEIR NEED. COUNTLESS LIVES WERE SAVED BY VOLUNTEERS MONITORING SOCIAL NETWORKS 189,024OF THOSE CONTAINED THE NUMBER “90999” 10,000 Tweets TEXTING THAT NUMBER SENT A $10 DONATION TO THE RED CROSS THIS RAISED $3 million THE FIRST 48 HOURS 2.3 Million of Tweets containing the words "Haiti" or "Red Cross" between January 12 and January 14, 2010:
SOCIAL MEDIA A Tsunami in Japan ONE HOSPITAL IN JAPAN, LOCATED JUST 27 MILES FROM THE FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR PLANT, DESPERATELY NEEDED TO MOVE 80 PATIENTS AWAY FROM THE DANGER. 1,188TSUNAMI-RELATED TWEETS SENT EACH MINUTE DURING THE TSUNAMI AND RESULTING NUCLEAR FALLOUT 27MILES 4.5 MILLIONSTATUS UPDATES FROM AROUND THE WORLD CONTAINING THE WORDS WERE RECORDED BY FACEBOOK ON MARCH 11, 2011 JAPAN TSUNAMI EARTHQUAKE A HOSPITAL STAFFER TOOK TO TWITTER, MESSAGING U.S. AMBASSADOR JOHN ROOS, WHO WAS ABLE TO ALERT THE EMBASSY AND COORDINATE WITH JAPAN'S GROUND SELF- DEFENSE FORCES WHO EVACUATED THE PATIENTS
SOCIAL MEDIA Hurricane in the USA 23 RED CROSS STAFFERS monitored 2.5 million Sandy-related social media postings AT ITS PEAK, INSTAGRAM USERS UPLOADED SANDY- RELATED PHOTOS AT A RATE OF: Ten every second FACEBOOK MENTIONS OF "HURRICANE SANDY" AND "FRANKENSTORM" INCREASED BY 1,000,000 % TOP 5 SHARED TERMS ON FACEBOOK: we are ok power damage hope everyone is ok trees FEMA TWEETED TO ITS TWITTER FOLLOWERS: "Phone lines may be congested during/ after #Sandy. Let loved ones know you're OK by sending a text or updating your social networks." They tagged 4,500 of them for officials to follow up on, providing aid for those in need. From raising money to locating survivors, it's clear that social media is quickly becoming the most efficient outlet for managing disaster response
DISASTER SCALE
EARTHQUAKE RICHTER SCALE Developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. MAGNITUDE STRENGTH FREQUENCY < 2,0 Micro ≈ 8000 times a day (> Magnitude 1.0) 2,0 … < 3,0 Very minor ≈ 1000 times a day 3,0 … < 4,0 Minor ≈ 49,000 times a year (estimated) 4,0 … < 5,0 Light ≈ 6200 times a year (estimated) 5,0 … < 6,0 Moderate ≈ 800 times a year 6,0 … < 7,0* Strong ≈ 120 times a year 7,0* … < 8,0* Major ≈ 18 times a year 8,0* … < 9,0* Great ≈ Once a year 9,0* … < 10,0* Very great ≈ every 1 to 20 years ≥ 10,0* Massive Unknown
STORM SCALE Beaufort Wind Scale was developed in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort, U.K. Royal Navy. Herbert Saffir, a civil engineer, and Robert Simpson, a meteorologist, developed the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale in the early 1970’s. There have been several modifications since the original scale was developed. Dr. T. Theodore Fujita first introduced the Fujita Scale in 1971. Beaufort Wind Scale Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Fujita Scale LEVEL DESCRIPTION WIND SPEED LEVEL WIND SPEED LEVEL DESCRIPTION WIND SPEED Km/h Mi/h Mph Km/h Km/h MI/h 0 Calm 0-1 0-1 Tropical depression < 39 < 63 0 Light 104-137 65-85 1 Light air 1-5 1-3 Tropical storm 39-73 63-118 1 Moderate 139-177 86-110 2 Light breeze 6-11 4-7 Hurricane: category 1 74-95 119-153 2 Considerable 178-217 11-135 3 Gentle breeze 12-19 8-12 Hurricane: category 2 96-110 154 -177 3 Severe 218-265 136-165 4 Moderate breeze 20-28 13-18 Hurricane: category 3 111-129 178-208 4 Devastating 264-322 166-200 5 Fresh breeze 29-38 19-24 Hurricane: category 4 130-156 209-251 5 Incredible >322 >200 6 Strong breeze 39-49 25-31 Hurricane: category 5 > 157 > 252 7 High wind 50-61 32-38 8 Gale 62-74 39-46 9 Strong gale 75-88 47-54 10 Storm 89-102 55-63 11 Violent storm 103- 117 64-72 12 Hurricane >117 >72
INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR EVENT SCALE INES was developed in 1990 by international experts convened jointly by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD/NEA). Major accident Serious accident Accident with wider consequences Accident with local consequences Serious incident Incident Anomaly No safety significance
STATISTICS
NATURAL DISASTERS Damaging Events Worldwide in 2014 980 Damaging Events 8% 41% 42% 9% Total Damages 110 Billion US Dollars 7% 46% 27% 20% 7.700 Fatalities 11% 17% 66% 6% Insured Damages 31 Billion US dollars 2% 69% 11% 18% GEOPHYSICAL EVENTS (earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity) METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS (tropical storm, extratropical storm, convective storm, local storm) HYDROLOGICAL EVENTS (flood, mass movement) CLIMATOLOGICAL EVENTS (extreme temperatures, drought, forest fires) Source: Munich Re, NatCatSERVICE
NATURAL DISASTERS Damaging Events Worldwide in 2014 980 Damaging Events 20% 9% 16% 10% 37% 8% Total Damages 110 Billion US dollars 29% 7% 16% 1% 46% 1% 7.700 Fatalities 5% 5% 4% 10% 75% 1% Insured Damages 31 Billion US dollars 58% 1% 21% >1% 17% 3% NORTH AMERICA, Including Central America And Caribbean SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA ASIA AUSTRALIA / OCEANIA Source: Munich Re, NatCatSERVICE
DISASTER STATISTICS Top Ten World's Deadliest Events from 1980 to 2014 DATE EVENT REGION TOTAL DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS INSURANCE DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS FATALITIES Jan. 12, 2010 Earthquake Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Petionville, Jacmel, Carrefour, Leogane, Petit Goave, Gressier 8 Billion 200 Million 222,570 Dec. 26, 2004 Earthquake, tsunami Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Maldives, Malaysia 10 Billion 1 Billion 220,000 May 2–5, 2008 Cyclone Nargis, storm surge Bangladesh: Gulf of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, Chittagong, Bola, Noakhali regions, esp. Kutubdia 4 Billion ---- 140,000 Apr. 29–30, 1991 Tropical cyclone, storm surge Myanmar: Ayeyawaddy, Yangon, Bugalay, Rangun, Irrawaddy, Bago, Karen, Mon, Laputta, Haing Kyi 3 Billion 100 Million 139,000 Oct 8, 2005 Earthquake Pakistan, India, Afghanistan 5.2 Billion 5 Million 88,000 May 12, 2008 Earthquake China: Sichuan, Mianyang, Beichuan, Wenchuan, Shifang, Chengdu, Guangyuan, Ngawa, Ya'an 85 Billion 300 Million 84,000 July–Aug. 2003 Heatwave Europe, esp. France, German, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, United Kingdom 13.8 Billion 1.12 Billion 70,000 July–Sep. 2010 Heatwave Russia: Moscow region, Novgorod, Ryazan, Voronezh 400 Million ---- 56,000 June 20, 1990 Earthquake Iran: Caspian Sea, Gilan Province, Manjil, Rudbar, Zanjan, Sefid, Qazvin 7.1 Billion 100 Million 40,000 Dec. 26, 2003 Earthquake Iran: Bam 500 Million 19 Million 26,200
ECONOMIC DAMAGE Top Ten Most Expensive Natural Disaster Events from 1980 to 2014 DATE EVENT REGION TOTAL DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS INSURANCE DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS FATALITIES Mar. 11, 2011 Earthquake, tsunami Japan: Aomori, Chiba, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Iwate, Miyagi, Tochigi, Tokyo, Yamagata 210 Billion 40 Billion 15,880 Aug. 25–30, 2005 Hurricane Katrina, storm surge USA: LA, MS, AL, FL 125 Billion 62.2 Billion 1,322 Jan. 17, 1995 Earthquake Japan: Hyogo, Kobe, Osaka, Kyoto 100 Billion 3 Billion 6,430 May 12, 2008 Earthquake China: Sichuan, Mianyang, Beichuan, Wenchuan, Shifang, Chengdu, Guangyuan, Ngawa, Ya'an 85 Billion 300 Million 84,000 Oct. 23–31, 2012 Hurricane Sandy, storm surge Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, USA, Canada 68.5 Billion 29.5 Billion 210 Jan. 17, 1994 Earthquake USA: CA, Northridge, Los Angeles, San Fernando Valley, Ventura, Orange County 44 Billion 15.3 Billion 61 Aug. 1–Nov. 15, 2011 Floods Thailand: Phichit, Nakhon Sawan, Phra Nakhon Si Ayuttaya, Pathumthani, Nonthaburi, Bangkok 43 Billion 16 Billion 813 Sep. 6–14, 2008 Hurricane Ike USA, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahamas 38 Billion 18.5 Billion 170 Feb. 27, 2010 Earthquake, tsunami Chile: Concepción, Metropolitana, Rancagua, Talca, Temuco, Valparaiso 30 Billion 2.8 Billion 520 Oct. 23, 2004 Earthquake Japan: Honshu, Niigata, Ojiya, Tokyo, Nagaoka, Yamakoshi 28 Billion 8 Billion 46
NATURAL DISASTERS Damaging Events Worldwide in 2014 FROST DAMAGE, USA, Canada, Jan. 5-8 FLASH FLOOD, USA, Aug.11-13 FLOODS, United Kingdom, Dec. 2013- Feb. 2014 FLOODS, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Romania May 13-30 TYPHOON, Rammasun, China, Philippines, Vietnam, July 11-22 THUNDERSTORM, USA, May 18-23 DROUGHT, USA, 2014 HURRICANE ODILE, Mexico, Sep. 11-17 THUNDERSTORM, USA, Apr. 2-4 THUNDERSTORM, USA, Apr. 27-May 1 THUNDERSTORM, USA, June 3-5 DROUGHT, Brazil, 2014 THUNDERSTORM, France, Belgium, Germany, June 7-10 FLOODS, India, Pakistan, Sep. 3-15 CYCLONE Hudhud, India, Oct. 11-13 EARTHQUAKE, China, Aug. 3 FROST DAMAGE, Japan, Feb. 7-16 TYPHOON KALMAEGI, China, Philippines, Vietnam, Sep. 12-20 Damaging event Selected disasters Total damages> $ 1,500 M GEOPHYSICAL EVENTS (earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity) METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS (tropical storm, extratropical storm, convective storm, local storm) HYDROLOGICAL EVENTS (flood, mass movement) CLIMATOLOGICAL EVENTS (extreme temperatures, drought, wildfire)
ECONOMIC DAMAGE Top Ten Most Expensive Natural Disaster Events in 2014 DATE EVENT REGION TOTAL DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS INSURANCE DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS FATALITIES Oct. 11–13 Cyclone Hudhud, storm surge India 7 Billion 530 Million 84 Feb. 7–16 Frost damage, blizzard Japan 5.9 Billion 3.1 Billion 37 Sep. 3–15 Floods India, Pakistan 5.1 Billion 300 Million 665 Aug. 3 Earthquake China 5 Billion ---- 617 2014 Drought Brazil 5 Billion ---- ----- July 11–22 Typhoon Rammasun (Glenda) China, Philippines, Vietnam 4.6 Billion 250 Million 195 May 18–23 Thunderstorm, hail storm USA 3.9 Billion 2.9 Billion ---- May 13–30 Floods Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania 3.6 Billion 70 Million 86 June 10 Thunderstorm, hail storm France, Belgium, Germany 3.5 Billion 2.8 Billion 6 Jan. 5–8 Frost damage USA, Canada 2.5 Billion 1.7 Billion ----
REFERENCES Alabaster, J. (2013). Japan quake and tsunami put social networks on stage. Retrieved from http://www.pcworld.com/article/2030478/japan-quake-and-tsunami-put-social-networks-on-stage.html International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2011). About disaster management. Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disaster-management/ LSE. (2016). Philippine disaster reduction and management act. Retrieved from http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/law/philippine-disaster-reduction-and-management-act-ra-10121/ Maron, D. (2013). How social media is changing disaster response. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-social-media-is-changing-disaster-response/ Masters, J. (2015). The 25 billion-dollar weather disasters of 2014. Retrieved from https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/the-25-billiondollar-weather-disasters-of-2014 Munich RE. (2016). Significant disasters since 1980. Retrieved from http://www.munichre.com/en/reinsurance/ business/non-life/natcatservice/significant-natural-catastrophes/index.html
REFERENCES National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA). (2015). Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Table of events. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events NOAA. (2016). The enhanced fujita scale. Retrieved from http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/ NOAA. (2016). Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. Retrieved from http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php SPC. (2016). Beaufort wind scale. Retrieved from http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html The American National Red Cross. (2016). Types of emergencies. Retrieved from http://www.redcross.org/get-help/prepare-for-emergencies/types-of-emergencies The Weather Channel. (2015). The world's 5 most expensive natural disasters in 2014. Retrieved from https://weather.com/science/nature/news/largest-natural-disasters-2014-munich-re#/1 UNISDR. (2007). Terminology. Retrieved from https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology USGS. (2016). Earthquake glossary. Retrieved from http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=Richter%20scale

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Disasters and Management

  • 2. 1. DEFINITIONS 2. TYPES AND FACTORS 3. DISASTER CYCLE 4. FOUR-STAGE MODEL 5. SIX-STAGE MODEL 6. ORGANIZATION 7. SOCIAL MEDIA 8. DISASTER SCALE 9. STATISTICS AGENDA Environmental Disasters and Management
  • 3. This is defined as any catastrophic situation in which usual patterns of life or ecosystems are disturbed, and extraordinary emergency measures become necessary to save and preserve human life or the environment. DISASTER Definition
  • 4. DISASTER United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction's Definition “A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.”
  • 5. DISASTER MANAGEMENT International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society's Definition "The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters."
  • 6. DISASTER Key Factors UNPREDICTABILITY UNCERTAINTY UNFAMILIARITY SPEED URGENCY VULNERABILITY
  • 8. DISASTER TYPES Environmental Disasters and Management CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON CAUSE  Natural hazards  Man-made hazards CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON SPEED  Sudden onset hazards  Slow onset hazards
  • 9. DISASTER TYPES Environmental Disaster and Management BY NATURAL CAUSES BY HUMAN CAUSES SUDDEN OCCURRENCE Monocausal SUDDEN OCCURRENCE Monocausal PROGRESSIVE OCCURRENCE Multicausal PROGRESSIVE OCCURRENCE Multicausal Storm Heat wave Freeze Earthquake Volcanic eruption DISASTERINSUFFICIENT CAPACITY OF RESPONSE Landslide Drought Flood Epidemic Test Collision Shipwreck Environmental pollution Collision Shipwreck Structural collapse War Economic crisis
  • 10. NATURAL DISASTERS Serious Destruction Caused by a Natural Hazard HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature GEOLOGICAL natural earth processes or phenomena often caused by shifts in tectonic plates and seismic activity BIOLOGICAL processes of organic components or those transmitted by biological vectors
  • 11. NATURAL DISASTERS Chain Reaction INTENSE THUNDER- STORM Lightning High Winds Short-Term Heavy Precipitation Street Flooding Increased Streamflow Increased Stream Depth INCREASED STREAM VELOCITY Increased Debris Flow Streambank Erosion Channel Redefined Increased Debris Capacity Roadways Undermined Power Poles Undermined UNDERGROUND UTILITIES EXPOSED Severed Electrical Lines Ruptured Pipeline Exposed Live Power Lines Power Outage Severed Telephone Cables Communications Failure Fire Environmental Contamination Water Supply Contaminated Water Service Disrupted ElectrocutionFire Ruptured Natural Gas Lines Ruptured Petroleum Lines Ruptured Water Mains
  • 12. MAN-MADE DISASTERS Serious Destruction Caused by a Man-made Hazard TECHNOLOGY Hazards caused by technical or industrial accidents, infrastructure failure or human activities can lead to the loss of life, destruction of property, social or economic disruption or environmental damage.  INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION  NUCLEAR SPREAD AND RADIOACTIVITY  TOXIC WASTE  DAM BREACHES  INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACCIDENTS  FIRES  EXPLOSIONS  LEAKS
  • 13. MAN-MADE DISASTERS Serious Destruction Caused by a Man-made Hazard ENVIRONMENT Human behavior-induced processes can destroy the natural resource base and change natural processes or ecosystems in a negative way. Potential effects vary and may contribute to increased vulnerability, frequency and intensity of natural hazards.  LAND DEGRADATION  DEFORESTATION  DESERTIFICATION  WILD FIRE  LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY  LAND  WATER AND AIR POLLUTION,  CLIMATE CHANGE  SEA-LEVEL RISE AND OZONE DEPLETION
  • 14. MAN-MADE DISASTERS Chain Reaction Release of Toxic Cloud Sabotage Human Error Valve Failure RELEASE OF CHEMICALS THROUGH RELIEF VALVE BREACH IN CONTAINMENT VESSEL Sabotage Vessel Failure Structural Damage of External Source
  • 15. DISASTER FACTORS Environmental Disasters and Management Disasters result from a combination of hazards, vulnerable conditions and insufficient capacity or insufficient measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk. 𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 + ℎ𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟
  • 16. HAZARDS Environmental Disasters and Management Phenomena that pose a danger to people, structures or assets can cause a disaster. They can be influenced by humans as well as occur naturally in the environment. Hazards are potentially destructive physical events or human activities that can lead to the loss of life, destruction of property, social or economic disruption or environmental damage.
  • 17. VULERABILITY Environmental Disasters and Management Vulnerability refers to a situation of physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes that increase the susceptibility of a community from the impact of a hazard.
  • 18. CAPACITY Environmental Disasters and Management Capacity is the combination of all forces and resources that are available within the community, society or organization which can reduce the level of risk or the consequences of the disaster. This includes physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled employees or common characteristics such as leadership and management. Endurance can also be described as capability.
  • 19. RISK Environmental Disasters and Management Risk is the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses (death, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disturbances or environmental damage) resulting from the interaction between natural or man-made hazards and vulnerable conditions. The load capacity is identified as an element which can reduce the consequences of hazards and vulnerabilities at a dramatic rate so that the risk is minimized. For example, a hazard caused by an intense earthquake would vary in degrees of destruction of human life, property and economic activity in a sparsely populated village compared to a densely populated city. 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 = 𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗ 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑
  • 20. RISK FORMULA Environmental Disasters and Management Natural causes Human causes NATURAL HAZARDS TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS VULNERABILITY (physical, economic, environmental, and social factors) Disaster risk on… Humans Fauna and Flora Soil Water Climate Cultural Goods
  • 21. RISK CONDITIONS Environmental Disasters and Management UNDERLYING CAUSES  Poverty  Limited access to power structures and resources  Economic systems  Ideologies  Age  Gender  Illness and disabilities DYNAMIC PRESSURES Lack of:  Training  Education  Appropriate skills  Local investments  Local markets  Services  Population expansion  Urbanization  Environment degradation UNSAFE CONDITIONS  Fragile physical environment  Dangerous locations  Dangerous buildings  Fragile local economy  Low levels of income  Livelihoods at risk  Public actions TRIGGER EVENT  Earthquake  High winds, storm  Floods  Landslide  Volcanic eruption  Drought  War, civil strife  Economic crisis  Technological accident VULNERABILITY HAZARDDISASTER
  • 22. DISASTER LEVEL Environmental Disasters and Management DISASTERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE ACCORDING TO THEIR ASSETS OR COMMUNITY'S COPING CAPABILITIES. DISASTERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWED: LEVEL1 The organization, institution or community is able to contain the incident using its own resources and can respond effectively. LEVEL 2 Assistance can be required by external resources, however it can be obtained from nearby authorities. LEVEL 3 The magnitude of the disaster exceeds the capacity of the local community or region and support is needed at the district or provincial level.
  • 23. MOST COMMON CATASTROPHES Environmental Disasters and Management EXPLOTION HURRICANE TORNADO STORMTSUNAMI FIRE FLOOD
  • 25. DISASTER CYCLE Simplified Flowchart IMMEDIATELATENCY EMERGENCY LEVEL OF SUFFERING POLITICAL AWARENESS the length of the latency will be a function of preparedness and readiness recovery and resumption of development death extinction disintegration disappearance of the community PRE-DISASTER POST-DISASTERDISASTER DISTANT IMMEDIATE POPULATION ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS IMPACT DISTANT
  • 26. DISASTER CYCLE Interaction 1 Reconstruction (i.e. land use panning) can be influenced by risk assessment and vice versa. 2 Pre-impact scenario analysis is often conducted based on previously constructed emergency planning scenarios. 3 Lessons learned from emergency experience feeds back into pre- impact planning as well as perhaps exploiting existing communication strategies. 4 Emergency management can prioritize the restoration of services during the response. Service restoration can support the management of the current emergency situation. 5 After temporary restoration of the most relevant services, reconstruction might be necessary to guarantee a better quality of the service or to recover all non functional services. AFTERTHEEVENT EVENT IMPACT BEFORETHEEVENT REHABILITATION MITIGATION RESPONSE PREPARATION Reconstruction 1 2 3 4 5
  • 27. DISASTER PHASES Action Examples PRE-DISASTER PHASE DESIGN SHELTERS INFORM THE PUBLIC ASSESS RISKS PROTECT CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES RUN REGULAR DRILLS DISASTER PHASE ALARM PRE-PLANNED STRUCTURES WARN THE PUBLIC FORM CRISIS TEAMS CONTROL HAZARDS PUBLIC RELATIONS POST-DISASTER PHASE CLEAR THE DAMAGE RECONSTRUCT GATHER PEOPLE AFFECTED IN SOCIAL STRUCTURES RESTORE SERVICES RESEARCH SAFETY
  • 29. FOUR-STAGE MODEL Definition PREVENTION Actions for reducing or avoiding disaster consequences. RESPONSE Imminent disaster repercussions if things do not go as normal. PREPARATION Planning and training for possibilities that cannot be avoided or reduced. REHABILITATION Long-term after-effects of a disaster when restoration efforts run parallel to everyday procedures.
  • 30. FOUR-STAGE MODEL Process DISASTER MITIGATION AND PREVENTION  Multi-hazard risk assessment and mapping  Manage the hazards, vulnerabilities and risks  Enforce DRR-related laws/ orders/ regulations such as building and structural codes, fire codes, mining laws, etc. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS  Capacity building through training orientation, drills and exercises  Establish and operate an end-to- end early warning system;  Conduct of IEC/ Advocacy campaign  Maintain a database of DRRM resources, location of critical infrastructures and their capacities such as hospitals and evacuation centers  Organize, train, equip and supervise local emergency response teams and accredited community volunteers  Promote and raise public awareness of compliance with RA 10121 DISASTER RESPONSE  Continuous disaster monitoring and mobilizing instrument abilities and entities of the LGUs, CSOs, private groups and organized volunteers for response  Respond to and manage the adverse impacts of emergencies;  Provision of emergency relief (food and non-food items, shelter, medical supplies, evacuation camp management, CISD)  Declaration of state of calamity; suspension of classes and work  Conduct of rapid damage needs assessment and incident command system DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY  Food and cash-for-work program  Permanent housing  Livelihood  Healthcare and wellness programs
  • 32. SIX-STAGE MODEL Cycle Overview DISASTER MANAGEMENT RECOVERYPROTECTION REHABILITATION RECONSTRUCTION RESPONSE Disaster MITIGATION Non-structural measures Structural measures PREVENTION Vulnerability assessment Hazard assessment PREPAREDNESS Contingency planning Warning and evacuation Search & rescue Security Medical supplies: food water, shelter & clothing
  • 33. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION Practical Perspective This stage focuses on long-term actions for eliminating or reducing risks and includes a risk analysis. The objective is to prevent hazards from developing into disasters, or to reduce their potential effects. These are steps that are required in order to weaken the effect of a disaster. It is about knowing and avoiding unnecessary risks on a basic level.
  • 34. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION Practical Perspective POWER FAILURE Emergency generators can be installed and maintained for the event of a power outage. FLOOD Houses can be built on stilts to avoid a flood. STORM Storm or fallout shelters can be built to survive in these incidents. EARTHQUAKE Earthquake-resistant, automatic gas valves can be attached for sealing.
  • 35. PREPAREDNESS Practical Perspective This next stage is for developing an action plan to deal with disasters. Its communication plan has understandable terminology and a clear chain of command. This also involves coordinating the development and exercise of an interagency task force. It includes proper handling and training of emergency services as well as stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipment. Methods are developed and practiced for population alerts, evacuation plans, and emergency shelters.
  • 36. RESPONSE Practical Perspective The response stage involves mobilizing necessary emergency services and first responders within the disaster area. This phase is the implementation of the disaster plan. The best response plans are relatively easy to drill and modify for improvement. A well-drilled emergency plan enables efficient search and rescue coordination. Drilling is essential for providing optimum performance with limited resources. Response activities have to be able to adapt according to every situation. In this phase, medical supplies are used according to the priority. EVENT This is a real-time hazard occurrence and its effect on risk elements. The duration of the event depends on the type. DURATION Earthquakes can, for example, last for a few seconds, while a flood can take a long time to complete.
  • 37. REHABILITATION Practical Perspective BASIS The objective of rehabilitation is the short-term removal of debris, construction of housing units, and the restoration of livelihoods and infrastructure. REQUIREMENTS These are the decisions and issues that are required once immediate needs are met. MEASURES Implementing preventive measures is an important aspect and begins as soon as the danger to human life has ceased.
  • 38. RECONSTRUCTION Practical Perspective The objective of this stage is to reconstruct the community back to the state before the disaster. It starts after fundamental rehabilitation when the entire situation is mitigated. During this phase, the rest of the social infrastructure is restored and the economy is revived. It can take several years and has the long-term goal of building secure and sustainable livelihoods.
  • 39. PROCESS SEQUENCE Chart Disaster management RE-EVALUATION OF MEASURES VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT MITIGATION RESPONSE HAZARD ANALYSIS Exposure identification Process identification HAZARD ASSESSMENT PREVENTION Structural measures identification Non-structural measures identification PREVENTION ASSESSMENT PREPAREDNESS Identification of warning and evacuation structures Identification of awareness and information structures Identification of disaster relief structures PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENT VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS RISK MANAGEMENT RISK ASSESSMENT HAZARD MODIFICATION PREVENTION MODIFICATION PREPAREDNESS MODIFICATION Humanitarian assistance Rescue and relief Rehabilitation and reconstruction RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION MODIFICATION
  • 41. ORGANIZATION Staff Organization and Operations Directors ADVISORS AND CONTACT REPRESENTATIVES 1 2 3 4 5 6 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS PRESS AND MEDIA RELATIONS SUPPLIESOPERATIONSLOCATION STAFF/ INTERNAL SERVICES
  • 42. Disaster Coordinator ORGANIZATION Coordinator Supervisors FOOD COORDINATOR DATA COLLECTION COORDINATOR MEDICAL COORDINATOR TRANSPORT COORDINATOR CLOTHES COORDINATOR EDUCATION REHABILITATION COORDINATOR
  • 45. ORGANIZATION Vehicles Technology and Safety SquadFiremen and Medic Squad
  • 47. SOCIAL MEDIA The Next Generation of Disaster Management 35 % send a request for help directly on the Facebook profile of the emergency service 25 % send direct Twitter messages EXPECT HELP TO SHOW UP WITHIN 60 MINUTES OF A POSTING ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS1/3HAVE USED AN EMERGENCY APP1 in 5 37 % use info on social media to buy supplies and find shelter 18 % retrieve emergency information through Facebook 76 % contact friends to make sure they are safe 24 % let loved ones know they are safe During disasters, social networks often replace 911 as the go-to source for help. 44 % ask their online friends to contact responders SURVIVORS CONTACT EMERGENCY RESPONDERS VIA SOCIAL MEDIA, WEBSITES OR EMAIL 1 in 5 80 % expect emergency response agencies to monitor and respond to social media platforms DOWNLOAD DISASTER-RELATED APPS 25%
  • 48. SOCIAL MEDIA Tornados in the USA AN EMPLOYEE OF A HOSPITAL IN JOPLIN USED FACEBOOK TO SUCCESSFULLY LOCATE 1,100 MISSING HOSPITAL WORKERS. TUSCALOOSA, AL, CREATED "TUSCALOOSA FORWARD" – A SOCIAL MEDIA WEBSITE THAT LET RESIDENTS SHARE IDEAS FOR REBUILDING 300IdeasWERE SHARE BY 4000 VISITORS 8 0VOLUNTE ERS ARRIVEDINUNDER A SCHOOL SYSTEM IN TUSCALOOSA POSTED REQUEST FOR VOLUNTEERS TO HELP WITH SCHOOL CLEANUP EFFORTS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS 3 0MINUTE S THAT RAVAGED THE U.S., MADE 2011 THE DEADLIEST TORNADO YEAR IN THE U.S. EVER 1,665 TORNADOS THE PAGE MOBILIZED VOLUNTEERS & ASSISTED IN THE SEARCH FOR SURVIVORS. 123,000 members within days of a devastating tornado. A Facebook page dedicated to tornado recover in Joplin, MO attracted
  • 49. SOCIAL MEDIA An Earthquake in Haiti SURVIVORS TOOK TO SOCIAL MEDIA TO ALERT AID AGENCIES OF THEIR NEED. COUNTLESS LIVES WERE SAVED BY VOLUNTEERS MONITORING SOCIAL NETWORKS 189,024OF THOSE CONTAINED THE NUMBER “90999” 10,000 Tweets TEXTING THAT NUMBER SENT A $10 DONATION TO THE RED CROSS THIS RAISED $3 million THE FIRST 48 HOURS 2.3 Million of Tweets containing the words "Haiti" or "Red Cross" between January 12 and January 14, 2010:
  • 50. SOCIAL MEDIA A Tsunami in Japan ONE HOSPITAL IN JAPAN, LOCATED JUST 27 MILES FROM THE FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR PLANT, DESPERATELY NEEDED TO MOVE 80 PATIENTS AWAY FROM THE DANGER. 1,188TSUNAMI-RELATED TWEETS SENT EACH MINUTE DURING THE TSUNAMI AND RESULTING NUCLEAR FALLOUT 27MILES 4.5 MILLIONSTATUS UPDATES FROM AROUND THE WORLD CONTAINING THE WORDS WERE RECORDED BY FACEBOOK ON MARCH 11, 2011 JAPAN TSUNAMI EARTHQUAKE A HOSPITAL STAFFER TOOK TO TWITTER, MESSAGING U.S. AMBASSADOR JOHN ROOS, WHO WAS ABLE TO ALERT THE EMBASSY AND COORDINATE WITH JAPAN'S GROUND SELF- DEFENSE FORCES WHO EVACUATED THE PATIENTS
  • 51. SOCIAL MEDIA Hurricane in the USA 23 RED CROSS STAFFERS monitored 2.5 million Sandy-related social media postings AT ITS PEAK, INSTAGRAM USERS UPLOADED SANDY- RELATED PHOTOS AT A RATE OF: Ten every second FACEBOOK MENTIONS OF "HURRICANE SANDY" AND "FRANKENSTORM" INCREASED BY 1,000,000 % TOP 5 SHARED TERMS ON FACEBOOK: we are ok power damage hope everyone is ok trees FEMA TWEETED TO ITS TWITTER FOLLOWERS: "Phone lines may be congested during/ after #Sandy. Let loved ones know you're OK by sending a text or updating your social networks." They tagged 4,500 of them for officials to follow up on, providing aid for those in need. From raising money to locating survivors, it's clear that social media is quickly becoming the most efficient outlet for managing disaster response
  • 53. EARTHQUAKE RICHTER SCALE Developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. MAGNITUDE STRENGTH FREQUENCY < 2,0 Micro ≈ 8000 times a day (> Magnitude 1.0) 2,0 … < 3,0 Very minor ≈ 1000 times a day 3,0 … < 4,0 Minor ≈ 49,000 times a year (estimated) 4,0 … < 5,0 Light ≈ 6200 times a year (estimated) 5,0 … < 6,0 Moderate ≈ 800 times a year 6,0 … < 7,0* Strong ≈ 120 times a year 7,0* … < 8,0* Major ≈ 18 times a year 8,0* … < 9,0* Great ≈ Once a year 9,0* … < 10,0* Very great ≈ every 1 to 20 years ≥ 10,0* Massive Unknown
  • 54. STORM SCALE Beaufort Wind Scale was developed in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort, U.K. Royal Navy. Herbert Saffir, a civil engineer, and Robert Simpson, a meteorologist, developed the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale in the early 1970’s. There have been several modifications since the original scale was developed. Dr. T. Theodore Fujita first introduced the Fujita Scale in 1971. Beaufort Wind Scale Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Fujita Scale LEVEL DESCRIPTION WIND SPEED LEVEL WIND SPEED LEVEL DESCRIPTION WIND SPEED Km/h Mi/h Mph Km/h Km/h MI/h 0 Calm 0-1 0-1 Tropical depression < 39 < 63 0 Light 104-137 65-85 1 Light air 1-5 1-3 Tropical storm 39-73 63-118 1 Moderate 139-177 86-110 2 Light breeze 6-11 4-7 Hurricane: category 1 74-95 119-153 2 Considerable 178-217 11-135 3 Gentle breeze 12-19 8-12 Hurricane: category 2 96-110 154 -177 3 Severe 218-265 136-165 4 Moderate breeze 20-28 13-18 Hurricane: category 3 111-129 178-208 4 Devastating 264-322 166-200 5 Fresh breeze 29-38 19-24 Hurricane: category 4 130-156 209-251 5 Incredible >322 >200 6 Strong breeze 39-49 25-31 Hurricane: category 5 > 157 > 252 7 High wind 50-61 32-38 8 Gale 62-74 39-46 9 Strong gale 75-88 47-54 10 Storm 89-102 55-63 11 Violent storm 103- 117 64-72 12 Hurricane >117 >72
  • 55. INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR EVENT SCALE INES was developed in 1990 by international experts convened jointly by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD/NEA). Major accident Serious accident Accident with wider consequences Accident with local consequences Serious incident Incident Anomaly No safety significance
  • 57. NATURAL DISASTERS Damaging Events Worldwide in 2014 980 Damaging Events 8% 41% 42% 9% Total Damages 110 Billion US Dollars 7% 46% 27% 20% 7.700 Fatalities 11% 17% 66% 6% Insured Damages 31 Billion US dollars 2% 69% 11% 18% GEOPHYSICAL EVENTS (earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity) METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS (tropical storm, extratropical storm, convective storm, local storm) HYDROLOGICAL EVENTS (flood, mass movement) CLIMATOLOGICAL EVENTS (extreme temperatures, drought, forest fires) Source: Munich Re, NatCatSERVICE
  • 58. NATURAL DISASTERS Damaging Events Worldwide in 2014 980 Damaging Events 20% 9% 16% 10% 37% 8% Total Damages 110 Billion US dollars 29% 7% 16% 1% 46% 1% 7.700 Fatalities 5% 5% 4% 10% 75% 1% Insured Damages 31 Billion US dollars 58% 1% 21% >1% 17% 3% NORTH AMERICA, Including Central America And Caribbean SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA ASIA AUSTRALIA / OCEANIA Source: Munich Re, NatCatSERVICE
  • 59. DISASTER STATISTICS Top Ten World's Deadliest Events from 1980 to 2014 DATE EVENT REGION TOTAL DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS INSURANCE DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS FATALITIES Jan. 12, 2010 Earthquake Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Petionville, Jacmel, Carrefour, Leogane, Petit Goave, Gressier 8 Billion 200 Million 222,570 Dec. 26, 2004 Earthquake, tsunami Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Maldives, Malaysia 10 Billion 1 Billion 220,000 May 2–5, 2008 Cyclone Nargis, storm surge Bangladesh: Gulf of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, Chittagong, Bola, Noakhali regions, esp. Kutubdia 4 Billion ---- 140,000 Apr. 29–30, 1991 Tropical cyclone, storm surge Myanmar: Ayeyawaddy, Yangon, Bugalay, Rangun, Irrawaddy, Bago, Karen, Mon, Laputta, Haing Kyi 3 Billion 100 Million 139,000 Oct 8, 2005 Earthquake Pakistan, India, Afghanistan 5.2 Billion 5 Million 88,000 May 12, 2008 Earthquake China: Sichuan, Mianyang, Beichuan, Wenchuan, Shifang, Chengdu, Guangyuan, Ngawa, Ya'an 85 Billion 300 Million 84,000 July–Aug. 2003 Heatwave Europe, esp. France, German, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, United Kingdom 13.8 Billion 1.12 Billion 70,000 July–Sep. 2010 Heatwave Russia: Moscow region, Novgorod, Ryazan, Voronezh 400 Million ---- 56,000 June 20, 1990 Earthquake Iran: Caspian Sea, Gilan Province, Manjil, Rudbar, Zanjan, Sefid, Qazvin 7.1 Billion 100 Million 40,000 Dec. 26, 2003 Earthquake Iran: Bam 500 Million 19 Million 26,200
  • 60. ECONOMIC DAMAGE Top Ten Most Expensive Natural Disaster Events from 1980 to 2014 DATE EVENT REGION TOTAL DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS INSURANCE DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS FATALITIES Mar. 11, 2011 Earthquake, tsunami Japan: Aomori, Chiba, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Iwate, Miyagi, Tochigi, Tokyo, Yamagata 210 Billion 40 Billion 15,880 Aug. 25–30, 2005 Hurricane Katrina, storm surge USA: LA, MS, AL, FL 125 Billion 62.2 Billion 1,322 Jan. 17, 1995 Earthquake Japan: Hyogo, Kobe, Osaka, Kyoto 100 Billion 3 Billion 6,430 May 12, 2008 Earthquake China: Sichuan, Mianyang, Beichuan, Wenchuan, Shifang, Chengdu, Guangyuan, Ngawa, Ya'an 85 Billion 300 Million 84,000 Oct. 23–31, 2012 Hurricane Sandy, storm surge Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, USA, Canada 68.5 Billion 29.5 Billion 210 Jan. 17, 1994 Earthquake USA: CA, Northridge, Los Angeles, San Fernando Valley, Ventura, Orange County 44 Billion 15.3 Billion 61 Aug. 1–Nov. 15, 2011 Floods Thailand: Phichit, Nakhon Sawan, Phra Nakhon Si Ayuttaya, Pathumthani, Nonthaburi, Bangkok 43 Billion 16 Billion 813 Sep. 6–14, 2008 Hurricane Ike USA, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahamas 38 Billion 18.5 Billion 170 Feb. 27, 2010 Earthquake, tsunami Chile: Concepción, Metropolitana, Rancagua, Talca, Temuco, Valparaiso 30 Billion 2.8 Billion 520 Oct. 23, 2004 Earthquake Japan: Honshu, Niigata, Ojiya, Tokyo, Nagaoka, Yamakoshi 28 Billion 8 Billion 46
  • 61. NATURAL DISASTERS Damaging Events Worldwide in 2014 FROST DAMAGE, USA, Canada, Jan. 5-8 FLASH FLOOD, USA, Aug.11-13 FLOODS, United Kingdom, Dec. 2013- Feb. 2014 FLOODS, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Romania May 13-30 TYPHOON, Rammasun, China, Philippines, Vietnam, July 11-22 THUNDERSTORM, USA, May 18-23 DROUGHT, USA, 2014 HURRICANE ODILE, Mexico, Sep. 11-17 THUNDERSTORM, USA, Apr. 2-4 THUNDERSTORM, USA, Apr. 27-May 1 THUNDERSTORM, USA, June 3-5 DROUGHT, Brazil, 2014 THUNDERSTORM, France, Belgium, Germany, June 7-10 FLOODS, India, Pakistan, Sep. 3-15 CYCLONE Hudhud, India, Oct. 11-13 EARTHQUAKE, China, Aug. 3 FROST DAMAGE, Japan, Feb. 7-16 TYPHOON KALMAEGI, China, Philippines, Vietnam, Sep. 12-20 Damaging event Selected disasters Total damages> $ 1,500 M GEOPHYSICAL EVENTS (earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity) METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS (tropical storm, extratropical storm, convective storm, local storm) HYDROLOGICAL EVENTS (flood, mass movement) CLIMATOLOGICAL EVENTS (extreme temperatures, drought, wildfire)
  • 62. ECONOMIC DAMAGE Top Ten Most Expensive Natural Disaster Events in 2014 DATE EVENT REGION TOTAL DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS INSURANCE DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS FATALITIES Oct. 11–13 Cyclone Hudhud, storm surge India 7 Billion 530 Million 84 Feb. 7–16 Frost damage, blizzard Japan 5.9 Billion 3.1 Billion 37 Sep. 3–15 Floods India, Pakistan 5.1 Billion 300 Million 665 Aug. 3 Earthquake China 5 Billion ---- 617 2014 Drought Brazil 5 Billion ---- ----- July 11–22 Typhoon Rammasun (Glenda) China, Philippines, Vietnam 4.6 Billion 250 Million 195 May 18–23 Thunderstorm, hail storm USA 3.9 Billion 2.9 Billion ---- May 13–30 Floods Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania 3.6 Billion 70 Million 86 June 10 Thunderstorm, hail storm France, Belgium, Germany 3.5 Billion 2.8 Billion 6 Jan. 5–8 Frost damage USA, Canada 2.5 Billion 1.7 Billion ----
  • 63. REFERENCES Alabaster, J. (2013). Japan quake and tsunami put social networks on stage. Retrieved from http://www.pcworld.com/article/2030478/japan-quake-and-tsunami-put-social-networks-on-stage.html International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2011). About disaster management. Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disaster-management/ LSE. (2016). Philippine disaster reduction and management act. Retrieved from http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/law/philippine-disaster-reduction-and-management-act-ra-10121/ Maron, D. (2013). How social media is changing disaster response. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-social-media-is-changing-disaster-response/ Masters, J. (2015). The 25 billion-dollar weather disasters of 2014. Retrieved from https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/the-25-billiondollar-weather-disasters-of-2014 Munich RE. (2016). Significant disasters since 1980. Retrieved from http://www.munichre.com/en/reinsurance/ business/non-life/natcatservice/significant-natural-catastrophes/index.html
  • 64. REFERENCES National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA). (2015). Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Table of events. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events NOAA. (2016). The enhanced fujita scale. Retrieved from http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/ NOAA. (2016). Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. Retrieved from http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php SPC. (2016). Beaufort wind scale. Retrieved from http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html The American National Red Cross. (2016). Types of emergencies. Retrieved from http://www.redcross.org/get-help/prepare-for-emergencies/types-of-emergencies The Weather Channel. (2015). The world's 5 most expensive natural disasters in 2014. Retrieved from https://weather.com/science/nature/news/largest-natural-disasters-2014-munich-re#/1 UNISDR. (2007). Terminology. Retrieved from https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology USGS. (2016). Earthquake glossary. Retrieved from http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=Richter%20scale

Editor's Notes

  • #16: 15
  • #20: 19
  • #30: Mitigation (Prevention) – Preventing future emergencies or minimizing their effects. Includes any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an emergency happening, or reduce the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies. Buying food and fire insurance for your home is a mitigation activity. Preparedness (Preparation) – Preparing to handle an emergency. Includes plans or preparations made to save lives and to help response and rescue operations. Evacuation plans and stocking food and water are both examples of preparedness. Response – Responding safely to an emergency. Includes actions taken to save lives and prevent further property damage in an emergency situation. Response is putting your preparedness plans into action. Seeking shelter from a tornado or turning off gas valves in an earthquake are both response activities. Recovery (Rehabilitation) – Recovering from an emergency. Includes actions taken to a normal or an even safer situation following an emergency. Recovery includes getting financial assistance to help pay for the repairs.
  • #31: IEC means International Electrotechnical Commission DRR means Disaster Risk Reduction DRRM means Disaster Risk Reduction and Management “RA No. 10121 is the Philippine Disaster Reduction and Management Act that provides a comprehensive, all-hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and community-based approach to disaster risk management through the formulation of the National Disaster Risk Management Framework (NDRMP)” (LSE, 2016, para. 1). LGU means Local Government Units CSO means Chief Security Officer CISD means Critical Incident Stress Debrief
  • #33: Developing hazard mitigation plans enables state, tribal, and local governments to: Increase education and awareness around threats, hazards, and vulnerabilities Build partnerships for risk reduction involving government, organizations, businesses, and the public Identify long-term, broadly-supported strategies for risk reduction Align risk reduction with other state, tribal, or community objective Identify implementation approaches that focus resources on the greatest risks and vulnerabilities Communicate priorities to potential sources of funding. Ultimately, hazard mitigation planning enables action to reduce loss of life and property, lessening the impact of disasters.
  • #58: Munich Re Group is a reinsurance company based in Munich, Germany. It is one of the world’s leading reinsurers. Founded in April 19, 1880. ERGO, a Munich Re subsidiary, is the Group’s primary insurance arm.
  • #59: Munich Re Group is a reinsurance company based in Munich, Germany. It is one of the world’s leading reinsurers. Founded in April 19, 1880. ERGO, a Munich Re subsidiary, is the Group’s primary insurance arm.