Dissertation Format (2).docx.pdf

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & LANDSCAPE DESIGN
SHRI MATA VAISHNO DEVI UNIVERSITY
KATRA
Session 2022-23
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE:
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
A Dissertation Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
By
Chanchal
18BAR007
Guide
Ar. Vinod Kumar

i
Chanchal
Vernacular Architecture:
Hot and Dry Climate
Bachelor of Architecture
Dissertation: 2022-23
School of Architecture and Landscape Design
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
Entry No.: 18BAR007
Guide : Ar. Vinod Kumar, Assistant Professor, SoALD SMVDU

iii
CERTIFICATE
This is hereby certified that this Dissertation entitled Vernacular Architecture: Hot and
Dry climate, has been submitted by Chanchal, Entry No. 18BAR007 in the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Architecture,Session2022-23.
Recommended By:
Ar.Vinod Kumar Ar.Sourovee Dutta
(Dissertation Guide) (Dissertation Coordinator)
Accepted By:
(Head -SoALD)
Jury Members:
(1) (2) (3)
Intentionally Left Blank

iv
DECLARATION
This Dissertation, entitled Vernacular architecture: Hot and Dry Climate is being
submitted as partial requirements of B. Arch. Study during ninth (9th
) semester by me for
evaluation. The contents in this Dissertation are either my own work or compilation of data
/ information as gathered from case studies / survey as indicated/referenced and permitted
as per rules.
No contents of this Dissertation have been copied from any other dissertation / thesis report in
part or full. If at any stage it is found that this is significantly copied from any other resource,
the evaluation of this report and accordingly grade award shall automatically stand cancelled.
(Signature of Student)
Chanchal
Entry No.: 18BAR007
B. Arch., Session: 2022-23
School of Architecture & Landscape Design
Shri MataVaishno Devi University

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The originality of this Thesis has been checked using appropriate plagiarism checker /
software and following parameters are compiled (tick one).
Plagiarism / Copied Contents: Not more than 10%
Originality / Uniqueness: More than 90%
(Certificate attached as Annexure-1).
(Signature of Student)
Name: Chanchal
Date: 29-June-2022
Counter-signed
(Signature of Guide/Supervisor)
Name: Ar.Vinod Kumar
Date:

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PREFACE
My love and passion for culture and how it affects architecture led to the completion of this
project. In my research, I had found that culture was a crucial and immersive instrument for
architectural design. Nature makes culture and art unavoidable, and they have a significant
influence on architecture in many ways. From the floor plan to the building proportions and
orientation, they have an impact on the interior and outside architecture.
Therefore, culture is undoubtedly a source of awareness and actualization for everyone in
some form; nevertheless, it necessitates genuine sensitivity and attention towards all the
aspects and subtleties present in the environment, as well as a deep and introspective
understanding of oneself and nature. It is also the only tool that can record the aura that existed
at the time.
For me, culture is a means of communication with the outside world since it helps me see the
world more clearly and appreciate my surroundings.
In order to build a spatial configuration, the dissertation suggests a means to further develop
the design approach and analysis. The major goal of this dissertation is to give human activity
a framework. by creating a spatial arrangement that uses culture as a visual appreciation tool.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe the greatest debt of appreciation to my mentor Ar. Vinod Kumar, who has patiently
supported this dissertation with advice and helpful criticism. Without his support and
inspirational words, this dissertation would not have been finished. A simple "thank you"
would be inadequate.
I also want to express my gratitude to my friend Sadhana and Bhuvana Reddy for their helpful
advice and remarks throughout the road.
Finally, I want to express my deep gratitude to my family for their unwavering love and
support throughout this difficult time. I appreciate you prodding me occasionally to reach the
project's conclusion. And I wouldn't be where I am today without the encouragement of my
parents and close friends.
Kakryal, July 2022
Chanchal

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TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION9
1.1 Synopsis10
1.1.1 Need of the Study10
1.1.2 Aim of Dissertation10
1.1.3 Objective10
1.1.4 Scope and limitations10
1.1.5 Methodology10
1.2 Case studies targeted10
1.3 Remarks11
2.LITERATURE STUDY12
2.1 Introduction of Vernacular architecture13
2.1.1 Indian vernacular architecture in a hot & dry climate14
2.2 Climatic analysis of Jaisalmer14
2.3 Passive design strategies15
2.3.1 Planning15
2.3.1.1 Settlement pattern15
2.3.1.2 Street pattern16
2.3.1.3 Orientation16
2.3.1.4 Generic house17
2.3.2 Section details18
2.3.3 Building envelope19
2.3.3.1 Texture19
2.3.3.2 Uneven Building form20
2.4 Passive cooling techniques21
2.5 Building Construction22
2.5.1 Construction details22
2.6 Thermal performance of buildings24
2.7 Built structure and micro climate24
3.CASE STUDIES26
3.1 Streetscape27
3.2 Nathmal ki Haveli29
3.3 Patwaon ki haveli33
3.4 Rajkumari Ratnavati Girl’s school37
4.COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS42
5. INFERENCE45

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5.1 Results and discussions46
5.2 Recommendation46
5.3 Limitations/ Challenges47
5.4 Conclusion47
5.4.1 Based on study47
5.4.2 Comment48
6. REFRENCES ...................................................................................................................... 49

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INTRODUCTION
Buildings developed employing local technology, craftsmanship, and locally available
construction materials to provide climatic comfort to consumers using traditional technologies
are referred to as vernacular architecture. Over five millennia, India's vast and diversified
architectural traditions have evolved in response to the population's socio-cultural, economic,
and thermal demands. They have a remarkable ability to adjust to changes in temperature.
Basic green architectural principles, such using local resources and energy-efficient materials,
are followed in vernacular building. These structures are designed using local expertise in the
use of local resources and materials, as well as practical and efficient building design. The
local microclimate is among the most important determinants of vernacular architecture.
For example, white marble stone, which offers a cool surface for the feet as one walks on it,
can be advantageous for a home constructed in the hot deserts of Rajasthan, but the same
white marble can be a source of extreme discomfort for the occupants of a home in Ooty,
which experiences much lower ambient temperatures.
Over the course of its lifespan, reduced utility and maintenance costs demonstrate the success
of climate sensitive architecture. When it comes to resources, a poorly planned building that
ignores environmental or vernacular considerations might ultimately cost the occupant more
than a correctly constructed building, in addition to the environment.
These buildings provide a climate-responsive way of living and address the need for housing
in the area while being resource- and naturally-conscious. Currently, green architecture and
architects are rediscovering the advantages of vernacular architecture. We must first learn
from the past and apply these techniques as a well-balanced, methodical whole to attain the
highest level of energy efficiency if we are to advance in design and sustainable building in
the future.

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1.1 Synopsis
1.1.1 Need of the Study
The latest technologies, construction methods, and manufactured and processed materials
became the norm with the advent of contemporary architecture, yet they are energy drainers
and have a significant environmental impact. Vernacular architecture, on the other hand, takes
a sustainable approach to design and incorporates green building practices into its plans. It
focuses on strategies that reduce carbon footprints, hence lowering environmental stress.
Architecture has developed over time and will continue to do so in the future. Designs that are
genuine to the land will be preserved, and existing architectural features will be modified to
meet our changing demands. This way, the unique character of a location can be kept while
yet meeting the needs of people. It is critical to construct a typology that takes into account
both vernacular and contemporary architecture. People should become conscious of the
functionality and genuine purpose of a structure rather than following trends impulsively.
1.1.2 Aim of Dissertation
The aim is to understand the vernacular design principles and values in hot and dry climate.
1.1.3 Objective
 To study the concept of vernacular architecture.
 To study parameters for understanding spaces and architectural elements in hot and dry
climate (in context of Jaisalmer)
 To assess and evaluate design principles by comparative analysis
 To recommend modern construction techniques to achieve similar traditional values.
1.1.4 Scope and limitations
 The research is primarily focused on Jaisalmer's vernacular architecture (Rajasthan).
1.1.5 Methodology
1.2 Case studies targeted
 Streetscape
 Nathmal ki haveli
 Patwaon ki haveli
Selection
of topic
Dessertation
Abstract
Data
collection
Literatur
e study
Case
study
Comparativ
e analysis
Inference
Conclusion

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 Rajkumari Ratnavati Girl’s school
1.3 Remarks
While we live in a period where goods may be imported and exported both domestically and
globally over the phone, we also raise the project's cost, which in turn slows the nation's
economic progress. Why not adopt a more regional strategy when, introspectively, vernacular
architecture uses locally produced materials to save expenses associated with processing,
manufacturing, transportation, and sophisticated building processes for its application.
Depending on the locality, different materials may be used, such as brick and clay in hot and
humid climates and timber structures in areas prone to earthquakes.

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2.LITERATURE STUDY

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2.1 Introduction of Vernacular architecture
“A predominantly warm country, India has about 80% of the land under warm-humid and
composite climates. Hot-dry and cold climates form the rest. A few pockets have temperate
climate.”(Indraganti, 2018).
The phrase "vernacular construction" describes work done by locals utilizing conventional
methods and locally accessible materials while taking into account the surrounding
environment. It provides a good response to the climatic restrictions. The implementation of
passive solar design can result in savings of 1–5% without incurring additional costs for
adaption of such design (building orientation, shape, form, layout, size, aspect ratio, daylight
and natural ventilation). (N. Gupta, 2017). Passive cooling is the removal of excess heat from
a building through convection, evaporative cooling, air movement, cool breezes, earth
coupling, reflection of radiation, etc. Through convection, evaporative cooling, air movement,
cool breezes, earth coupling, radiation reflection, etc., excess heat from a building can be
removed passively. Reduced solar heat gains can be achieved through the use of sun shading
devices, insulation, and appropriate building materials and colors. Reduced thermal heat gains
can also be achieved through the use of lighting controls.
Figure 1: Climatic Zone map of India
(Bera, n.d.-a)

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2.1.1 Indian vernacular architecture in a hot & dry climate
Hot and dry climatic zone, includes Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and the Thar Desert, is in the
northwest of India (Rajasthan and partly Gujarat). Flat, sandy, and rocky, this area has little
vegetation, including cacti and spiky plants. The climate is dry here because of the low
humidity. Sand storms are very frequent in this area during the summer months when winds
are blowing quite hotly. The climate and culture of the desert region are artistically expressed
in the building. Rajasthan's Kuccha and Pukka vernacular architecture clearly differ from one
another. The haveli style of structures predominates in Pukka architecture.
Typically, havelis have two or three stories. Those are constructed around a courtyard, which
serves as the home's central hub. The courtyard, which serves as the major source of light and
ventilation, is surrounded by the rooms. Each structure has a narrow street frontage to reduce
heat gain. Buildings that are close together cast shadows on one another, keeping the streets
cool. In order to ensure cross ventilation, hot air rises by convection from the courtyard and
cool air is directed from the street. “Women can keep their privacy while watching the street
from the upper floor's Jharokha, which has beautiful jaali work projecting to the sidewalk.”
(Bera, n.d.-b) The facade is intended to be shaded by Jharokha and Chajjas.
2.2 Climatic analysis of Jaisalmer
Jaisalmer was established as a fort city by Maharwal Jaisal Singh in 1156 AD on a steep
outcrop of the Arawali range called as "Trikut" because of its triangle shape. (Krishan et al.,
n.d.) At 241.7M above mean sea level, it is situated at 26055' North Latitude and 75055' East
Longitude. The area is characterized by sparse vegetation and severe water scarcity; the
surroundings are level, stony, and barren. In the area, water is a precious resource. Water is
often unavailable for miles at a time during draughts. Due to the presence of subsurface water,
this location was chosen.
The annual average precipitation is only 200 mm, which is relatively small and inconsistent.
There are primarily two seasons: summer and winter. Summer temperatures can range from
25°C at night to 45°C during the day (some peak circumstances have been reported at 50°C).
The temperature in the wintertime fluctuates between 25°C and 5°C. Between 15°C and 20°C
is the daily temperature range. Less than 10% relative humidity is possible during the daytime
in the summer. Most of the time, the sky is clear, and the sun is always shining brightly. May
and June frequently experience dust storms, and summer wind speeds are frequently high.

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2.3 Passive design strategies
2.3.1 Planning
2.3.1.1 Settlement pattern
The triangular fortification and the city of Jaisalmer's twisting, narrow lanes with substantial
buildings on either side set them apart. It offers a good number of spacious open areas that can
be used as gathering places. A court-yard with an underground level is a defining feature of
the home's planning and design. Through a series of spaces that serve as the interaction
between the house and the street, the house opens into tiny streets. Jaisalmer stone, which is
essentially formed of sand and is locally accessible, is used to build the entire city, from the
smallest residences to the Royal Palace. (V. Gupta, n.d.)
Figure 2: Eco chart of Jaisalmer (Krishan, 1996)

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2.3.1.2 Street pattern
Nearly in an East-West alignment, all main roadways are practically perpendicular to the
direction of dust storms. These streets are home to the well-known havelis with jharokas and
ornamental façade. The streets are winding and fairly narrow. The height of the structure is
greater than the width of the street, which creates a pleasant, shaded environment for people
walking and engaging in other street activities.
2.3.1.3 Orientation
Since the primary east-west street orientation should have solar exposure on the street from
9:30 am to 2:30 pm with matching solar altitude ranging from 54 ° to 86 °, small projections
can help completely shade the surface. Radiation will hit the north face of the building across
the street before 8 am and after 4 pm when the solar altitude is less than 35 degrees. Buildings
on the adjacent streets shade the north face as a result.
Figure 3: Settlement pattern of Jaisalmer
(Krishan et al., n.d.)
Figure 4: Street layout
(Source author)

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In the summer, minor streets with a north-south orientation may have a solar exposure on the
east face up to 11.30 am and on the west face until 12.30 pm. Due to the 0° to 79° solar
altitude during these times, the buildings' winding streets are shaded before 10:30 am and after
1:30 pm. Because of this, thick walls were constructed on the east and west sides, limiting the
sun radiation influence to one hour.
2.3.1.4 Generic house
An open verandah enclosing the courtyard, a closed-off chamber, and an underground living
and storage area make up the classic Jaisalmer home design. Simple single-story homes and
ornate havelis are both examples of courtyard house variations.
Figure 5: Sun path diagram (Source: TERI, Rajasthan)

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2.3.2 Section details
Figure 6: Small houses in Jaisalmer (V. Gupta,
1985)
Figure 7: Middle income houses
in Jaisalmer (V. Gupta, 1985)
Figure 8: Typical haveli (Krishan, 1996)

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In Jaisalmer, the urban design made sure that no structures were directly exposed to the sun.
Buildings close together reduce heat gain and keep hot breezes at bay while allowing cooler
air to flow through the structures and open spaces. (Krishan et al., n.d.)
2.3.3 Building envelope
2.3.3.1 Texture
The usage of texture in Jaisalmer is a fascinating aspect. At three separate organizational
levels, this occurs. At the scale of the town, the buildings are of varying heights, and wind
pavilions and towering parapet walls skew the skyline and cast shadows over one another. The
building facades include several projections, such as sunshades and balconies, on the second
Figure 9: Shahajahanabad House's typical section. Parapets are not
constructed toward the courtyard in order to facilitate the passage of
cold air into the house. (Source author)
Figure 10: Typical section of homes in Shahjahanabad. A lightweight
structure is built above the huge main building. (Source author)

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floor. The flat portions of the building façade are deeply cut to create finned surfaces at the
lowest level. These uneven surfaces and structures can be thought of as extended surfaces.
As a result of their consistent ability to promote convective heat transmission to air, such
surfaces are frequently employed in engineering applications where a higher heat transfer rate
is required. Extended surfaces increase the amount of heat lost from buildings, which is
undesirable in cold climates. (V. Gupta, 1985) However, in a hot area where the sun is the
main source of heat, sunlight exposed areas will be cooler than basic surfaces. In the evening,
as the ambient air begins to cool, the expanded surface will cool down more quickly than a
simple surface. A lengthy, continually shadowed surface will, however, warm up more quickly
than a plain surface under the same conditions. In Jaisalmer, textured surfaces are only present
on the upper portion of building facades, which is most likely to be exposed to sunlight. The
east and west facades, which are shaded, are made up entirely of plain walls, as are the lower
portions of the north and south facades. In a town, there will inevitably be exceptions when
ornate carved surfaces are used in completely shadowed locations just for their decorative
effect. Clearly, the use of decoratively carved surfaces is not constrained just by the
requirement for sun protection.
It should be noted that thin walls are the only ones for whom the cooling impact of surface
texture is beneficial. Due to their ability to level out thermal loads, thick walls constructed of
materials like brick, stone, or mud can limit heat uptake from solar radiation even in the
absence of surface texture. The texture-covered walls of Jaisalmer are barely 50 mm thick,
compared to the 450 mm to 600 mm thick huge walls.(HImanish Das, 2013)
2.3.3.2 Uneven Building form
The amount of heat that radiates from a building to the sky can also be affected by its uneven
shape. The radiative component is often neglected in calculations of heat loss from walls since
it is anticipated that walls will "see" other walls at the same temperature and that the amount
of radiative heat loss will be extremely little. This assumption is not necessarily true, as shown
by the fact that the additional wall area of an uneven building mass emits more heat to the sky,
keeping it colder than a more compact mass. It follows that the Jaisalmer's huge wall sections
and uneven architectural design should aid in keeping the structure cool. (V. Gupta, 1985)

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2.4 Passive cooling techniques

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Reference ((N. Gupta, 2017), (Thakur et al., 2021), (kaur, n.d.))
2.5 Building Construction
There are two types of stone that are frequently utilized in construction in Jaisalmer. Walls
that are at least 0.45 meters thick are constructed from light yellowish sandstone. Better-
quality construction uses correct, mortar-free joints and stone that has been dressed. Iron
cramps or stone keys carved into the blocks themselves hold the individual stones together.
The stone is stripped and the partitions are built with dust mortar and finished with dust,
plaster withinside the houses of the much less fortunate. Limestone panels 50 mm thick are
used as wall elements at top ground levels in which the constructing facade protrudes. These
have intricated geometric carvings that, when viewed from
the exterior of the building, resemble latticework (jali). Both the sandstone used in building
and the limestone used for carving are light in color and offer a long-lasting natural gloss.
Roofs and floors are built using two different methods. The traditional method is putting
wooden beams tightly spaced apart (Fig. 10), overlaying them with a layer of reed or grass
matting, after which masking that with a thick layer of dirt (between 0.45 and 0.60 meters). In
some later homes, stone slabs have taken the place of beams because it is difficult to find
wood in the desert. In every instance, only mud plaster is used to finish the roof and floor.
Given the low rainfall, there is no issue with water seepage.
2.5.1 Construction details
No mortar is utilized in Jaisalmer's havelis; instead, the structure's support came from the
friction and gravity between the column and floor, beam, and column. Tenon and mortise or
dowel joints were used on columns (similar to construction of Gujarat havelis in timber).
Sandstone is utilized to construct the structure, and limestone is used for sculpting. Yellow
Figure 11: Typical roof section

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sandstone possesses qualities that are similar to those of wood, and it even has a texture akin
to wood. (Shikha Jain, 2004) Similar red sandstone and lime mortar construction may be seen
in the havelis in Bikaner and Jodhpur. The large yellow sandstone blocks used to build the
Jaisalmer havelis are replaced with thinner panels of limestone in the regions with more
complex carvings.
Prefabricated panels are put together without the need of mortar using iron cramps or stone
keys. Building components can easily be changed thanks to this construction style. It is simple
to swap out the prefabricated unit for another one. The limestone portions are around 2" thick,
while the masonry panels can be up to 1'6" thick. The ceilings are made out of wood. The
masonry columns support the beams, which have a ten-to-twelve-foot span. Masonry brackets
that project from the columns is used to extend spans. While the base floor is made of
sandstone, the upper stories' flooring is lined with cow dung and mud plaster. (Shikha Jain,
2004)
The side and back walls are made of plane ashlar, while the foundations are made of random
rubble. These spans impose a bay structure that is the same size as a timber building. The
havelis in Patwa and Nathmal were built by Muslim locals. Geometric designs, foliated
scrolls, and bird motifs are a few examples of variations in stone carving. In the Marwar
region, the plinths are frequently tall and include storage spaces at their bases.
For cooling purposes, the timber covering in Jaisalmer has a foot of sand on top. The majority
of havelis include wooden ceilings and rafters. For timber work, kejri and babul wood were
used. Internal walls are finished with sweet lime. Lattice work contains geometric shapes
including octagons, hexagons, and checks.
Figure 12: Sketch of
section of wall
(Referred from (Shikha
Jain, 2004))

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2.6 Thermal performance of buildings
Building thermal performance, the observed temperature variations for summer and winter
conditions as shown in Figures 12. (a) and (b) serve as a depiction for the thermal performance
of the typical haveli building (b) (Krishan, 1996) The outcomes are:
 The haveli has excellent thermal performance; In a building of this type, the maximum
temperature variation on the ground floor was 3.0°C, while the outdoor temperature
variation was in the range of 15°C. The highest indoor temperature was 8 to 9 degrees
Celsius cooler than the corresponding outdoor temperature.
 The building warms up as a result of the ventilation fenestrations, which are typically
left open all day, but they enhanced air flow, giving a more sensible level of comfort.
 The heat flux coming into the structure is reduced because of the mixed results of an
extended time lag and a minor decrement factor.
 Even in calm weather, airflow is maintained throughout the structure thanks to the
courtyard system.
 The buildings receive the least amount of radiation from direct solar exposure because
of shadow patterns. This helps to lower the height heat flow into the building within
the summer. Even once the sun' lower height prevents direct daylight penetration
throughout the winter, the structure maintains a snug temperature.
2.7 Built structure and micro climate
Interaction exists among the constructed surroundings and the microclimate. As much as the
microclimate can affect the structures' thermal performance, the buildings also have an impact
on the microclimate around them. According to the ambient daytime temperature,
Figure 13: “(a) Winter temperature
profile: typical (Vyas) house.
(b)Summer temperature profile:
typical (Vyas) house,
Jaisaimer.”(Source (Krishan, 1996))

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temperatures have been recorded in various locations in Jaisalmer. These measurements show
that the summertime street temperatures were lower during the day and at night. In contrast to
winter, when it was 2 °C hotter, the highest street temperature was 2.5 to 3.5 °C lower than the
surrounding conditions. Winter nighttime temperatures were reduced by 3 to 5 °C, while
summer nighttime temperatures were reduced by 1.5 to 3.5 °C. (Krishan, 1996)
This demonstrates how the street's response to the environment affects the microclimate in a
positive way both in summer and in the winter. The high velocity and high temperature
daytime wind are eliminated by the tightly packed street's small looping design and direction.

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3.CASE STUDIES

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3.1 Streetscape
Location: Jaisalmer
Figure 14: City layout(Source (Krishan,
1996)
Figure 15: Fort Street layout (Source
(Krishan, 1996)
Figure 16: Streets of
Jaisalmer (Source Author)

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In order to offer a shaded, cool environment for pedestrians and social activities at the streets,
constructing heights is often better than roadway widths. In order to offer a shaded, cool
environment for pedestrians and social activities at the streets, building heights are often better
than roadway widths.
Figure 17: Illustration of
typical streets
characteristics of
Jaisalmer (Source Author)
Figure 18: Streets of Jaisalmer
(Source Author)

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3.2 Nathmal ki Haveli
About the Plan: The structure is divided into two patios; the patio depicted on the façade is
much smaller than the actual patio. The core living cottage is located in the three-story initial
component of the structure. The additional adaption is included in the two-story-tall back
portion.
Figure 19: Back entrance Nathmal ki haveli (Source
author)
Figure 20: Entrance of
Nathmal ki haveli
(Source Google (n.d))
Figure 21: Conceptual Plan Nathmal ki
haveli (Source author)
Figure 22: Conceptual Section Nathmal ki

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Building Form: The entire structure has a concave roof and skewed ceilings with tall parapet
walls and a sweeping wind canopy. Sunshades and balconies are kept in the Eaves at the
forward lay. The external flush units of the structure are sharply carved with flared fins at the
base levels. Spotty building plans also made clear how much heat is lost through walls. The
lumpy building mass scatters more heat to the sky along its elevated wall areas, keeping it
cooler than a more homogenous mass.
Spaces: The family's study space is situated above the doorway on the first level. This lavishly
decorated room has two stories. A great number of little ventilation pockets are located in the
uppermost portion of the space, along with window apertures with wooden shutters facing the
street. Create these apertures to ensure heat expulsion through ventilation. The lower floor was
designed with a strong sway for assets. Due to the fast destruction of the ambient heat curl in
the soil, the coldness of several degrees remained stable throughout the year.
Building Materials: Light sandstone is commonly used for curbs in havelis, with limestone
being applied for the top memories and the front in which it could be fantastically carved. The
stone joints are built without mortar and are firmly held, demonstrating iron tension. Wide
solid walls and clay cement reduce the building's thermal burden.
Windows: Jallis or lattice windows are often properly fitted in windows and balconies.
Windows can be covered with curtains for privacy and to decrease dust, but they can let in
wind at the same time. Stone flounce is used to make doors and is matched with timber doors.
Roofing: A coat of reed or grass is applied to the ceiling along with separated timber beams,
and the tip is then secured with a strip of soil. These are then polished with mud plaster or
stone floor. The inside's cool air conditioning is controlled by the way the dirt and grass are
covered. Without the use of carved mortar details, stone joints are kept together by panel-
mounted iron cramps. (Sofia & Manisha, 2021)
Air duct: Perpendicular ducts and stair shafts lessen the quantity of wind that enters the house
and direct air flow over the courtyards. The Yards provides all of the backdrop areas with the
essential lighting & ventilation. During the summer, the back courtyard receives no shade at
all, while the façade receives little sunshine. The sun is completely blocked out from the trail
and thin shafts. The vertical channel's differential heating ensures continuous movement over
the home.
Figure 23: Depiction of windows
functionality (Source author)

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Figure 24: Conceptual
section of front portion
(Source author)
Figure 25: Social factors that can be
observed in building (Source author)
Figure 26: Internal courtyard
Zenana and Mardana of Nathmal ki

32
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Figure 27: Detailing in Nathmal

33
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
3.3 Patwaon ki haveli
The havelis were essentially enormous residences for both the public and employees. These
are airy buildings that were built around one or more courtyards. To block the glaring sun and
sweltering wind and to preserve the privacy inside, the front façade of the havelis had modest
apertures. There are no outside windows on the havelis except for the front façade, reflecting
the introverted nature of the society's traditional needs. To protect the privacy, there was
typically a courtyard for men and the general public and another for women.
Figure 28: Patwaon ki haveli (Source author)
Figure 29: Plan and section of haveli
showing wind pavilion and shaft
(Source author)

34
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
The haveli is rectangular in shape and is aligned from north west to south east. Three main
floors, two wind pavilions, and a basement floor make up the six stories of the havelis. A
central courtyard exists. A wind shaft is created by the two linked stairs. Stone makes
comprised the havelis' roof, walls, and interior spaces. The lower stories have balconies and
jharokha to give shade. For directing wind away from the built form, there are small vertical
ducts and staircase shafts available.
Figure 30: Sections showing radiation control and night ventilation
(Source author)
Figure 31: Views in Patwaon ki haveli
(Source author)
Figure 32: Conceptual sketch of
courtyard (Source author)

35
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
The courtyard is a crucial tool for reducing the heat inside the house. In the summer and
winter, it behaves differently.
Jharokha are utilized to provide shade and lessen the intensity of the sun. Jali is added to it for
the air circulation in order to improve performance. The intake of solar radiation into the
building is decreased by shade mechanisms like chajjas. The section provides an example of
how solar radiation enters a building during the summer and winter solstices.
A wall with a dark texture has a shadow on a part of the surface. This keeps the sunlit surface
cooler and cools faster at night.
By compressing the air that passes through the holes in the jali, the temperature is lowered. It
is created by variety of patterns and textures
Figure 33: Conceptual
sketch of
Jharokha(Source
author)
Figure 34: Wall
texture (Source
author)
Figure 35: Air
movement
through
jali(Source
author)

36
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Figure 36: Internal courtyard Figure 37: View from street corner
Figure 38: Interior of
Patwaon ki haveli (Source
author)

37
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
.
3.4 Rajkumari Ratnavati Girl’s school
Location: Salkha, Rajasthan
Project type: School
Area: 9000 square feet
Architect: Diana Kellogg Architects
Client: CITTA Foundation
A non-profit agency that helps improvement in a number of the world's maximum
economically difficult, distant, or disenfranchised places, CITTA commissioned Diana
Figure 39: Rajkumari Ratnavati school Top
view (Source Vinay Pajwani)
Figure 40: Rajkumari Ratnavati school
Bird eye view (Source Vinay Pajwani)

38
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Kellogg of Diana Kellogg Architects to create the architectural marvel known as the
Rajkumari Ratnavati Girl's School.
Given the excessive barren region environment, Kellogg's layout group focused on sustainable
additives and dependent on the ellipse-formed construction to dam sunlight, maximize air waft
and wind throughout the collection of 10 classrooms, and additionally make use of a passive
solar cooling technique. The team additionally constructed a rooftop sun cover with a metallic
framework that powers the indoors lighting fixtures and enthusiasts and doubles as a jungle
fitness center for the children with the use of conventional local water harvesting strategies to
assist the school harness treasured rainwater.
Figure 41: Plan of Rajkumari Ratnavati school
(Source Dkarchitects)
Figure 42: AXO view of Rajkumari Ratnavati
school (Source Dkarchitects)

39
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Figure 43: West-Elevation of Rajkumari Ratnavati
School (Source Dkarchitects)
Figure 44: South Elevation of Rajkumari Ratnavati
School (Source Dkarchitects)
Figure 45: Wall Details Rajkumari
Ratnavati school (Source Vinay
Pajwani)
Figure 46: Internal View Rajkumari
Pajwani)

40
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
The Rajkumari Ratnavati Girl's School was constructed entirely from hand-carved Jaisalmer
sandstone by regional artisans. For Kellogg, it was crucial that the community be represented
in a structure created for the community. Infrastructure made from locally sourced materials
reduced carbon emissions, and Kellogg decided to install a solar canopy on the roof to provide
cooling when temperatures near 120 degrees. The elliptical shape of the building contributes
to sustainability by bringing elements that create a cooling panel of airflow while also keeping
the heat out thanks to the canopy and jalis.
Every attempt was made to create an economically sound shape as it turned into built for a
non-income business enterprise that helps the training of girls, consistent with a assertion from
Kellogg. In line with the Jaisalmer sandstone, she tells RECORD, "I knew I desired to make a
constructing that each included and advanced out of the herbal landscape. I changed into
additionally committed to sustainability and using the stone in a current way to spotlight the
neighborhood artisans."
Figure 47: Staircase Details of Rajkumari
Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani)
Figure 48: Courtyard Partition Wall of
Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source
Vinay Pajwani)
Figure 49: Internal view of courtyard
Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source
Vinay Pajwani)

41
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Figure 50: Front View of Rajkumari
Pajwani)
Figure 51: Side View of Rajkumari
Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani)
Figure 52: Roof View of Rajkumari Ratnavati
School (Source Vinay Pajwani)
Figure 53: Future plan of Rajkumari Ratnavati
School (Source Diana Kellogg Architects)

42
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
4.COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

43
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE

44
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE

45
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
5. INFERENCE

46
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
5.1 Results and discussions
 Any building design should priorities natural ventilation since it produces a powerful
passive cooling method. This promotes energy conservation by reducing the need on
artificial cooling methods.
 Reducing the use of artificial lighting is achieved by allowing natural light into
buildings. As a result, the heat produced by artificial illumination reduces, leading to
an indirect kind of passive cooling.
 Because of the overhead sun, east and west walls should have vertical shadings while
south facing walls should have horizontal shadings.
 Longwave terrestrial radiation is unrelated to altitude, while incoming shortwave
radiation decreases in proportion to the typical rate of change. As a result, radiant
cooling becomes more valuable.
 Designing a courtyard: As the temperature differential between the air and sky gets
smaller, cooling power also gets smaller.
 Trombe's outer walls (thick thermal mass) cause the decrement factor to decrease,
resulting in a time lag. Old structures have strong structures suitable for passive
cooling. This mass serves as a heat storage medium and as an insulator. (N. Gupta,
2017)
5.2 Recommendation
The main proposal of this dissertation is to integrate vernacular building techniques and design
principles into contemporary architecture and future creations and to focus research less on the
historical context of vernacular structures and more on the aspects of environmental
sustainability that these principles help to enhance.
There needs to be a social shift in how individuals live in their homes. Involvement and
control over their thermal comfort must increase. According to the new urbanism movement,
for instance, "people do not want to feel that their homes are technology instruments to live in,
but rather special spaces that stimulate social contact, connection with the environment, and
proximity to facilities." Restoring social elements to housing entails making streets smaller,
eliminating isolation as seen in the suburbs, and encouraging direct connection between
Neighbour's. People become more attached to homes and their sense of place is strengthened
by designing buildings that make better use of the vernacular.
Vernacular building techniques can assist in maintaining thermal comfort while using fewer
resources, both environmentally and economically. The following psychrometric chart shows
the relationship between human comfort zone and dew point, dry bulb, wet bulb and relative
humidity. The graph illustrates climatic conditions where traditional building techniques such
as solar heating, evaporative cooling, natural ventilation and high mass cooling would be most
efficient. (Szoboszlai, 2015)

47
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Lastly, architectural, geographic, and environmental education curricula have to consist of
vernacular constructing techniques and their capability application in future cutting-edge
sustainable buildings. This will assist us younger experts apprehend the price of those
techniques and shift their interest far from superior technological structures that use a whole
lot of electricity to carry out fundamental cooling and heating functions.
5.3 Limitations/ Challenges
A vernacular building's architectural shape and materials may be used to decide its climatic
region; however, this doesn't continually mean that it gives a year-spherical environmental
performance. Houses, specifically the ones in hotter climates, can be well-designed to live
cool withinside the summertime season however now no longer as successfully withinside the
winter, necessitating using different power sources. The fact that temperature is only one of
many factors that have significantly influenced vernacular architecture over the course of
centuries of evolution presents another major obstacle. It is therefore difficult to determine
whether aspects were influenced by societal and cultural factors, technological limitations,
material availability, or climate. (Szoboszlai, 2015) Furthermore, there are distinctions
between architecture and buildings. There is an elitist attitude toward architecture and how it is
used because it is more frequently seen as an art form. Through this architectural lens, many
studies of vernacular buildings have been conducted, although these studies have only covered
high class luxury residences and have excluded traditional peasant housing. (Szoboszlai, 2015)
5.4 Conclusion
5.4.1 Based on study
 It has been determined that passive cooling techniques such as ventilation, window,
and wall coverings, natural cross-ventilation, trees, water features, courtyards, and
Figure 54: Psychometric Chart displaying layout
techniques in reaction to environmental
conditions. (Source (Szoboszlai, 2015))

48
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
verandahs are in particular success at retaining the consolation stage of the indoor
climate.
 The most common and powerful passive cooling strategies utilized in Indian
vernacular structures encompass indigenous planning, courtyards, landscaping,
neighborhood materials, sliding screens, and Trombe walls.
 It has been found that integrating the evaporative cooling concept with wind towers
can lessen the indoor room temperature through 12–17 C.
 Using a Trombe wall, thermal insulation, and cool roof collectively can bring about
financial savings of 46% and 80% withinside the winter and summer, respectively.
 By 9.6 °C, evaporative cooling can lower the temperature inside.
 The room temperature can be lowered by 6 °C using only solar shading strategies.
(Click here to enter text. N. Gupta, 2017)
5.4.2 Comment
Instead of studying vernacular architecture from the perspective of environmental
sustainability, researchers and scholars have a propensity to do it from a historical and
anthropological perspective. Vernacular technologies' methods, forms, and designs were
disregarded in Favour of climate-inappropriate, energy-intensive structures. The economic
outcomes of incorporating vernacular building designs into current systems consist of a long-
time period of financial savings on aid expenses and application bills, the improvement of
neighborhood markets to deliver neighborhood materials, the introduction of specialized jobs
to aid the industry, possibilities for retrofitting present housing, and expanded tourism and
assets values because of the addition of a cultural detail to systems. The benefits for the
environment include tackling issues like resource depletion, land use, and greenhouse gas
emissions. Expanding the tree canopy and creating additional green space around buildings
will also increase their aesthetic value and lessen the urban heat island effect. The population
may have to get the right of entry to cheaper and handy green homes, in addition to greater
network integration, participation in outside activities, ties to cultural heritage, and feeling of
area and identity.
Very few examples of those principles being implemented to modern "widespread buildings"
may be found, that's unexpected given the quality and variety of vernacular architectural
knowledge. This thesis advocates realistically turning to the past for guidance for the future.
Additionally, it is understood that there are a few restrictions, along with how using dwellings
has evolved over time. Today, people utilize them for many different things, including as
sleeping, working, and unwinding. All year-round, they're applied constantly and sporadically.
People want and expect privacy, light, and sparkling air. Due to the consistent extrude in those
needs and situations, vernacular techniques will nonetheless want to be more desirable with
cutting-edge technology. In conclusion, integrating suitable vernacular constructing strategies
with current technology will keep resources, enhance culture, create a more experience of
place, and make residing situations more comfortable for future generations.

49
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
6. REFRENCES

50
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Bera, A. T. (n.d.-a). THINK INDIA JOURNAL An Overview Of Vernacular Architecture In
India.
Bera, A. T. (n.d.-b). THINK INDIA JOURNAL An Overview Of Vernacular Architecture In
India.
Gupta, N. (2017). Exploring passive cooling potentials in Indian vernacular architecture. In
Journal of Buildings and Sustainability (Vol. 2, Issue 1). www.insightcore.com
Gupta, V. (n.d.). INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE AND NATURAL COOLING VINOD
GUPTA Assistant Professor of Architecture School of Planning & Architecture New
Delhi.
Gupta, V. (1985). Natural cooling systems of Jaisalmer. Architectural Science Review, 28(3),
58–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.1985.9696577
HImanish Das. (2013). jasailmer haveli. Proquest LLC.
Indraganti, M. (2018). India: Bio-climatism in vernacular architecture. In Sustainable Houses
and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (pp. 47–58). Springer Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8465-2_5
kaur, H. (n.d.). THINK INDIA JOURNAL RAJPUTANA STRUCTURES: A SYMBOL OF
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE.
Krishan, A. (1996). The habitat of two deserts in India: hot-dry desert of Jaisalmer (Rajasthan)
and the cold-dry high altitude mountainous desert of Leh (Ladakh). In Energy and
Buildings (Vol. 23).
Krishan, A., Jain, K., & Tewari, P. (n.d.). Indigenous Architecture of Two Indian Deserts and
Modern Climatic Responsive Solutions.
Shikha Jain. (2004). Havelis living tradition of Rajasthan. Shubhi Publications.
Sofia, M., & Manisha, M. (2021). Indigenous Architecture of Havelis in Rajasthan.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. www.irjet.net
Szoboszlai, L. (2015). VERNACULAR BUILDING DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MODERN
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT, TEMPERATE, AND COLD REGIONS.
Thakur, N., Parashar, D., Chidambaram, C., & Dharwal, M. (2021). Climate responsive
strategy matrix for designing buildings in India. Nature Environment and Pollution
Technology, 20(3), 1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2021.V20I03.009

51
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
List Of Figures
Figure 1: Climatic Zone map of India (Bera, n.d.-a)..................................................................7
Figure 2: Eco chart of Jaisalmer (Krishan, 1996) ......................................................................9
Figure 3: Settlement pattern of Jaisalmer (Krishan et al., n.d.)................................................10
Figure 4: Street layout (Source author)....................................................................................10
Figure 5: Sun path diagram (Source: TERI, Rajasthan)...........................................................11
Figure 6: Small houses in Jaisalmer (V. Gupta, 1985).............................................................12
Figure 7: Middle income houses in Jaisalmer (V. Gupta, 1985)..............................................12
Figure 8: Typical haveli (Krishan, 1996).................................................................................12
Figure 9: Shahajahanabad House's typical section. Parapets are not constructed toward the
courtyard in order to facilitate the passage of cold air into the house. (Source author)...........13
Figure 10: Typical section of homes in Shahjahanabad. A lightweight structure is built above
the huge main building. (Source author)..................................................................................13
Figure 11: Typical roof section................................................................................................16
Figure 12: Sketch of section of wall (Referred from (Shikha Jain, 2004))..............................18
Figure 13: “(a) Winter temperature profile: typical (Vyas) house. (b)Summer temperature
profile: typical (Vyas) house, Jaisaimer.”(Source (Krishan, 1996))........................................18
Figure 14: City layout(Source (Krishan, 1996)........................................................................21
Figure 15: Fort Street layout (Source (Krishan, 1996).............................................................21
Figure 16: Streets of Jaisalmer (Source Author)......................................................................21
Figure 17: Illustration of typical streets characteristics of Jaisalmer (Source Author)............22
Figure 18: Streets of Jaisalmer (Source Author)......................................................................22
Figure 19: Back entrance Nathmal ki haveli (Source author)..................................................23
Figure 20: Entrance of Nathmal ki haveli (Source Google (n.d))............................................23
Figure 21: Conceptual Plan Nathmal ki haveli (Source author) ..............................................23
Figure 22: Conceptual Section Nathmal ki haveli (Source author) .........................................23

52
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Figure 23: Depiction of windows functionality (Source author) .............................................24
Figure 24: Conceptual section of front portion (Source author) ..............................................25
Figure 25: Social factors that can be observed in building (Source author) ............................25
Figure 26: Internal courtyard Zenana and Mardana of Nathmal ki haveli (Source author).....25
Figure 27: Detailing in Nathmal haveli (Source author)..........................................................26
Figure 28: Patwaon ki haveli (Source author)..........................................................................27
Figure 29: Plan and section of haveli showing wind pavilion and shaft (Source author)........27
Figure 30: Sections showing radiation control and night ventilation (Source author).............28
Figure 31: Views in Patwaon ki haveli (Source author) ..........................................................28
Figure 32: Conceptual sketch of courtyard (Source author) ....................................................28
Figure 33: Conceptual sketch of Jharokha(Source author) ......................................................29
Figure 34: Wall texture (Source author) ..................................................................................29
Figure 35: Air movement through jali(Source author).............................................................29
Figure 36: Internal courtyard....................................................................................................30
Figure 37: View from street corner..........................................................................................30
Figure 38: Interior of Patwaon ki haveli (Source author) ........................................................30
Figure 39: Rajkumari Ratnavati school Top view (Source Vinay Pajwani)............................31
Figure 40: Rajkumari Ratnavati school Bird eye view (Source Vinay Pajwani).....................31
Figure 41: Plan of Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Dkarchitects) ...................................32
Figure 42: AXO view of Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Dkarchitects).........................32
Figure 43: West-Elevation of Rajkumari Ratnavati School (Source Dkarchitects).................33
Figure 44: South Elevation of Rajkumari Ratnavati School (Source Dkarchitects)................33
Figure 45: Wall Details Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani) .......................33
Figure 46: Internal View Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani) .....................33
Figure 47: Staircase Details of Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani) ............34
Figure 48: Courtyard Partition Wall of Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani)34
Figure 49: Internal view of courtyard Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani) .34
Figure 50: Front View of Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani).....................35
Figure 51: Side View of Rajkumari Ratnavati school (Source Vinay Pajwani) ......................35
Figure 52: Roof View of Rajkumari Ratnavati School (Source Vinay Pajwani).....................35

53
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
Figure 53: Future plan of Rajkumari Ratnavati School (Source Diana Kellogg Architects)...36
Figure 54: Psychometric Chart displaying layout techniques in reaction to environmental
conditions. (Source (Szoboszlai, 2015)) ..................................................................................42

54
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE IN
HOT-DRY CLIMATE
by Vinod Kumar
Submission date: 29-Jun-2022 10:49AM (UTC+0530)
Submission ID: 1364317066
File name: report_complete.pdf (3.38M)
Word count: 6942
Character count: 42685

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