EAPP Quarter2 - Module1_ Defending a Stand.pdf
- 1. English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 – Module 1: Defending a Stand 11
- 2. English for Academic and Professional Purposes Grade 11 Quarter 2 – Module 1: Defending a Stand First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Printed in the Philippines by Davao City Division Learning Resources Management Development System (LRMDS) Department of Education – Davao City Division, Region XI Office Address: Elpidio Quirino Ave., Poblacion District, Davao City, 8000 Davao del Sur Telefax: (082) 224-3274, (082) 222-1672 E-mail Address: davao.city@deped.gov.ph Development Team of the Module Writer: April Rose Villa Abrille Editor: Marilyn C. Braganza, Fatima O. Bringas Reviewers: Divilyn M. Rodriguez Illustrator: April Rose Villa Abrille Layout Artist: Angelica M. Mendoza Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz Management Team: Reynaldo M. Guillena Jinky B. Firman Marilyn V. Deduyo Alma C. Cifra Aris B. Juanillo May Ann M. Jumuad
- 3. i English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 – Module 1: Defending a Stand 11
- 4. ii Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the English for Academic and Professional Purposes Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Defending a Stand The activities in this module are arranged sequentially to help the learners understand the topic and develop the desired skill or learning competency. As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Remind the learner that if there are things he/she doesn’t understand, he/she must not hesitate to call for your help and assistance. For the learner: Welcome to the English for Academic and Professional Purposes Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Defending a Stand The activities in this module are arranged sequentially to help you understand the topic and develop the desired skill or learning competency. As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the module. If there are things you don’t understand, do not hesitate to call your facilitator / teacher for assistance. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Do not forget to answer Let us Try before moving on to the other activities in the module. 3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. We hope that you will find meaningful learning as you go through the different activities in this module.
- 5. 1 Let Us Learn This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master effective ways to present and defend your position on an issue supporting it with reasonable arguments and sufficient evidences to fully convince your readers. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module generally deals with the principles of writing a position paper and specifically focuses on: • Lesson 1 – Guidelines in Effectively Defending a Stand After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify effective ways to defend a stand in writing a position paper; 2. list arguments in an organized manner to defend a stand; 3. analyze arguments presented by other writers; 4. present factual evidences or proofs to support each argument; and 5. defend a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments through properly citing factual evidences. Let Us Try PRETEST - Read the following questions. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper. _____1. Which of the following refers to the intellectual process of demonstrating truth or falsehood to support a claim? a. argumentation b. clarification c. declaration d. explanation _____2. What type of opinion does a position paper present? a. available b. considerable c. debatable d. justifiable _____3. Which of the following refers to a position about an issue? a. claim b. evidence c. fallacy d. reason _____4. What connects evidence and claim? a. Fallacy c. proof b. Position d. reason
- 6. 2 _____5. What is the minimal number of supporting pieces needed to make a position statement a strong one? a. one b. two c. three d. four _____6. Which of the following is NOT an example of a credible of information? a. current issues b. personal notes c. scholarly articles d. statistical data _____7. How many sources must be provided when supporting assertions? a. one source c. three sources b. two sources d. no need of any source _____8. David spent two weeks preparing for his topic, and finding evidences to support his stance against not allowing students to use cellphones inside the classroom. What type of report will he be writing? a. Argumentative Paper b. Persuasive Paper c. Position Paper d. Stance Paper _____9. Which of the following statements is NOT true about writing position papers? a. Pick a side when writing a position statement. b. Position statement can work without any alternatives. c. Position statement can be based upon personal opinion. d. Write a conclusion that sums up your stance on the topic. _____10. Which of the following is NOT an example of supporting evidence? a. factual knowledge c. numerous issue b. informed opinion d. personal testimony _____11. Why is a topic like “The Bad Effect of Pollution to the Environment” not a good idea for a position statement? a. It is highly controversial. b. There is nothing to debate about. c. It would take too long to research. d. The topic requires experimental research. _____12. How can you make a position paper strong? a. Be sure to annotate your paper. b. Apply citations and references in the introduction. c. Include only your observation and personal opinion. d. Give an educated opinion with supporting evidences. _____13. Which of the following is NOT true when writing a position? a. The issue should be controversial and arguable. b. Present opinions that readers definitely agree with. c. Opinion should be stated clearly in a thesis statement. d. Objections should be anticipated for a reasonable tone.
- 7. 3 _____14. Which of the following questions doesn’t help in analyzing a argument? a. Can you identify two distinctive positions? b. Does the opinion adhere to everyone’s point of view? c. Is it the real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty? d. Are you personally interested in advocating one of the positions? _____15. Which of the following topics is NOT arguable? a. Smoking deteriorates health. b. Education should be free for everyone. C. The most suitable age to have a right to vote c. The extent by which electronic vehicles become a solution to pollution Lesson 1 Guidelines in Defending a Stand Effectively More often than not, daily conversation includes the challenge of presenting personal opinion and supporting your claim to establish a sensible exchange of information and persuade listeners that you are an effective speaker. The same is true with writing. The need to present your ideas in a manner that is convincing requires enough knowledge and effort of reading and researching just so you could present a sensible paper. Sharing opinion on an issue does not end on stating it but making sure that you take a stand and confidently defend them to convince others of the soundness of your position. This is where you strive to convince readers to accept your opinions as valid and reasonable. To achieve this, you need to balance the use of emotional appeal and intellectual appeal to sway your readers. Let Us Study We have learned that writing a position paper starts with presenting an arguable opinion about an issue, then carefully presenting arguments to further talk about your stand. Thus, you establish sense in your paper. While doing this, we need to keep in mind the importance of addressing all sides of the issue and presenting them in a manner that is easy
- 8. 4 to understand. This way, your readers could appreciate your considerations in taking a side of an issue and eventually convince them that your argument is more reasonable. Activity 1 Word Puzzle Directions: Find all the words hidden in the grid of letters on the word search board. Challenge yourself by completing the task in lesser time. The words you have looked for are not new to you. You have encountered these helpful vocabularies in the previous lesson about writing a position paper. It is not a surprise that you have eyed the words in a lesser time expected. This activity is a great way to refresh your mind of the principles of writing a position paper and get a hold of your urge to share your opinion on issues we are about to come across as we go along with this module. I M R E S S V I D A E R S I T I O N P A E R T G N E G M N T G S E U R E I R O F S O O D R E A S T R E N P O E S U I T C L A I M D R E N T H O I L I O A M D A T V P M T C A U S E S Y T S U E V I D E V A C I E D F I E E H W R T I N H P A R E N A C C I D O R I N N S D L N E J H A F A C T U A L A L O G N E I S O E N G E I Y S U A N A E N E D O E R I N R E V U T L M T A N N T I S U C R E A A E I A L N V A M F R I I R W P C G G S T L E M V T P N T S S T I C I R N P W L E R E C U A I S U G I G E I Y G N I N O S A E R E D L T S I A N Y G S U C A N N T O D N C P A E R T G N V U C O R D R A T M D N O U I N E S E A R V U T R E I G E T S A F C A L S D E F E N D E S P S I G O A M D O R I P C A T N E E T C E A S E D T E E D O A C I E I S O A O C O P I N I O N N A O A A I A E I O U S N T T N W U E S A I D S E S R C D T N Y E O S I G E C F I A R O S I T I O N D E T D E F L I S O E D O R E C F R I I R E C N C A S O A D A E L O E N A E I S S B R N P W L E D E G I N G U R E I S U A S P N T T A H I G O D T I E T E O N A C E N E G S D U P C F I EVIDENCES THESIS POSITION ARGUMENT FACTUAL REASONING CONVINCE DEFEND CLAIM OPINION
- 9. 5 Do Anti- Smoking Ads campaigns really help? We all have seen those scary ads that warn people about the horrible consequences smoking can bring. However, according to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, more than fifteen of every one hundred people in the United States aged 18 and older smoke today. They, too, see those ads. But they simply do not stop them from this dreadful habit. Or do they? Activity 2 Identifying an Issue Directions: Read the short introductory paragraph of a position paper to complete the diagram which follows after the text. What is the issue? What is the possible position of the writer? What is your position?
- 10. 6 Many may agree that writing is not everybody’s cup of tea but with the activity you have just completed, you may reconsider your position on this and start to appreciate how easy it was for you to interact with the text and present your analysis through writing. You may think that for someone to produce a comprehensive written report, a degree in written courses should be earned. Remember that the goal of presenting writing especially presenting your position on an issue is to convince the readers that your arguments are better than the other. Thus, anyone with good reasoning and eagerness to researches can write an effective position paper. This module will help you develop that persuasive skill in writing and guide you in understanding the do’s and don’ts of presenting argument and defending your position with reasonable evidences. Analyzing an Issue and Defending an Argument Make sure that the issue is of genuine controversy and uncertainty. Then start conceptualizing at least two distinct positions. Decide which side are you personally interested in. Lastly, see to it that the scope of the issue is narrow enough to be manageable. Once you have finally established your stance on an issue, the challenge of presenting a strong argument is just beginning to heat up. This time you need to tap on your innate ability to reason out and defend your side. You can do this with the help of comprehensible researches and factual evidences that would strengthen your claim. Ensure that your position is well supported. Listing the pro and con sides of the topic will help you examine your ability to support your counterclaims along with the list of supporting evidences for both sides. Generally, supporting evidence includes the following: Table 1. Supporting Evidences for Counterclaims • Factual Knowledge – information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone • Statistical Inferences – interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts • Informed Opinion – opinion developed through research and/or experiences of the claim • Personal Testimony – personal experience related by a knowledgeable party
- 11. 7 1. Who is your audience? 2. What do they believe? 3. Where do they possibly stand on the issue? 4. How are their interest involved? 5. What evidences is likely to be effective with them? Type of Information Type of Source How to find these sources Introductory information and overviews directories, encyclopedias, handbooks Use the Library catalogue In-depth Studies books, government reports Library Catalogue, Research Index, Government web sites Scholarly articles academic journals Article Indexes Current Issues newspapers, magazines Article Indexes Statistics Government agencies and associations Statistical Researches, Research Index, Journal articles Position papers and Analysis Association and Institute reports Library catalogue, Many of these sources can be located online through electronic database or on the Web. You may be able to retrieve the actual information electronically or you may have to visit the library to find the information in print. You do not have to use all of the above supporting evidence in your paper. This is simply a list of various options available to you. Knowing your Reader Considering your readers in presenting your view point also plays a vital role in convincing them that your argument is valid and defensible. This simply means that you have to know their way of thinking. Understand their background including their beliefs and interests. With this, you can make specific decisions on presenting your arguments. As a result, you could employ appropriate word choice and explain terms accordingly. This will also help you identify effective supporting details you need to convince your readers. In doing so, these guide questions will help you discover information that you can use to build common ground between you and your readers. Moreover, it would be easier for you to narrow your arguments on points of their interest and will surely convince them to be on your side.
- 12. 8 Writing an Argument Arguments should always be carefully defended with good reasoning and supported by plenty of research. Part of learning to write an argument is finding reliable sources or other documents that lend credibility to your position. However, you also need to remind yourself that you will not always win. The goal of an argument is not to win a debate but to make a claim and support it with credible reasoning and evidences. Make sure you will not compromise readers understanding along the process. The diagram below will guide you in effectively presenting your arguments. Study and follow the guide to come up with your own comprehensible argument. •Introduce your topic and the issues surrounding it in the first paragraph of your argument. Express your ideas in simple language to achieve clarity. •Then, start stating your claim or the thesis for your essay. Always use clear and precise language. Your reader needs to understand exactly where you stand on the issue. •Start introducing the points or arguments in support of your claim so your readers will have a clear cut idea as to what will be dicussed further. Introduction •Form a common ground with the readers. There are always two sides to every argument and not everyone will agree with your viewpoint. •Establish the credibility of your claim by presenting valid evidences you have researched. Personal experiences are also a good mixture however, avoid leaning too heavily on these as you want to present an objective argument. •Use position method to convince your reader that your point of argument is right and the other view is worng. •Use proposal method when there is a problematic situation. Body •Restate the arguments you have presented but be cautious on not introducing any new point in your conlcusion. The conclusion should only review the arguments you have offered on the previous paragraphs. Conclusion
- 13. 9 You can also follow this outline to comprehensively present the arguments of your claim: Note: You may have more than 3 overall points to your argument, but you should not have fewer. The mistake of thinking that the content of the paper matters most – thus, the need to present it in a scholarly manner feeds pressure on your skill and may hinder you from creating a good report. Although the importance of content in any written report is not arguable, it may not mean much if the reader would have a hard time understanding the complexity of it. As a result, you may have great ideas in your paper but you are not able to effectively communicate them consequently not receiving a very good remark. In writing, you always need to consider your readers and how they would analyze and interact with your work. Similar to a debate, writing a position paper means presenting your side of an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal is to convince your readers that your opinion is valid and defensible. Once you have decided your position on an issue, relying solely on your opinion is not enough to support your claim. You need to read reliable sources and thoroughly research on the possible arguments you will present. This way, your position appears valid. Moreover, you don’t need to present all arguments you can think of. Decide which among your arguments are the strongest and most logical. Then, look for credible sources to support your argument. Be sure to present arguments on both sides of the issue fairly and objectively. Show that you have seriously considered the many sides of the issue and that you are not simply attacking an opponent. Your Argument A. Assert your point #1 of your claims 1. Give your educated and informed opinion 2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably 3) B. Assert your point #2 of your claims 1. Give your educated and informed opinion 2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably 3) C. Assert your point #3 of your claims 1. Give your educated and informed opinion 2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably 3)
- 14. 10 Skeptical readers will have their own beliefs and points of view and you need to be prepared to counter those ideas. Make sure to review the opposing side of the argument in conducting your research. Remember that for opposing readers to give up their position, they must see how your position is more reasonable than their own. Addressing the opposing point of view and demonstrating how your own claim is stronger will neutralize their argument. While failing to address a non-coinciding view weakens the persuasive power of your paper and leaves a reason for your readers to disagree with you. Organize your arguments and arrange your evidences logically. You may present your arguments starting from the specific information then create a general conclusion. Otherwise, present a general position and branch out to specific information that would further your claim. Study your arguments and check for fallacies or errors. Eliminate them for these will weaken your argument. Avoid using fancy words and extravagant images thinking that your paper would sound more intelligent. In fact, this could create confusion to your readers. It is advisable that you use choose clear words and be precise in the expression of your ideas as possible. Establish logical connections between arguments. The use of transitional devices helps convey information clearly and concisely. The following are some of the many transitional devices to help you organize your arguments: LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS Similarity also, in the same way, just as… so too, likewise, similarly Exception/Contrast but, however, in spite of, on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet Sequence/Order first, second, third… next, then, finally Time after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, meanwhile, now, subsequently, then, recently Example for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate Emphasis even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly Place/Position above, below, beyond, here, adjacent, nearby, there Cause and effect accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus Additional Support/Evidence In addition, again, also, as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, moreover, then
- 15. 11 Conclusion/Summary Finally, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in the end, in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to conclude, to summarize, in summary Let Us Practice Activity 3 Identifying Arguments Directions: Read the text below. Then, complete the chart which follows by writing the issue on the circle and the supporting arguments on the squares. Should homework be mandatory? I can almost see many students nodding along with me as I ask this question. Younger generations overloaded with home tasks and numerous assignments have already raised this issue many times. Yet, homework remains mandatory. Is it fair or should it be canceled? I believe that homework should not be viewed as a mandatory part of education for several reasons. First, students spend seven hours every single work day at school. That is a huge chunk of life, and with homework added on top of these hours, a child is left with no time to live his life to the fullest, socialize, or grow in other areas. Second, sitting at your desk solving problems does no good to your health. There is a great need to go out with friends and socialize. Do other physical activities like walking, riding bicycle, or engaging to various sports. Otherwise, they may be very smart but surprisingly weak physically. Another argument against this position is that homework is not always the best way to obtain knowledge quality-wise. Students ten to ask their parents or siblings for help whenever facing difficulties. Busy parents spend extra time explaining school materials or solving problems themselves aiming to have more time for family, not lessons. As a result, the child will have the homework done but that’s not really his work. So, the whole idea of dedication time to self-education is lost here. Finally, knowing that after classes you would still have to work at home makes students less concentrated at school. This result in short attention spans and difficulty to concentrate on something for too long. All in all, homework should rather be an option. Students understanding that they are left behind at some subjects will take their time to go over the material at home. However, in other cases, they should have time after school for other activities. -Cheiefessays.net-
- 16. 12 Activity 4 Evaluating the Text Directions: Briefly reread the given text and analyze it by answering the following questions. State your answer in not more than 5 sentences. 1. How does the position paper begin? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. How would you describe the style and approach in presenting the ideas? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. How are the supporting details presented? Are there evidences to support the arguments? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Has the writer achieved his/her purpose?
- 17. 13 _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Let Us Practice More Activity 5 Search for Evidence Directions: Improve the given sample position paper in the previous activity by providing valid and reliable evidences. Search for credible sources on the web, journals, scholarly articles, statistical data, and others alike. Rewrite the arguments and effectively defend them with the evidences you have gathered. Should homework be mandatory?
- 18. 14 Let Us Remember Activity 6 Fill in the Blanks Directions: The following are the general guidelines in defending an argument in writing a position paper. Based on what you have just learned, supply the missing words to complete the given guidelines. Choose the words from the box below. positions valid controversial debatable readers counterarguments research evidences weaknesses fallacies new defensible 1. Make sure the issue is ________________, current and relevant. 2. Begin the writing process by conducting an in-depth ________________ on the issue. 3. Be aware of the various ________________ and objectively present both sides. 4. Reflect on your arguments and identify its ________________. 5. Cite ________________ and credible sources to establish the credibility of your arguments. 6. Analyze your target ________________ and align your arguments to their beliefs, needs, interests, and motivations. 7. Summarize the other sides ________________ and refute them. 8. Use various ________________ to support your arguments and establish the credibility of your position. 9. Check for argument ________________ and eliminate them. 10. Restate all your arguments to conclude but avoid introducing ________________ points.
- 19. 15 Let Us Assess Activity 7 Identifying Good Practices in Taking a Stand Direction: Put check (√ ) if the practice is good and ( x ) if not. _____1. Ella solely uses personal opinions in supporting her arguments. _____2. Jonathan restates his position in the concluding paragraph. _____3. Andrew says that the issue is a crucial component of a position paper. _____4. Jennifer conducts an audience analysis to help her write a more persuasive argument. _____5. Sharon presents her credentials to establish her credibility as a writer. _____6. Alex considers all possible views on the issue at hand. _____7. Brent thinks that an issue is debatable if it cannot be answered by yes or no. _____8. Mr. M believes that the main goal of a position paper is to inform readers. _____9. Nikka uses statistical data in supporting her arguments. _____10. Jasmine uses emotional appeal in all of her position because it is the best way. Activity 8 Post Test Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on the space provided. _____1. Which of the following refers to the intellectual process of demonstrating truth or falsehood to support a claim? a. argumentation b. clarification c. declaration d. explanation _____2. What type of opinion does a position paper present? a. available b. considerable c. debatable d. justifiable _____3. Which of the following refers to a position about an issue? a. claim b. evidence c. fallacy d. reason _____4. What connects evidence and claim? a. fallacy c. proof b. position d. reason _____5. What is the minimal number of supporting pieces needed to make a position statement a strong one? a. one b. two c. three d. four
- 20. 19 _____6. Which of the following is NOT an example of a credible of information? a. current issues b. personal notes c. scholarly articles d. statistical data _____7. How many sources must be provided when supporting assertions? a. one source c. three sources b. two sources d. no need of any source _____8. David spent two weeks preparing for his topic, and finding evidences to support his stance against not allowing students to use cellphones inside the classroom. What type of report will he be writing? a. Argumentative Paper b. Persuasive Paper c. Position Paper d. Stance Paper _____9. Which of the following statements is NOT true about writing position papers? a. Pick a side when writing a position statement. b. Position statement can work without any alternatives. c. Position statement can be based upon personal opinion. d. Write a conclusion that sums up your stance on the topic. _____10. Which of the following is NOT an example of supporting evidence? a. factual knowledge c. numerous issue b. informed opinion d. personal testimony _____11. Why is a topic like “The Bad Effect of Pollution to the Environment” not a good idea for a position statement? a. It is highly controversial. b. There is nothing to debate about. c. It would take too long to research. d. The topic requires experimental research. _____12. Which of the following makes a position paper strong? a. Be sure to annotate your paper. b. Apply citations and references in the introduction. c. Include only your observation and personal opinion. d. Give an educated opinion with supporting evidences. _____13. Which of the following is NOT true when writing a position? a. The issue should be controversial and arguable. b. Present opinions that readers definitely agree with. c. Opinion should be stated clearly in a thesis statement. d. Objections should be anticipated for a reasonable tone. _____14. Which of the following questions doesn’t help in analyzing an argument? a. Can you identify two distinctive positions? b. Does the opinion adhere to everyone’s point of view?
- 21. 20 c. Is it the real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty? d. Are you personally interested in advocating one of the positions? _____15. Which of the following topics is NOT arguable? a. Smoking deteriorates health. b. Education should be free for everyone. c. The most suitable age to have a right to vote d. The extent by which electronic vehicles become a solution to pollution Let Us Enhance Activity 9 Writing Arguments Directions: Read the following issues below. Pick one and decide which position will you stand. Cite at least three (3) arguments and defend them with valid and reliable evidences. Follow the outline you have learned from this module. 1. The educational system of the Philippines has now started to embrace the “new normal” classroom. This means classes are opt to be conducted online and or on any technological medium. As a student, do you believe that conducting online classes is the best way to reconcile learning difficulties now a days? 2. One of the educational challenges in the Philippines is the reality of having cases of the “out of school youth”. Now that we are in the difficult times of COVID 19 pandemic, do you believe that an increase in the number of out of school youth would be one of the many aftermaths we are about to face? Let Us Reflect Writing, in its nature, can be interestingly intimidating; more so, when writing to defend a position. Your mind may start to entertain reasons or excuses for you to consider that you are not an effective writer and that primarily you do not know how to write. However, this module has proven to you that writing is a skill that can be learned and practiced. And, it does not solely focus on the imaginative literary side but also present logical reasoning. Thus, the competencies you learned, and the skills you acquired from this module help you venture on the importance of taking a stand and keenly searching for evidences to support your claim.