Framework for Designing Smart Cities Initiatives - SCID

Designing Next Generation
Smart City Initiatives:
Harnessing Findings And Lessons From A
Study Of Ten Smart City Programs
Adegboyega Ojo1, Edward Curry1, Tomasz Janowski2
1INSIGHT @ NUI Galway
2United Nations University
Twenty Second European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2014 )
1

Rational for Smart Cities
MOBILITY CHALLENGES
•  Transportation systems are
inadequate to serve the needs of the
21st century
RESOURCE CHALLENGES
•  Freshwater use to rise 25% by 2030
•  Energy demand by emerging
countries will rise by 73%
ENVIRONMENT CHALLENGES
•  Increase in environmental issues
(global warming or better Friedman's
"global weirding” phenomenon) or
exacerbation of warming induced
disasters and related health problems
[Forester 2010]

2-year research on state of
research and practice of smart
cities to inform Smart City
related Policy for the Macao
SAR Government
Some Background
Part of an International Smart Cities
Research/Practice Consortium
composed of international research
teams from the US, Canada, Mexico,
Colombia, China and Ireland.

What is a Smart City?
Several definitions emerged in last few years describing the concept. One
definition attempting to capture emerging dimensions of the concept is :
A city in which investments in human and social capital and modern
ICT infrastructure and e-services fuel sustainable growth and quality
of life, enabled by a wise management of natural resources and
through participative government [Caragliu et al., 2009]

Framework Design Goals
Support knowledge and decision needs of Smart City
policymakers in City Governments responsible for
planning Smart City initiatives
Q1: What kinds of outcomes could city residents and other
stakeholders desire with regards to transformation of the City?
Q2: What aspects of City life should be transformed to achieve the
desired outcomes?
Q3: What types of Initiatives can achieve these outcomes?
Q4: What types of concrete objectives can be set for the initiatives?
Q5: What factors contribute to successful Smart City initiatives?
Q6: What are common difficulties faced by managers of Smart City
initiatives?
Q7: What are the typical mechanisms deployed to address
success factors and challenges in Smart City initiatives?

Research Approach
!
Design Process follows DSR guidelines by (Hevner et al., 2004)
1)  Identification and motivation of problem
2)  Definition of objectives for the framework
3)  Design and development of the SCID Framework
4)  Demonstration of use of the Framework
5)  Evaluation of framework
6)  Communication of the framework
At least one iteration has been carried out in each step of the
process.

10 Smart City Cases
Selected Smart Cities initiatives which were considered as good
practices in different policy domains

Conceptual Model for Smart City
Initiative Analysis

THE SMART CITY INITIATIVE DESIGN
(SCID) FRAMEWORK
!

SCID Elements
Q1: What kinds of outcomes could city residents and other
stakeholders desire with regards to transformation of the City?
Q2: What aspects of the City life should be transformed to achieve
the desired outcomes?
Q3: What types of Initiatives can be pursued towards achieving
these outcomes?
Q4: What types of concrete objectives can be set for these
initiatives?
Q5: What factors contribute to successful Smart City initiatives
Q6: What are the common difficulties faced by managers of Smart
City initiatives?
Q7: What are the typical mechanisms deployed to address
success factors and challenges in Smart City initiatives?

(Q1) Desired Outcomes
Environment Energy
•  Aesthetic value
•  Recycling take-up by residents and
businesses
•  Green space per residential unit
•  Recognition - ranking and designation
as best practice exemplar
•  Adoption of organic food
•  E-Vehicle adoption
•  Level of biogas production
•  Use of wind energy
•  Energy usage reduction
•  Petrol usage reduction
Transportation Economy
•  Less congestion
•  Less CO2 emission
•  Self-sustainability
•  Recognition – ranking and
designation as best practice
exemplar
•  Standard of living
•  GDP contribution
•  Unemployment rate
•  Investment friendly environment
•  Recognition – including competitiveness
•  Employment and job creation
•  Foreign Direct Investment
•  Startups

(Q2) City Policy Domains
Economy Energy Environment Technology
Lifestyle People Mobility Grovenance

(Q3) Objectives of Initiatives
1.  Carbon or O2 reduction and neutrality
2.  Achieving energy efficiency
3.  Leveraging ICT to develop niche industries
4.  Attaining highest quality living environment for residents
5.  Developing green areas within the city
6.  Developing state-of-the-art information infrastructure
accessible to all
7.  Achieving economic growth and quality of life simultaneously
8.  Developing sustainable communities
9.  Ensuring social harmony among different groups of residents
10. Evolving city as living laboratory to foster continued
improvements

(Q3) Objectives of Initiatives

(Q4) Strategies for Initiatives
Exemplar Strategies for major dimensions
Environment Energy Transportation
1.  Water management
2.  Open and green
space development
3.  Material flow and
recycling
4.  Sustainable city
operations
5.  Land use planning
6.  Sustainable
agriculture and
natural resource
management
7.  Waste
management.
1.  Adoption of energy efficient
practices particularly in
building designs
2.  Use of renewable energy
such as biogas and wind
energy by households
3.  Use of smart grid
technologies and
deployment of energy
management system at the
community
4.  Education of children
through projects on how to
save energy
5.  Promotion of the use of e-
vehicles and hybrids
1.  Accessibility rather than
mobility in trans. planning
2.  Provision of networks for non-
motorized transportation
(bicycles and walking)
3.  Prioritization parking for fuel-
efficient and low emitting
vehicles in public places
4.  Use of e-vehicles for public
transport with charging
stations across the city
5.  Integration of land-use and
public fare collection
6.  Adoption of transit-oriented
development in urban
planning.

(Q4) Strategies for Environment
Dimension
Initiative Strategies
Waste
Management
1 Waste separation into dry recyclables; wet recyclable, residuals & solid waste.
(Masdar) (Curitiba)
2 Designed to encourage recycling in low-income areas where it was more difficult to
reach by the conventional waste management system. (Curitiba)
3 Involved children in the program by exchanging recyclable garbage for school
supplies, chocolates, and food parcel. (Curitiba)
4 Hired retired and unemployed residents temporarily to clean up specific areas of the
city where litter has accumulated. (Masdar)
5 Minimize the amount of waste, make reuse and recycling possible and enable the use
of waste and sewage as an energy source. (Malmo)
6 Construction of waste separation system in buildings. (Malmo)
7 Food waste is primarily collected to produce bio-gas for vehicle fuel. (Malmo)

(Q5) Critical Success Factors
Program Success Factor Keyword
Curitiba Leadership and adherence to smart transportation planning has helped
Curitiba strive towards becoming a sustainable city while gaining a
strong reputation as a great example of successful urban planning.
Leadership and
adherence to
implementation
IPPUC’s creation was an essential to ensure long-term implementation
of city plans. IPPUC was effective in ensuring planning continuity and
success regardless of political, economic, and social challenges, and
made substantial contributions as a laboratory for finding creative,
integrated solutions to urban planning problems.
Creation of
research and
Think-tank
Institution
1.  Political leadership
2.  Adoption of integrated, holistic and whole of government
approach to smart city development
3.  Creation of dedicated research and think-tank institution to
support program
4.  Non-compromising on core values
5.  Ensuring creativity but affordability of solutions
6.  Comprehensive master-planning
7.  Regulations and standards for stakeholders
8.  Build stakeholder collaboration, industry partnerships and
citizens’ participation

(Q6) Challenges
1.  Obtaining buy-in from stakeholders, particularly the private
sector
2.  Ensuring inclusion of poor areas in the program
3.  Sustaining stakeholders’ interests and participation
4.  Resourcing and funding the program considering high
development cost
5.  Obtaining residents' participation

(Q7) Enablers - Partnerships
o  Academia (university & research
centers)
o  State-owned enterprises
o  Real estate firms
o  Architectural practice firms
o  Investment firms
o  Engineering construction firms
o  Technology firms
o  International consulting firms
o  Etc.
Program Partner Partner
Type
Partner Role
Songdo Gale
International
Real
estate
Main developer
Cisco Private
Sector
Create advanced community
connected by IT
Songdo U-
Life
Quasi
Private
Sector
Building of ubiquitous
infrastructures & ubiquitous
environment for u-services

(Q7) Enablers - Goverance
Coordination
And Integration
o  Human centered approach
o  Identification of agreed core set of projects
o  Stakeholder involvement
o  Use of administrative and legal instruments
o  Integration of policy implementation in multiple dimensions -
transport, land use, …
Service
Integration
o  Integrated utility management
o  Integrated land use and transport services
o  Operating System or Control System for integrating and managing
urban services
Participation
And
Co-production
o  Building multi-stakeholder partnerships with industry, academia and
residents
o  Information exchange
o  Citizen or resident participation
o  Local and international firm participation
o  Agency collaboration
Policy And
Regulations
o  Visioning and Master-planning
o  Providing certifications for different types of practices or activities
o  Institutional development
o  License regulations (e.g. in transportation)
o  Promotional activities, e.g. adopting like low-carbon growth policies
o  Design and engineering standards

Evaluation
Initial user feedback was positive
•  Enables clear process for planning smart city
initiatives for targeted users’ decision making
needs
•  Options provided are useful
•  Framework aligned with their IT Management
practices in areas such as portfolio
management, strategic alignment, and benefits
management
•  More support needed for specific choices with
respect to critical success factors and challenges

Conclusion
The Smart City Initiative Design (SCID)
Framework is a design tool to assist Smart City
policymakers and practitioners in making
planning decisions for Smart City initiatives
Limitations & Future Work
•  Utility of the tool is partly related to the richness
and freshness of its knowledge base.
•  Continue work on dissemination of the tool,
monitoring, and evaluation of its use in more
diverse environments and its periodic update

Framework for Designing Smart Cities Initiatives - SCID

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