Dynamics
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The document discusses mechanics and dynamics. It begins by defining mechanics as a branch of physics dealing with the behavior of physical bodies under forces or displacements. Dynamics is identified as the branch of mechanics concerned with the effects of forces on motion, especially external forces. The document goes on to provide information on internal forces, types of fundamental forces, Newton's laws of motion, and concepts such as inertia, mass, and equilibrium. It includes examples of applying dynamics concepts to problems involving forces.
Dynamics
- 1. Mechanics Mechanics is a branch of physics concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements also it deals with matter and investigates energy. Mechanics is divided into three branches: 1- Statics 2- Kinematics 3- Dynamics In this slide we will discuss 1/21/2014 Dynamics. IB Physics (IC NL) 1
- 2. Dynamics The branch of mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of a body or system of bodies, especially of forces that do not originate within the system itself. That is the external forces and not the internal ones. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 2
- 3. Internal forces These forces generate inside the body due to the interaction between the particles, atoms, molecules or even inside the nucleus. Forces that originate within the object itself They cannot change the object’s velocity 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 3
- 4. Types of forces In nature we have four fundamental forces and all the other forces that you know undergo these four which are in order of strength: 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 4
- 5. Strong force The Strong Force - This force binds neutrons and protons together in the cores of atoms and is a short range force. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 5
- 6. Electromagnetic force Electromagnetic - This acts between electrically charged particles. Electricity, magnetism, and light are all produced by this force and it has an infinite range. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 6
- 7. Weak forces Weak Force - This causes Beta decay (the conversion of a neutron to a proton, an electron and an antineutrino) and various particles (the "strange" ones) are formed by strong interactions but decay via weak interactions. Like the strong force, the weak force is also short range. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 7
- 8. Gravitational force Gravitational - This force acts between all masses in the universe and it has infinite range. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 8
- 9. Table of strength Interaction Relative strength Range Strong 1038 10-15 electromagnetic 1036 ∞ Weak 1025 10-18 gravitational 1 ∞ 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 9
- 10. Unit two: forces In our IB, forces are to be studied from a basic part of view and concerned with external forces; later we might go to forces related to the four preceding forces. External force Any force that results from the interaction between the object and its environment 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 10
- 11. External Forces Def: force is a mechanical action capable of: i. moving a body initially at rest. ii. Changing the motion of a body. iii. Deforming a body. Usually think of a force as a push or pull Vector quantity May be a contact force or a field force Contact forces result from physical contact between two objects Field forces act between disconnected objects Also called “action at a distance” 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 11
- 12. Contact and Field Forces 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 12
- 13. Newton’s First Law If a body is at rest it remains at rest, if it is moving with uniform motion it keeps its uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. 1/21/2014 The net force is defined as the vector sum of all the external forces exerted on the object IB Physics (IC NL) 13
- 14. Equilibrium An object either at rest or moving with a constant velocity is said to be in equilibrium The net force acting on the object is zero (since the acceleration is zero) 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 14
- 15. Condition of equilibrium Fext 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 0 15
- 16. Inertia Is the tendency of an object to resist any attempt to change its state of motion. An object's inertia is directly proportional to its mass; the heavier an object is, the more inertia it has. Hence, a body's mass measures its inertia. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 16
- 17. Mass Is the quantity of matter found in a body. Scalar quantity SI unit is kg 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 17
- 18. Seat Belt Device Illustration of how one type of seat belt operates involving the inertia of a block It protects you when inertia keeps you moving if the driver suddenly applies the brakes. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 18
- 19. Newton’s Second Law If a body is subjected to a force this body accelerates. The force and the acceleration are directly proportional and in the same direction. F and a are both vectors 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 19
- 20. Units of Force SI unit of force is the Newton (N) 1 N = 1 kg.m.s-2 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 20
- 21. Sir Isaac Newton 1642 – 1727 Formulated basic concepts and laws of mechanics Universal Gravitation Calculus Light and optics 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 21
- 22. Horse and Barge The barge mass is 2.00X103 kg o 1 = 30.0 o 2 = 45.0 Values of the forces F1 and F2 are each 600 N Find the x and y resultant forces and associated accelerations 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 22
- 23. Gravitational Force Mutual force of attraction between any two objects Expressed by Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: Fg 1/21/2014 m1 m2 G 2 r G = 6.67 x 10-11 SI IB Physics (IC NL) 23
- 24. Weight The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object of mass m near the Earth’s surface is called the weight w of the object w = m g is a special case of Newton’s Second Law g is the acceleration due to gravity or gravitational field strength. g can also be found from the Law of Universal Gravitation 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 24
- 25. More about weight Weight is not an inherent property of an object mass is an inherent property or mass is invariant. Weight depends upon location. Weight changes with g g= 9.81ms-2 in Paris, 9.83ms-2 at the pole and 9.78ms-2 at the equator. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 25
- 26. Newton’s Third Law If object 1 and object 2 interact, the force exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force exerted by object 2 on object 1. Another version: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Equivalent to saying a single isolated force cannot exist 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 26
- 27. Newton’s Third Law cont. F12 may be called the action force and F21 the reaction force Actually, either force can be the action or the reaction force The action and reaction forces act on different objects Point of application is always the center of mass. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 27
- 28. Some Action-Reaction Pairs is the normal force, the force the table exerts on the TV is always perpendicular to the surface is the reaction – the TV on the table 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 28
- 29. More Action-Reaction pairs is the force the Earth exerts on the object is the force the object exerts on the earth 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 29
- 30. Forces Acting on an Object Newton’s Law uses the forces acting on an object are acting on the object are acting on other objects 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 30
- 31. Applications of Newton’s Laws Assumptions Objects behave as particles Masses of strings or ropes are negligible Interested only in the forces acting on the object 1/21/2014 can ignore rotational motion (for now) can neglect reaction forces IB Physics (IC NL) 31
- 32. Free Body Diagram Must identify all the forces acting on the object of interest Choose an appropriate coordinate system If the free body diagram is incorrect, the solution will likely be incorrect 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 32
- 33. Free Body Diagram, Example The force is the tension acting on the box The tension is the same at all points along the rope are the forces exerted by the earth and the ground 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 33
- 34. Free Body Diagram, final Only forces acting directly on the object are included in the free body diagram Reaction forces act on other objects and so are not included The reaction forces do not directly influence the object’s motion In free body diagrams you can select one point to be the point of application of all the forces acting on the object. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 34
- 35. Solving Newton’s Second Law Problems Read the problem at least once Draw a picture of the system Identify the object of primary interest Indicate forces with arrows Label each force 1/21/2014 Use labels that bring to mind the physical quantity involved IB Physics (IC NL) 35
- 36. Solving Newton’s Second Law Problems Draw a free body diagram Apply Newton’s Second Law If additional objects are involved, draw separate free body diagrams for each object Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object The x- and y-components should be taken from the vector equation and written separately Solve for the unknown(s) 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 36
- 37. Equilibrium revisited. Easier to work with the equation in terms of its components: This could be extended to three dimensions 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 37
- 38. Equilibrium Example – Free Body Diagrams 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 38
- 39. Inclined Planes Choose the coordinate system with x along the incline and y perpendicular to the incline Replace the force of gravity with its components 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 39
- 40. Multiple Objects – Example When you have more than one object, the problem-solving strategy is applied to each object Draw free body diagrams for each object Apply Newton’s Laws to each object Solve the equations 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 40
- 41. Multiple Objects – Example, cont. A fish weights 40.0 N when at rest. Determine the weight when a=2.00 m.s-2 up When a=2.00 m.s-2 down What is the weight if the cable were to break? 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 41
- 42. Multiple Objects – Example, cont. 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 42
- 43. Forces of Friction(not in IB) When an object is in motion on a surface or through a viscous medium, there will be a resistance to the motion This is due to the interactions between the object and its environment This is resistance is called friction 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 43
- 44. More About Friction Friction is proportional to the normal force The force of static friction is generally greater than the force of kinetic friction The coefficient of friction (µ) depends on the surfaces in contact The direction of the frictional force is opposite to the direction of motion The coefficients of friction are nearly independent of the area of contact 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 44
- 45. Static Friction, ƒs Static friction acts to keep the object from moving If F increases, so does ƒs If F decreases, so does ƒs ƒs µ n 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 45
- 46. Kinetic Friction, ƒk The force of kinetic friction acts when the object is in motion ƒk = µ n 1/21/2014 Variations of the coefficient with speed will be ignored IB Physics (IC NL) 46
- 47. Block on a Ramp, Example Axes are rotated as usual on an incline The direction of impending motion would be down the plane Friction acts up the plane Opposes the motion Apply Newton’s Laws and solve equations 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 47
- 48. Connected Objects Apply Newton’s Laws separately to each object The magnitude of the acceleration of both objects will be the same The tension is the same in each diagram Solve the simultaneous equations 1/21/2014 IB Physics (IC NL) 48
- 49. More About Connected Objects Treating the system as one object allows an alternative method or a check Use only external forces 1/21/2014 If treating the system as one object then tension is no more considered and it will be an internal force. The mass is the mass of the system IB Physics (IC NL) 49