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Computer Organization
and Architecture
Designing for Performance
tenth edition
William Stallings
Global
edition

ToTricia
my loving wife, the kindest
and gentlest person

This page intentionally left blank.

7
Foreword 13
Preface 15
About the Author 23
Part One Introduction 25
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Computer Evolution 25
1.1 Organization and Architecture 26
1.2 Structure and Function 27
1.3 A Brief History of Computers 35
1.4 The Evolution of the Intel x86 Architecture 51
1.5 Embedded Systems 53
1.6 Arm Architecture 57
1.7 Cloud Computing 63
1.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 66
Chapter 2 Performance Issues 69
2.1 Designing for Performance 70
2.2 Multicore, Mics, and Gpgpus 76
2.3 Two Laws that Provide Insight:Ahmdahl’s Law and Little’s Law 77
2.4 Basic Measures of Computer Performance 80
2.5 Calculating the Mean 83
2.6 Benchmarks and Spec 91
Part Two The Computer System 104
Chapter 3 A
Top-
Level View of Computer Function and Interconnection 104
3.1 Computer Components 105
3.2 Computer Function 107
3.3 Interconnection Structures 123
3.4 Bus Interconnection 124
3.5
Point-to-Point Interconnect 126
3.6 Pci Express 131
Chapter 4 Cache Memory 144
4.1 Computer Memory System Overview 145
4.2 Cache Memory Principles 152
4.3 Elements of Cache Design 155
4.4 Pentium 4 Cache Organization 173
Appendix 4A Performance Characteristics of Two-
Level Memories 181
Contents

8 Contents
Chapter 5 Internal Memory 189
5.1 Semiconductor Main Memory 190
5.2 Error Correction 198
5.3 DDR Dram 204
5.4 Flash Memory 209
5.5 Newer Nonvolatile
Solid-
State Memory Technologies 211
Chapter 6 External Memory 218
6.1 Magnetic Disk 219
6.2 Raid 228
6.3 Solid State Drives 236
6.4 Optical Memory 241
6.5 Magnetic Tape 246
Chapter 7 Input/Output 252
7.1 External Devices 254
7.2 I/O Modules 256
7.3 Programmed I/O 259
7.4
Interrupt-Driven I/O 263
7.5 Direct Memory Access 272
7.6 Direct Cache Access 278
7.7 I/O Channels and Processors 285
7.8 External Interconnection Standards 287
7.9 IBM zEnterprise EC12 I/O Structure 290
Chapter 8 Operating System Support 299
8.1 Operating System Overview 300
8.2 Scheduling 311
8.3 Memory Management 317
8.4 Intel x86 Memory Management 328
8.5 Arm Memory Management 333
Part Three Arithmetic and Logic 342
Chapter 9 Number Systems 342
9.1 The Decimal System 343
9.2 Positional Number Systems 344
9.3 The Binary System 345
9.4 Converting Between Binary and Decimal 345
9.5 Hexadecimal Notation 348
9.6 Key Terms and Problems 350
Chapter 10 Computer Arithmetic 352
10.1 The Arithmetic and Logic Unit 353
10.2 Integer Representation 354
10.3 Integer Arithmetic 359

Contents 9
10.4
Floating-Point Representation 374
10.5
Floating-Point Arithmetic 382
Chapter 11 Digital Logic 396
11.1 Boolean Algebra 397
11.2 Gates 400
11.3 Combinational Circuits 402
11.4 Sequential Circuits 420
11.5 Programmable Logic Devices 429
11.6 Key Terms and Problems 433
Part Four The Central Processing Unit 436
Chapter 12 Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions 436
12.1 Machine Instruction Characteristics 437
12.2 Types of Operands 444
12.3 Intel x86 and ARM Data Types 446
12.4 Types of Operations 449
12.5 Intel x86 and ARM Operation Types 462
Appendix 12A Little-, Big-, and Bi-Endian 476
Chapter 13 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats 480
13.1 Addressing Modes 481
13.2 x86 and ARM Addressing Modes 487
13.3 Instruction Formats 493
13.4 x86 and ARM Instruction Formats 501
13.5 Assembly Language 506
Chapter 14 Processor Structure and Function 512
14.1 Processor Organization 513
14.2 Register Organization 515
14.3 Instruction Cycle 520
14.4 Instruction Pipelining 524
14.5 The x86 Processor Family 541
14.6 The ARM Processor 548
Chapter 15 Reduced Instruction Set Computers 559
15.1 Instruction Execution Characteristics 561
15.2 The Use of a Large Register File 566
15.3
Compiler-
Based Register Optimization 571
15.4 Reduced Instruction Set Architecture 573
15.5 RISC Pipelining 579
15.6 MIPS R4000 583
15.7 SPARC 589
15.8 RISC versus CISC Controversy 594

10 Contents
Chapter 16
Instruction-
Level Parallelism and Superscalar Processors 599
16.1 Overview 600
16.2 Design Issues 605
16.3 Intel Core Microarchitecture 615
16.4 ARM Cortex-A8 620
16.5 ARM Cortex-M3 628
Part Five Parallel Organization 637
Chapter 17 Parallel Processing 637
17.1 Multiple Processor Organizations 639
17.2 Symmetric Multiprocessors 641
17.3 Cache Coherence and the MESI Protocol 645
17.4 Multithreading and Chip Multiprocessors 652
17.5 Clusters 657
17.6 Nonuniform Memory Access 664
17.7 Cloud Computing 667
Chapter 18 Multicore Computers 680
18.1 Hardware Performance Issues 681
18.2 Software Performance Issues 684
18.3 Multicore Organization 689
18.4 Heterogeneous Multicore Organization 691
18.5 Intel Core i7-990X 700
18.6 ARM Cortex-A15 MPCore 701
18.7 IBM zEnterprise EC12 Mainframe 706
Chapter 19
General-
Purpose Graphic Processing Units 712
19.1 Cuda Basics 713
19.2 GPU versus CPU 715
19.3 GPU Architecture Overview 716
19.4 Intel’s Gen8 GPU 725
19.5 When to Use a GPU as a Coprocessor 728
19.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 730
Part Six The Control Unit 731
Chapter 20 Control Unit Operation 731
20.1
Micro-Operations 732
20.2 Control of the Processor 738
20.3 Hardwired Implementation 748
Chapter 21 Microprogrammed Control 753
21.1 Basic Concepts 754
21.2 Microinstruction Sequencing 763

Contents 11
21.3 Microinstruction Execution 769
21.4 TI 8800 779
Appendix A Projects for Teaching Computer Organization and Architecture 792
A.1 Interactive Simulations 793
A.2 Research Projects 795
A.3 Simulation Projects 795
A.4 Assembly Language Projects 796
A.5 Reading/Report Assignments 797
A.6 Writing Assignments 797
A.7 Test Bank 797
Appendix B Assembly Language and Related Topics 798
B.1 Assembly Language 799
B.2 Assemblers 807
B.3 Loading and Linking 811
B.4 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 819
References 824
Index 833
Credits 857
1
Online chapters, appendices, and other documents are Premium Content, available via the access card
at the front of this book.
Online Appendices1
Appendix C System Buses
Appendix D Protocols and Protocol Architectures
Appendix E Scrambling
Appendix F Victim Cache Strategies
Appendix G Interleaved Memory
Appendix H International Reference Alphabet
Appendix I Stacks
Appendix J Thunderbolt and Infiniband
Appendix K Virtual Memory Page Replacement Algorithms
Appendix L Hash Tables
Appendix M Recursive Procedures
Appendix N Additional Instruction Pipeline Topics
Appendix O Timing Diagrams
Glossary

13
by Chris Jesshope
Professor (emeritus) University of Amsterdam
Author of Parallel Computers (with R W Hockney), 1981 & 1988
Having been active in computer organization and architecture for many years, it is a pleas-
ure to write this foreword for the new edition of William Stallings’ comprehensive book on
this subject. In doing this, I found myself reflecting on the trends and changes in this subject
over the time that I have been involved in it. I myself became interested in computer archi-
tecture at a time of significant innovation and disruption. That disruption was brought about
not only through advances in technology but perhaps more significantly through access to
that technology. VLSI was here and VLSI design was available to students in the classroom.
These were exciting times. The ability to integrate a mainframe style computer on a single
silicon chip was a milestone, but that this was accomplished by an academic research team
made the achievement quite unique. This period was characterized by innovation and diver-
sity in computer architecture with one of the main trends being in the area of parallelism.
In the 1970s, I had
hands-
on experience of the Illiac IV, which was an early example of
explicit parallelism in computer architecture and which incidentally pioneered all semicon-
ductor memory. This interaction, and it certainly was that,
kick-
started my own interest in
computer architecture and organization, with particular emphasis on explicit parallelism in
computer architecture.
Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s research flourished in this field and there was a
great deal of innovation, much of which came to market through university
start-
ups. Iron-
ically however, it was the same technology that reversed this trend. Diversity was gradually
replaced with a near monoculture in computer systems with advances in just a few instruc-
tion set architectures. Moore’s law, a
self-
fulfilling prediction that became an industry guide-
line, meant that basic device speeds and integration densities both grew exponentially, with
the latter doubling every 18 months of so. The speed increase was the proverbial free lunch
for computer architects and the integration levels allowed more complexity and innovation
at the
micro-
architecture level. The free lunch of course did have a cost, that being the expo-
nential growth of capital investment required to fulfill Moore’s law, which once again limited
the access to
state-
of-
the-
art technologies. Moreover, most users found it easier to wait for
the next generation of mainstream processor than to invest in the innovations in parallel
computers, with their pitfalls and difficulties. The exceptions to this were the few large insti-
tutions requiring ultimate performance; two topical examples being
large-
scale scientific
simulation such as climate modeling and also in our security services for code breaking. For
Foreword

14 Foreword
everyone else, the name of the game was compatibility and two instruction set architectures
that benefited from this were x86 and ARM, the latter in embedded systems and the former
in just about everything else. Parallelism was still there in the implementation of these ISAs,
it was just that it was implicit, harnessed by the architecture not in the instruction stream
that drives it.
Throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, this approach to implicitly exploiting con-
currency in
single-
core computer systems flourished. However, in spite of the exponential
growth of logic density, it was the cost of the techniques exploited which brought this era to
a close. In superscalar processors, the logic costs do not grow linearly with issue width (par-
allelism), while some components grow as the square or even the cube of the issue width.
Although the exponential growth in logic could sustain this continued development, there
were two major pitfalls: it was increasingly difficult to expose concurrency implicitly from
imperative programs and hence efficiencies in the use of instruction issue slots decreased.
Perhaps more importantly, technology was experiencing a new barrier to performance
gains, namely that of power dissipation, and several superscalar developments were halted
because the silicon in them would have been too hot. These constraints have mandated the
exploitation of explicit parallelism, despite the compatibility challenges. So it seems that
again innovation and diversity are opening up this area to new research.
Perhaps not since the 1980s has it been so interesting to study in this field. That diver-
sity is an economic reality can be seen by the decrease in issue width (implicit parallelism)
and increase in the number of cores (explicit parallelism) in mainstream processors. How-
ever, the question is how to exploit this, both at the application and the system level. There
are significant challenges here still to be solved. Superscalar processors rely on the processor
to extract parallelism from a single instruction stream. What if we shifted the emphasis and
provided an instruction stream with maximum parallelism, how can we exploit this in dif-
ferent configurations and/or generations of processors that require different levels of expli-
cit parallelism? Is it possible therefore to have a
micro-
architecture that sequentializes and
schedules this maximum concurrency captured in the ISA to match the current configur-
ation of cores so that we gain the same compatibility in a world of explicit parallelism? Does
this require operating systems in silicon for efficiency?
These are just some of the questions facing us today. To answer these questions and
more requires a sound foundation in computer organization and architecture, and this book
by William Stallings provides a very timely and comprehensive foundation. It gives a com-
plete introduction to the basics required, tackling what can be quite complex topics with
apparent simplicity. Moreover, it deals with the more recent developments in this field,
where innovation has in the past, and is, currently taking place. Examples are in superscalar
issue and in explicitly parallel multicores. What is more, this latest edition includes two very
recent topics in the design and use of GPUs for
general-
purpose use and the latest trends in
cloud computing, both of which have become mainstream only recently. The book makes
good use of examples throughout to highlight the theoretical issues covered, and most of
these examples are drawn from developments in the two most widely used ISAs, namely the
x86 and ARM. To reiterate, this book is complete and is a pleasure to read and hopefully
will
kick-
start more young researchers down the same path that I have enjoyed over the last
40 years!

15
What’s New in the Tenth Edition
Since the ninth edition of this book was published, the field has seen continued innovations
and improvements. In this new edition, I try to capture these changes while maintaining a
broad and comprehensive coverage of the entire field. To begin this process of revision, the
ninth edition of this book was extensively reviewed by a number of professors who teach
the subject and by professionals working in the field. The result is that, in many places, the
narrative has been clarified and tightened, and illustrations have been improved.
Beyond these refinements to improve pedagogy and
user-
friendliness, there have been
substantive changes throughout the book. Roughly the same chapter organization has been
retained, but much of the material has been revised and new material has been added. The
most noteworthy changes are as follows:
■
■ GPGPU [
General-
Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)]: One
of the most important new developments in recent years has been the broad adoption
of GPGPUs to work in coordination with traditional CPUs to handle a wide range of

applications involving large arrays of data. A new chapter is devoted to the topic of
GPGPUs.
■
■ Heterogeneous multicore processors: The latest development in multicore architecture
is the heterogeneous multicore processor. A new section in the chapter on multicore
processors surveys the various types of heterogeneous multicore processors.
■
■ Embedded systems: The overview of embedded systems in Chapter 1 has been substan-
tially revised and expanded to reflect the current state of embedded technology.
■
■ Microcontrollers: In terms of numbers, almost all computers now in use are embedded
microcontrollers. The treatment of embedded systems in Chapter 1 now includes cov-
erage of microcontrollers. The ARM
Cortex-
M3 microcontroller is used as an example
system throughout the text.
■
■ Cloud computing: New to this edition is a discussion of cloud computing, with an over-
view in Chapter 1 and more detailed treatment in Chapter 17.
■
■ System performance: The coverage of system performance issues has been
revised, expanded, and reorganized for a clearer and more thorough treatment.
Chapter 2 is devoted to this topic, and the issue of system performance arises through-
out the book.
Preface

16 Preface
■
■ Flash memory: The coverage of flash memory has been updated and expanded,and now
includes a discussion of the technology and organization of flash memory for internal
memory (Chapter 5) and external memory (Chapter 6).
■
■ Nonvolatile RAM: New to this edition is treatment of three important new nonvolatile

solid-
state RAM technologies that occupy different positions in the memory hierarchy:

STT-
RAM, PCRAM, and ReRAM.
■
■ Direct cache access (DCA): To meet the protocol processing demands for very high
speed network connections, Intel and other manufacturers have developed DCA tech-
nologies that provide much greater throughput than traditional direct memory access
(DMA) approaches. New to this edition, Chapter 7 explores DCA in some detail.
■
■ Intel Core Microarchitecture: As in the previous edition, the Intel x86 family is used as
a major example system throughout. The treatment has been updated to reflect newer
Intel systems, especially the Intel Core Microarchitecture, which is used on both PC and
server products.
■
■ Homework problems: The number of supplemental homework problems, with solu-
tions, available for student practice has been expanded.
Support of ACM/IEEE Computer Science Curricula 2013
The book is intended for both an academic and a professional audience. As a textbook,
it is intended as a
one-or
two-
semester undergraduate course for computer science, com-
puter engineering, and electrical engineering majors. This edition is designed to support the
recommendations of the ACM/IEEE Computer Science Curricula 2013 (CS2013). CS2013
divides all course work into three categories:
Core-
Tier 1 (all topics should be included
in the curriculum);
Core-
Tier-
2 (all or almost all topics should be included); and Elective
(desirable to provide breadth and depth). In the Architecture and Organization (AR) area,
CS2013 includes five
Tier-
2 topics and three Elective topics, each of which has a number of
subtopics. This text covers all eight topics listed by CS2013. Table P.1 shows the support for
the AR Knowledge Area provided in this textbook.
Table P.1 Coverage of CS2013 Architecture and Organization (AR) Knowledge Area
IAS Knowledge Units Topics Textbook Coverage
Digital Logic and Digital
Systems (Tier 2)
●
● Overview and history of computer architecture
●
● Combinational vs. sequential logic/Field program-
mable gate arrays as a fundamental combinational
sequential logic building block
●
● Multiple representations/layers of interpretation
(hardware is just another layer)
●
● Physical constraints (gate delays,
fan-
in,
fan-
out,
energy/power)
—Chapter 1
—Chapter 11
Machine Level Represen-
tation of Data (Tier 2)
●
● Bits, bytes, and words
●
● Numeric data representation and number bases
●
●
Fixed-and
floating-
point systems
●
● Signed and
twos-
complement representations
●
● Representation of
non-
numeric data (character
codes, graphical data)
—Chapter 9
—Chapter 10

Preface 17
IAS Knowledge Units Topics Textbook Coverage
Assembly Level Machine
Organization (Tier 2)
●
● Basic organization of the von Neumann machine
●
● Control unit; instruction fetch, decode, and execution
●
● Instruction sets and types (data manipulation,

control, I/O)
●
● Assembly/machine language programming
●
● Instruction formats
●
● Addressing modes
●
● Subroutine call and return mechanisms (
cross-
reference PL/Language Translation and Execution)
●
● I/O and interrupts
●
● Shared memory multiprocessors/multicore
organization
●
● Introduction to SIMD vs. MIMD and the Flynn
Taxonomy
—Chapter 1
—Chapter 7
—Chapter 12
—Chapter 13
—Chapter 17
—Chapter 18
—Chapter 20
—Chapter 21
—Appendix A
Memory System Organi-
zation and Architecture
(Tier 2)
●
● Storage systems and their technology
●
● Memory hierarchy: temporal and spatial locality
●
● Main memory organization and operations
●
● Latency, cycle time, bandwidth, and interleaving
●
● Cache memories (address mapping, block size,
replacement and store policy)
●
● Multiprocessor cache consistency/Using the memory
system for
inter-
core synchronization/atomic mem-
ory operations
●
● Virtual memory (page table,TLB)
●
● Fault handling and reliability
—Chapter 4
—Chapter 5
—Chapter 6
—Chapter 8
—Chapter 17
Interfacing and Commu-
nication (Tier 2)
●
● I/O fundamentals: handshaking, buffering, pro-
grammed I/O,
interrupt-
driven I/O
●
● Interrupt structures: vectored and prioritized, inter-
rupt acknowledgment
●
● External storage, physical organization, and drives
●
● Buses: bus protocols, arbitration,
direct-
memory
access (DMA)
●
● RAID architectures
—Chapter 3
—Chapter 6
—Chapter 7
Functional Organization
(Elective)
●
● Implementation of simple datapaths, including
instruction pipelining, hazard detection, and
resolution
●
● Control unit: hardwired realization vs. micropro-
grammed realization
●
● Instruction pipelining
●
● Introduction to
instruction-
level parallelism (ILP)
—Chapter 14
—Chapter 16
—Chapter 20
—Chapter 21
Multiprocessing and
Alternative Architectures
(Elective)
●
● Example SIMD and MIMD instruction sets and
architectures
●
● Interconnection networks
●
● Shared multiprocessor memory systems and memory
consistency
●
● Multiprocessor cache coherence
—Chapter 12
—Chapter 13
—Chapter 17
Performance Enhance-
ments (Elective)
●
● Superscalar architecture
●
● Branch prediction, Speculative execution,

Out-
of-
order execution
●
● Prefetching
●
● Vector processors and GPUs
●
● Hardware support for multithreading
●
● Scalability
—Chapter 15
—Chapter 16
—Chapter 19

18 Preface
Objectives
This book is about the structure and function of computers. Its purpose is to present, as clearly
and completely as possible, the nature and characteristics of
modern-
day computer systems.
This task is challenging for several reasons. First, there is a tremendous variety of prod-
ucts that can rightly claim the name of computer, from
single-
chip microprocessors costing
a few dollars to supercomputers costing tens of millions of dollars. Variety is exhibited not
only in cost but also in size, performance, and application. Second, the rapid pace of change
that has always characterized computer technology continues with no letup. These changes
cover all aspects of computer technology, from the underlying integrated circuit technology
used to construct computer components to the increasing use of parallel organization con-
cepts in combining those components.
In spite of the variety and pace of change in the computer field, certain fundamental
concepts apply consistently throughout. The application of these concepts depends on the
current state of the technology and the price/performance objectives of the designer. The
intent of this book is to provide a thorough discussion of the fundamentals of computer
organization and architecture and to relate these to contemporary design issues.
The subtitle suggests the theme and the approach taken in this book. It has always
been important to design computer systems to achieve high performance, but never has
this requirement been stronger or more difficult to satisfy than today. All of the basic per-
formance characteristics of computer systems, including processor speed, memory speed,
memory capacity, and interconnection data rates, are increasing rapidly. Moreover, they are
increasing at different rates. This makes it difficult to design a balanced system that maxi-
mizes the performance and utilization of all elements. Thus, computer design increasingly
becomes a game of changing the structure or function in one area to compensate for a per-
formance mismatch in another area. We will see this game played out in numerous design
decisions throughout the book.
A computer system, like any system, consists of an interrelated set of components.
The system is best characterized in terms of
structure—
the way in which components are
interconnected, and
function—
the operation of the individual components. Furthermore, a
computer’s organization is hierarchical. Each major component can be further described by
decomposing it into its major subcomponents and describing their structure and function.
For clarity and ease of understanding, this hierarchical organization is described in this book
from the top down:
■
■ Computer system: Major components are processor, memory, I/O.
■
■ Processor: Major components are control unit, registers, ALU, and instruction execu-
tion unit.
■
■ Control unit: Provides control signals for the operation and coordination of all proces-
sor components. Traditionally, a microprogramming implementation has been used, in
which major components are control memory, microinstruction sequencing logic, and
registers. More recently, microprogramming has been less prominent but remains an
important implementation technique.
The objective is to present the material in a fashion that keeps new material in a clear
context. This should minimize the chance that the reader will get lost and should provide
better motivation than a
bottom-
up approach.

Preface 19
Throughout the discussion, aspects of the system are viewed from the points of view of
both architecture (those attributes of a system visible to a machine language programmer) and
organization (the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architecture).
Example Systems
This text is intended to acquaint the reader with the design principles and implementation
issues of contemporary operating systems. Accordingly, a purely conceptual or theoretical
treatment would be inadequate. To illustrate the concepts and to tie them to
real-
world design
choices that must be made, two processor families have been chosen as running examples:
■
■ Intel x86 architecture: The x86 architecture is the most widely used for nonembedded com-
puter systems. The x86 is essentially a complex instruction set computer (CISC) with some
RISC features. Recent members of the x86 family make use of superscalar and multicore
design principles. The evolution of features in the x86 architecture provides a unique case-
study of the evolution of most of the design principles in computer architecture.
■
■ ARM: The ARM architecture is arguably the most widely used embedded processor,
used in cell phones, iPods, remote sensor equipment, and many other devices.The ARM
is essentially a reduced instruction set computer (RISC). Recent members of the ARM
family make use of superscalar and multicore design principles.
Many, but by no means all, of the examples in this book are drawn from these two computer
families. Numerous other systems, both contemporary and historical, provide examples of
important computer architecture design features.
Plan of the Text
The book is organized into six parts:
■
■ Overview
■
■ The computer system
■
■ Arithmetic and logic
■
■ The central processing unit
■
■ Parallel organization, including multicore
■
■ The control unit
The book includes a number of pedagogic features, including the use of interactive sim-
ulations and numerous figures and tables to clarify the discussion. Each chapter includes a list
of key words, review questions, homework problems, and suggestions for further reading. The
book also includes an extensive glossary, a list of frequently used acronyms, and a bibliography.
Instructor Support Materials
SupportmaterialsforinstructorsareavailableattheInstructorResourceCenter(IRC)forthis
textbook, which can be reached through the publisher’s Web site www.pearsonglobaleditions
.com/stallings or by clicking on the link labeled “Pearson Resources for Instructors” at this

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Finding my purse would be too slender to carry it out, and as friends
started subscriptions for me,[4] I secured my ground, made my
design, and set sculptors at work in the cemetery in which, for the
last forty years, most of my people have been buried, and which he
himself had chosen.
"Beautiful rest where the willows weep,
Beautiful couch where the moss lies deep,
Beautiful life that earns beautiful sleep."
My desire was to embody the beautiful idea found in the tombs of
Lydia and Lycia, and which is enshrined in the Taj Mahal at Agra. The
early tomb-builders had doubtless some connection with Nomads,
and embodied the conception that the home in death should be like
that of the home on earth. For this reason I feel, the public have not
quite understood the beauty of my mausoleum-tent. I wished to
embody the poetry contained in my husband's "Kasîdah," with the
religion he wished to die in. I have sent to the desert for strings of
camel-bells, which will hang across the tent, and like an Æolian harp
when the wind blows, the tinkle of the camel-bells may still sound
near him. I have asked Major J. B. Keith, in his "Monograph on
Indian Architecture," which will include tentage and tombs, to
explain my meaning in his "Great Tents of Antiquity" better than I
have done for myself.
I felt the necessity, in my altered circumstances, of trying to arouse
myself, that I might do what I knew he would wish me to do—to
leave Trieste, and carry out all that we should have done had he
been alive. I lost all at once; my beautiful home had been my pride
—it had to be given up. The money, except a little patrimony, died
with my husband. I had to say good-bye to all the friends I had
loved for eighteen years. Lisa, my confidential maid upon whom I
entirely depended, to whom I owed all my personal comfort, who
managed everything for me, and who alone knew all my belongings,
I had to part with, for reasons which I do not wish to mention here.

Colonel Grant
attacks
Richard after
his Death.
We had always had what was playfully called a very large "staff" in
our house in my husband's life. The Master being dead—if I had
been a sensible woman—I should have cleared my house out
directly after the funeral; but I was too absorbed with the horrors of
my now desolate position, and I had neither sense nor heart enough
to make any changes. From this arose complications,
misunderstandings, and heart-burnings enough to make life still
more unbearable. We all know what one bad bit of yeast does to a
loaf of bread. I shut myself up entirely alone in my husband's rooms
for sixteen days, sorting and classifying his manuscripts, packing and
arranging his books, and carrying out all his last wishes and written
instructions. What a terrible time it was I passed in the midst of
these relics, shutting myself away in solitude, and rejecting all offers
of assistance, as I could not bear any one to witness what I had to
go through, and also there were many private papers which I knew
nobody ought to see but myself, and much that he particularly
desired me to burn if anything happened to him.
The only letters Richard had not yet answered, and which would
have been answered the following Thursday, were—A. Jameson, of
Riverbank, Newmilns, Ayrshire, Scotland; Miss Bird, 49, Welbeck
Street, Cavendish Square; John Addington Symonds, Am Hof, Davos-
Platz, Switzerland; M. Zotenberg, of the Bibliothèque Nationale,
Paris; Lady Stisted, Grazeley, Gypsy Hill, S.E.; Dr. F. Steingass, 6,
Gairloch Road, Camberwell, S.E.; George Faber, our English Consul
at Fiume; J. J. Aubertin, 33, Duke Street, St. James's.
My husband died on the 20th of October, 1890, and on
the 25th of October Colonel Grant ventured to attack
him for the first time in print, and the following letter
appeared in the Times of the 28th of October, 1890:—
"Burton and Speke.
"To the Editor of the Times.

"Sir,—In the Times of the 21st inst. there is a notice of the
death of Sir Richard Burton, an extract from which I give here:
'To the unhappy dispute between Burton and Speke, which gave
rise to such bitter feeling, it is not necessary to do more than
allude.' I do not myself see why your readers should have any
doubt as to which of the two travellers was to blame for this
'unhappy dispute,' neither why a slur should rest on the memory
of Speke, one of the most upright men I ever knew—brave,
noble, and true.
"Burton's instructions from the Royal Geographical Society were:
—
"'The great object of the expedition is to penetrate from Kilwa,
etc., and to make the best of your way to the Lake of Nyassa,
etc. Having obtained all the information you require here, you
are to proceed northwards, etc., towards the source of the Bahr-
el-Abiad (White Nile), which it will be your next great object to
discover. You will be at liberty to return to England by
descending the Nile, or you may return by the route you
advanced.'
"On his return from Unyanyembe after discovering Lake
Tanganyika, his companion, Speke, wished him to follow up the
above instructions, but Burton, using strong language, declared
'he was not going to see any more lakes.' Hence Speke went
north alone and discovered the Victoria Nyanza, returning to
Unyanyembe with his twenty followers. The discovery of this
lake seems to have been galling to Burton; it created a 'bitter
feeling,' and few words were exchanged by them during the
remaining part of the journey to the East Coast. Things went
from bad to worse. Speke was too generous to publish what
occurred at this time, but he communicated grave charges
against Burton to his relatives and to the Geographical Society,
and the judgment of the Society was shown in the fact of their
selecting Speke, and not Burton, to complete his discoveries.

"The two travellers had no sympathies, their natures entirely
differed. Speke observed and mapped and collected the
specimens of natural history. He was the geographer and
sportsman of the expedition. Burton knew little of these
matters. He excelled in his own line, made copious notes by day
and by night of all he saw and heard; he had the gift of
languages; while surrounded by natives he amused them, won
their confidence, and so obtained those stores of information
which have been since transferred to something like eighty
volumes. He travelled with three heavy cases of books for
consultation. These included a work on the Upper Nile, which
would have been of important service to Speke—had he ever
seen it!
"A sore subject of 'quarrel' was the non-payment of the
Wanyamezi porters who had accompanied them to their own
'Land of the Moon.' These men did not receive their just wages,
in consequence of which upwards of a hundred of the same
race deserted the next expedition, which was in command of
Captain Speke and me.
"Under the above circumstances, and many more I could name,
no one will feel surprised that 'unhappy disputes' and 'bitter
feeling' existed between the two travellers, and I cannot see
how it can be said of Sir Richard Burton that 'no man ever
succeeded better with the natives of Africa and Asia.' Neither do
I agree with the writer of the article that he was 'a man of real
humanity,' when I consider his treatment of his companion and
his native followers.
"My long-dead friend's honour is too dear to me to allow a
shade of doubt to rest on his honoured name; therefore, with all
respect for those who mourn the more recently dead, I ask your
insertion of this in your valued paper.
"I have the honour to be your obedient servant,
"J. A. Grant, Lieut-Col.

I answer
directly to the
"Graphic" in
Two Parts.
My Answer.
"Househill, Nairn, October 25th."
I only saw it (as I refused to look at newspaper scraps in
my grief) on the 4th of January, 1891, and I answered
as follows:—
"In my earliest agony after my husband's death,
Colonel Grant's letter to the Times was the first that
caught my eyes, and the bitter cry arose to my lips—
'He had not dared to do it,
Except he surely knew my lord was dead;'
and I read no more. I do regret that he had not written this
letter any time within the last thirty-one years, that my husband
might have heard and answered the 'grave charges' of which
Colonel Grant speaks now, but of which Richard Burton never
heard; but he is not dead so long as I live.
"Now that Burton and Speke are together above, there are only
two below who may venture to give an opinion on the matter—
Colonel Grant and I.[5] If I live, my future work will be to write
my husband's life; but as that will take me some time, I cannot
have the public misled until then. I know I am right in saying
that, whatever the Royal Geographical Society may have
thought then, they have since learned the truth, and know what
a true and valuable member they possessed in Richard Burton,
of which they have now given me most gratifying proofs. No
one can speak so truly as I can, because I possess all Richard
Burton's private journals; I know all the secrets of his life for the
past thirty-five years. I have all Speke's letters, and the copies
of my husband's to him. Men do not tell everything to their
men-friends. I knew Speke, and I am less offended with Colonel
Grant because I believe him honest and staunch, and that he
says what he thinks he knows. I will give the résumé of my
knowledge, trying to avoid detail.

"When Richard Burton was preparing for his lake journey into
Africa (1856) I was just engaged to him, and John Hanning
Speke, his friend, wanted to accompany him as second in
command. Burton applied for him, and, after difficulties, leave
was granted. Speke had been already with him to Somali-land,
and knew perfectly well what travelling with Burton meant, and
was glad to go again. Speke was not then, nor did he pretend to
be, a geographer, a scientist, an explorer; he was a first-rate
sportsman, and he meant to shoot, to get ivory and specimens
for natural history, to collect the fauna and animals north of the
Line in Africa, but he never gave the Nile a thought. That was
Richard's hobby. Richard advised him to coach up all that would
be most useful on the journey, in case one of them should fall
sick; and he did, for all the world knows what a terrible journey
they had pioneering and cutting their way, with no money, no
comforts, no support, or protection. That was in days when
exploring meant losing your life at a moment's notice, perishing
of hunger, thirst, privation, fever, hostile natives, wild beasts,
and reptiles. There was no picnicking on champagne and
truffles then, no 'riding to Tanganyika in a bath-chair.' It was
work for men. They were both fearfully ill on and off. They were
great friends, and called each other Dick and Jack.
"All the spare time in tents Richard helped Speke with his
scientific instruments, correcting up journals and maps, and
learning the languages as spoken there. When Speke was ill
Burton tended him like a woman, and when Burton was ill
Speke did not repay him in kind. There were no quarrels, but
Speke had a peculiarity which, when once Richard had become
familiar with, he respected, but found a little trying—there being
only two of them. Speke would be silent for days, when Richard
would find out that he had unconsciously given some little
offence which Speke had treasured up. Many people have that
temperament. When they had been absent over two years, and
Speke had got well, but Richard was down with fever, Speke
was impatient to go on; Richard therefore sent him forward in

the direction of Nyanza, which was Speke's great discovery, and
he eventually came back triumphant, saying he had 'discovered
the sources of the Nile.' Richard said, 'It seems almost too good
to be true.' Speke, being well, wanted naturally to return, and
push on, but Richard said to him, 'I am a much older man than
you, Jack, and I am not getting better. You will be ill again, and
I unable to nurse you, and we shall both be down at once,
much further from home, our money and stores giving out, our
followers discontented. Consent to our return, and we will go
home, recruit our health, report what we have done, get some
more money, return together and finish our whole journey.'
"Speke agreed, and they set out on the return journey to the
coast, and when they reached Aden, Richard being too weak for
the journey, and Speke impatient to get to England, Richard
agreed to come on by the next steamer. There was no quarrel
up to this. As regards the non-payment of the negroes, it was
thus: The porters were to receive a certain pay for their
services, and an extra reward if they behaved well. They
behaved ill, and therefore Richard, being the Chief, decided that
they should receive their pay only, but not their reward, because
he said, 'If they are rewarded for their ill-doing, they will behave
ill to us when we return, and to any future travellers, being
certain of their money, no matter what their conduct. They will
not respect us, but only think we act from fear.' Speke at first
objected, but then said it was right; so did Consul Rigby. They
both changed afterwards to suit circumstances. Any one who is
used to negroes will know that if they behaved well to Speke
and Grant afterwards, and others who followed, it was because
of this mulct which Burton had the courage to stand by, and
receive the blame at home for. My husband was lavish of his
money, and when any one of his dependents had to be
punished he used to say, 'I will do anything sooner than dock
their pay.' To me it sounds supremely ridiculous to speak of such
a thing in connection with his name. Now, when Richard and
Speke parted, it was on the best of terms. Richard said, 'I shall

hurry up, Jack, as soon as I can,' and Speke's parting words—
the last he ever spoke to him—were, 'Good-bye, old fellow. You
may be quite sure I shall not go up to the Royal Geographical
Society until you come to the fore and we appear together;
make your mind quite easy about that.' I need not say that the
appearance of Speke alone in London gave us the keenest
anxiety. Here comes in the quarrel.
"On board the same ship with Speke, part of the way home,
was Laurence Oliphant. I liked Laurence Oliphant, so did
Richard, and so did and do hundreds in London, and I am
ashamed to write anything against a dead man, but I must do it
to defend my own. He got hold of and poisoned Speke's mind
against Richard. He said 'that Burton was a jealous man, and
being Chief of the expedition he would take all the glory of
Nyanza, which, he said, was undoubtedly the true source of the
Nile, for himself; that if he were in Speke's place he would go
up to the Royal Geographical Society at once, and get the
command of the second expedition; that he would back him,
and get others to.' Speke resisted at first, but his vanity
prevailed, and carried him along until one thing after another
was piled up against the unconscious absentee.[6] I grieve to
say that these were neither the first friends nor the last that
Laurence Oliphant sundered with no apparent settled object. He
worked upon Speke till he planted the seed of bitter enmity
against Richard to the end. I mentioned this to Mr. Stanley in
August, 1890, at Maloja, and he replied, 'How very odd; he did
exactly the same to me!' When Richard arrived, this information
was the first that greeted him—that his friend and companion
had cast him off, and become his enemy. He had gone up to the
Royal Geographical Society, and secured all the honour of the
expedition, and had been appointed to command the second
expedition with Colonel Grant.
"I shall never forget Richard Burton as he was then. He had had
twenty-one attacks of fever, was partially paralyzed, and

partially blind; he was a mere skeleton, with brown yellow skin
hanging in bags, his eyes protruding, and his lips drawn away
from his teeth. I used to support him about the Botanical
Gardens for fresh air, and sometimes convey him away almost
fainting in a cab. The Government and the Royal Geographical
Society looked coldly on him. The Indian Army brought him
under the reduction; he was almost penniless, and he had
hardly a friend to greet him. 'Jack' was the hero of the hour, the
Stanley of 1859-64. This was one of the martyrdoms of that
uncrowned king's life, and I think that but for me he would have
died. He never abused Speke as a mean man would have done;
he used to say, 'Jack is one of the bravest fellows in the world.
If he has a fault, it is overweening vanity and being so easily
flattered. In good hands, he would be the best of men. Let him
alone; he will be very sorry some day, though that won't mend
my case.' It is interesting to mark in their letters how they
descend from 'dear Jack' and 'dear Dick' to 'dear Burton' and
'dear Speke,' until they become 'sir.' Now I must tell you, in
Speke's favour, that the injury once done to his friend and the
glory won for himself, he was not happy with it.
"Speke and I had a mutual friend—a lady well known in society
as Kitty Dormer (Countess Dormer). Through her auspices,
Speke and I met, and also exchanged many messages, and we
nearly succeeded in reconciling Burton and Speke, and would
have done, but for the anti-influences around him. He said to
me, 'I am so sorry, and I don't know how it all came about.
Burton was so kind to me, nursed me like a woman, taught me
such a lot, and I was so fond of him, but it would be too difficult
for me to go back now.' And upon that last sentence he always
remained.
"At last came the British Association Meeting (Bath, September,
1864). We had been married in 1861, and were back on leave
from the West Coast of Africa. Laurence Oliphant conveyed to
Burton that Speke had said that if Burton appeared on the
platform at Bath (which was, as it were, Speke's native town)

he would kick him. I remember Richard's answer: 'Well, that
settles it. By God, he shall kick me;' and so to Bath we went.
There was to be no speaking on Africa the first day, but the next
day was fixed for the great discussion between Burton and
Speke. The first day we went on to the platform close to Speke.
He looked at Richard and at me, and we at him. I shall never
forget his face. It was full of sorrow, of yearning, and perplexity.
Then he seemed to turn to stone. After a while he began to
fidget a great deal, and exclaimed half aloud, 'Oh, I cannot
stand this any longer.' He got up to go out. The man nearest
him said, 'Shall you want your chair again, sir? May I have it?
Shall you come back?' And he answered, 'I hope not,' and left
the hall. The next day a large crowd was assembled for this
famous discussion. All the distinguished people were with the
Council; Burton alone was excluded, and stood on the platform,
we two alone, he with his notes in his hand. There was a delay
of about twenty-five minutes, and then the Council and
speakers filed in and announced the terrible accident out
shooting that had befallen poor Speke shortly after his leaving
the hall the day before. Burton sank into a chair, and I saw by
the workings of his face the terrible emotion he was controlling
and the shock he had received. When called upon to speak, in a
voice that trembled he spoke of other things and as briefly as
he could. When we got home, he wept long and bitterly, and I
was for many a day trying to comfort him.
"Yours obediently,
"Isabel Burton."
There were old servants to be placed out, many people dependent
on us, institutions of which I was President to be wound up, debts to
be paid, old friends to say good-bye to. My husband's and my
personal effects, his library and manuscripts, were packed in two
hundred and four cases. Having been eighteen years at Trieste, I felt
there would be a meanness in selling, so I furnished the orphanage,
and a few rooms for Lisa, and gave away everything where I

thought it would be most useful or most valued; and this, with
constant visits to my beloved in the chapelle ardente, which was half
an hour's drive away, occupied fourteen weeks, though I got up at
six and worked till ten p.m. I never rested, and it was a life of
torture. I used to wake at four, the hour he was taken ill, and go
through all the horrors of his three hours' illness until seven. I
prayed for supernatural strength of soul and body, and it was really
given to me.
I became almost listless as to exterior things; I suppose that is
always the way with a deep-sea grief. I had a little relief by the
coming of my cousin Canon Waterton, of Carlisle, and he, by leave
from the Vatican, said Mass in our chapel, gave me Communion
every morning, stayed with us a month, and helped me wonderfully
with the books and manuscripts. He is a highly educated man of
good family, living in the best society, was educated in France, so he
was a fitting person to consult on many points, to which no one else
there could have helped me. I should like to say a word of parting
with the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, whose
affairs I wound up before leaving, because the history is rather
curious, and will interest a large body of people who subscribed to it.
I had employed four active men; the rest of the Society was
nominal. One of these men died of apoplexy one month after my
husband; the second had a stroke of paralysis and died immediately
after I left; the third fell into a well, and his body was not found till
several days; the fourth was very ill of blood-poisoning, had to be
sent away, but has since returned and is well—five of us put hors de
combat, as I was stricken down with grief. I left a complete chart of
directions as to how the remaining money, 1916 florins, should be
employed, after which there would be no more funds, and the work
closed. The remaining man is Inspector Mottek, of the police, and
one new man, both of whom I can trust. The money is under control
of the bank, the accounts are sent to me every three months. It has
lasted two years and three months, and I believe there are a few
florins still left. This will comfort my numerous donors.

The Beloved
Remains are
removed to
England.
I leave
Trieste and
go to
Liverpool.
On the 20th of January, 1891, I had to go to the Sant'
Anna Cemetery to see the beloved remains prepared,
and conveyed on board the Cunard steamer Palmyra at
the New Port. The remains had been placed in a leaden
shell, with a glass over the face; this was again closed in a very
handsome coffin of steel and gilt. On this day it was put into a plain
white deal case, two inches thick, dovetailed, and secured with iron
clamps and screws, and painted in black—"To the Rev. Canon
Wenham, Catholic Church, Mortlake, S.W., Surrey, England." The
case was filled with sawdust, in which, according to Austrian law, a
bottle of carbolic acid was poured, which has rather stained the
coffin. (I cannot think who could have started the irreverent report
in the press that it was a piano-case.) Accompanied by the Vice-
Consul, Mr. Cautley, I proceeded to the steamer, and saw the
precious case lowered, and put into a dry and secured place. Poor
good Louis Marcovich, the guardian of the cemetery, would not take
one single penny of the present that I had prepared for him, for
giving up his bedroom for three months. He only said, clasping my
hand, "Don't send it me, because I shall only send it back again. I
have got a nice consecrated room to die in;" which he did, poor
fellow, about a year later. May God reward him for his good work!
The last night came, and twenty of my friends came up
to spend the last evening with me. My work was only
finished about two hours before I had to start, and I
walked round and round to every room, recalling all my
life in that happy home and all the sad events that had lately taken
place. I gazed at all those beautiful views for the last time—at the
tablet over the place where my husband's death-bed stood, recalling
his death; another tablet in the chapel where the Masses had been
said; and I looked around with parting eyes. I went into every nook
and cranny of the garden, and under our dear linden tree, where my
husband and I had so often sat (a little branch of which I have now
framed in my room); my servants following me about, crying bitterly,
and saying, "Oh, my dear mistress, we shall never have your
husband's and your like again; we shall never have such another

house as this." Then came carriages full of our friends to take me
away, and the dreadful wrench made me cry all the way down to the
station. There I found all that was worth of Society, and Authorities,
and the children of our Orphanage, and our Poor, and all our private
friends, bearing flowers. It was an awful trial not to make an
exhibition of myself, and I was glad when the train steamed out; but
for a whole hour ascending the beautiful road close to the sea and
Miramar and Trieste, I never took my misty eyes off Trieste, and our
home where I had been so happy for eighteen years, and which I
shall never see again.
"A TRIESTE.
"Quando la sera piano sprofonda
Il sol nell' onda—solcando il mar,
Presso la riva d' un mesto addio
Il suol natio—vo' a salutar.
"Veggo le case, le ville, i monti,
Che ai bei tramonti—pajono d' or
E 'l scosso mare che con dolcezza
Bagna e accarezza—le sponde ancor.
"Qua e là pur veggo qualche nocchiero
Che con leggero—legno va e vien,
E qualche vela che al debil raggio
Tributa omaggio—nell' ampio sen.
"Mentre la sera man mano imbruna
Veggo la luna—nel ciel vagar,
Dietro alle nubi va lentamente,
Poi, di repente—si specchia in mar.
"Indi apparire veggo una stella
Lieve ma bella—d' aureo splendor,

E poi dell' altre formano in cielo
Screziato un velo—di luce e d' or.
"Poi, da lontano; la u' v' è Trieste
Debili e meste—sovra il terren
Veggo brillare mille più e mille
Vaghe scintille—che van che vien.
"Talvolta io sento flebili tocchi,
Poi, dei rintocchi—qua e la mandar
Un cupo suono che giunge a meta
Per l' aere cheta—lento a vagar.
"E allor contento penso a quel lido
Mio dolce nido—di pace e amor
E sospirando dico t' è degno
II tronco e il regno—di quel splendor.
"Terra diletta se un qualche giorno
A te ritorno—di vita pien,
Allor baciare in dolce pianto
Ti voglio tanto—caro terren."
——S. di G. Sfetez.
My first care on arriving in England was to go and see Richard's
sister and niece, and acquaint them with all the circumstances and
my intentions. I arrived in London on the 7th of February, 1891, and
having no home, went to the Langham for a few days to look about
for a lodging. At the Langham my three sisters were waiting for me.
On the 9th I immediately went to Messrs. Dyke, 49, Highgate Road,
to inspect the monument, and to give orders respecting everything,
and found, to my great distress, that, owing to the severity of the
weather, it would be difficult to say when we could get the
remainder of the Forest of Dean stone. On the 10th I went to
Mortlake, chose my ground and had it pegged out, made

arrangements with Canon Wenham, and on the 11th my sister, Mrs.
Gerald Fitzgerald, and I went to Liverpool. I cannot say how ill I felt,
and as soon as I arrived at Liverpool I had to go to bed. Friends
began to arrive from different parts of England. Lord and Lady
Derby, my best and kindest friends, had been so kind as to have
everything seen to for me at Liverpool, and the Captain and the
officers of the ships, the authorities of the dockyard, and the London
and North-Western Company outvied each other in civility and
courteous attention in the arrangements that were made for us.
The Palmyra (after a journey as smooth as a lake) arrived on the
12th of February, 1891, at midnight, and we were told to be on
board at nine next morning. Carriages for my party, and a small
hearse, were ready to convey us to the ship. We went on board, and
were courteously received by the Captain, and the case containing
the coffin was brought up and placed on a small bridge. I forgot the
people when I saw my beloved case, and I ran forward to kiss it.
Canon Waterton said a few prayers. The Captain, officers, and men
knew my husband, and many of the dockyard men were Catholics.
They all bowed their heads, the Catholics answered the prayers, and
there were audible sobs all round. The case was conveyed to the
hearse, and we proceeded to the station, where it was immediately
put into a separate compartment next to the two saloons reserved
for me and my party.
When we arrived at Euston we found a duplicate of these
conveyances waiting to take us and the body to Mortlake. We
unpacked the case, but Canon Wenham, who had gone out, kept us
an hour and three-quarters. The evening was cold and damp, and by
torchlight, with a prayer, we conveyed him to rest in the crypt under
the altar of the church. I remained some time praying there, and
then we all dispersed, my sister and myself going back to the
Langham. The reaction, after all I had gone through, set in; there
was no more call upon my courage. I was safe in England and
amongst my own people; there was nothing more to be done for
Richard till the funeral.

"Poor had been my life's best efforts,
Now I waste no thought or breath;
For the prayer of those who suffer
Has the strength of love and death."

I fall ill. My courage broke, and I took to my bed that night, the
13th of February, and nolens volens I was obliged to
stay at the Langham, being too weak either to find or to be
transferred to a lodging. I passed from the 13th of February till the
30th of April between bed and armchair, and latterly was taken down
in the lift occasionally to dinner or lunch. Every one was most kind to
me, and my sisters spoilt me, and came daily to lunch or dine. I
cannot describe the horror of the seventy-six days, enhanced by the
fog, which, after sunlight and air, was like being buried alive. The
sense of desolation and loneliness and the longing for him was cruel,
and it became—
"The custom of the day,
And the haunting of the night."
My altered circumstances, and the looking into and facing my future,
had also to be borne. From my sick bed I dictated answers to some
two thousand letters, mostly of sympathy, writing out different
business cases, and preparing for the funeral. Meantime the Queen
had, in consideration of my husband's services, to my great
gratitude and surprise, allowed me a pension of £150 a year.[7]
I would not have asked for anything for myself, but I thought that
the British nation would take a pride in helping me to raise the
characteristic monument so long wished for, to a man they so
honoured, and who had devoted his life to the nation's interest in so
many ways as he had done; and more so as I had over a thousand
cuttings from newspapers and hundreds of letters saying that the
nation wished his memory to be honoured by a testimonial. Nor was
I disappointed, as, during the eight months, from his death to his
final burial at Mortlake, I was helped by £668 towards it.[8]
On the 30th of April I was well enough to be transferred to a
lodging, where my sister and I lived together; for the Langham was
getting too gay, too full for me, nor could I afford it. Here I had
privacy, quiet, and cheapness.

The
Mausoleum
Tent
complete.
The funeral was finally fixed for Monday, the 15th of June, at eleven
o'clock, and the final completions were only ended two hours before
the ceremony began.
THE MAUSOLEUM AT MORTLAKE WHERE SIR RICHARD
BURTON IS LAID AT REST.
Carved by Messrs. Dyke, 49 Highgate Road.
I had taken lodgings at Mortlake. The tent is sculptured
in dark Forest of Dean stone and white Carrara marble.
It is an Arab tent, twelve feet by twelve and eighteen
feet high, surmounted by a gilt star of nine points. Over

The Funeral
in England at
Mortlake.
the flap door of the tent is a white marble crucifix. The fringe is
composed of gilt cressets and stars. The flap door of the tent
supports an open book of white marble, on which are inscribed
Richard's name and the dates of his birth and decease. A blank page
is left for "Isabel, his wife." Underneath is a ribbon with the words,
"This monument is erected to his memory by his loving
countrymen." Below, on a white marble tablet, is a beautiful sonnet
written in a passion of grief by Justin Huntley McCarthy:—
"RICHARD BURTON.
"Farewell, dear friend, dead hero! The great life
Is ended, the great perils, the great joys;
And he to whom adventures were as toys,
Who seemed to bear a charm 'gainst spear or knife
Or bullet, now lies silent from all strife
Out yonder where the Austrian eagles poise
On Istrian hills. But England, at the noise
Of that dread fall, weeps with the hero's wife.
Oh, last and noblest of the Errant Knights,
The English soldier and the Arab Sheik!
Oh, singer of the East who loved so well
The deathless wonder of the 'Arabian Nights,'
Who touched Camoens' lute and still would seek
Ever new deeds until the end! farewell!"
It is planted round with trees and flowers, and has a background of
linden trees. It is, I think, the most beautiful little burial-ground in
England, especially in summer time. In fact, it is so covered with
flowers and embedded in trees as to look almost foreign, by its
pretty little church and presbytery.
The interior is nearly all marble; the floor, of white and
black marble, covers a base of Portland cement
(concrete), so that no damp can arise from the ground.

The coffin of steel and gilt lies above ground on three marble
trestles, with three trestles on the opposite side for me. At the foot
of the coffin is a marble altar and tabernacle with candles and
flowers, a window of coloured glass, with Richard's monogram, and
the whole adorned with seven hanging and various other Oriental
lamps. It is no small compliment to Messrs. Dyke, that many people
who come into the ground ask "why the canvas cover is not taken
off," and are quite astonished when they touch the stone. People
were invited generally, but special invitations were issued to the
senders of wreaths, telegrams, cards, letters, subscriptions, visits,
editors of friendly newspapers, applications, private friends, and
those who had interested themselves in my future. Eight hundred
and fifty-two invitations were issued. Four hundred were down with
influenza, but eight hundred people came all the same. Trains left
Waterloo for Mortlake at 10.20 a.m., arriving at 11.47.
The ceremony began at eleven, lasting an hour and a half, giving
time to a visitor to enter the mausoleum and get back to the station,
which was a few yards from the church, for the one o'clock train
back to London, the authorities being duly warned of the number of
invited. The Church was very simply decorated with a fleur-de-lys
carpet, the trestles were covered by a cramoisie velvet pall, being
Richard's favourite colour, and the coffin was laid at the top of it, and
covered with wreaths sent by friends, my little bunch of forget-me-
nots lying where the face would be. It was surrounded by tall silver
candlesticks with wax candles. I occupied a prie-dieu by his side; to
my right were the women—on the left hand the men—mourners,
headed by Captain St. George Burton of the Black Watch, his chief
male relation, and both sides were composed of his and my
relations, and his oldest friends. The procession filed out exactly at
11.10, the acolytes bearing flambeaux. The short requiem Mass of
Casciolini was the one sung, by a London professional choir.
Monsignor Stanley sang the Mass, assisted by several priests who
had been personal friends of my husband. Then followed the Burial
Service with its three absolutions, the priest walking round the coffin
perfuming it with incense, and sprinkling it with holy water, and

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(eBook PDF) Computer Organization and Architecture10th Global Edition

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