Educational Robotics Between Narration and Simulation
1 like264 views
The document discusses two primary approaches to educational robotics: narration and simulation, emphasizing how they can be sequentially employed in teaching. It provides insights into how educational robotics can facilitate learning by allowing students to engage actively with their environment through storytelling and simulation. Additionally, it outlines how these methods relate to concepts of determinism and indeterminism in both technology and education.
![108 Alessandri Giuseppe and Paciaroni Martina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51 (2012) 104 – 109
digitalization process may occur in different ways: only within the computer (according to Ohler's argumentation),
in an hybrid form with robot immersed in a continuum between real world and computer, or in a virtual simulation
in which robots are acting as characters. In the second and third case, as robots live and act in a real world,
simulations are built in a real context.
The Faculty of Education Sciences of Macerata University is developing a project dealing with storytelling
Robotics, in collaboration with Barbara Vagnoni and Antonella Maggini, teachers of a primary school (III A class,
Primary School “ SAN VITO”, Circolo Didattico “ Viale C. Battisti” in Recanati, MC).
They tried to organize an experience of storytelling with robots using Lego Mindstorm NXT ; the NXT is the
brain of a MINDSTORMS®robot, an intelligent computer-controlled LEGO® brick that lets a robot come alive and
perform different operations [http://mindstorms.lego.com/en-us/Default.aspx]. Together with NXT, the software
“Enchanting” has been used for two reasons: first, it's of very simple use for little children thanks to its 'puzzle'
structure; then, this software is really near to a programming language. To let the students being familiar with this
language, they started using Scratch, an easy programming language created by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at
the MIT Media Lab, which makes it easy to create interactive stories, animations, games, then sharing these
creations on the web [http://scratch.mit.edu/]. For two weeks students used Scratch to learn a programming language
with the support of teacher Barbara, while teacher Antonella selected a tale of young Giacomo Leopardi, “The
donkey and the sheep”, written in 1810. The tale has been written in prose for the children, who collaborated with
the teachers in preparing the requested elements for creating the story: the stage, backgrounds, music and sounds.
The behaviours of the donkey - robot will be guided by a software realized with Enchanting; in this way, the donkey
(that is the robot) will act into a real context with a forest, the other characters of the story, and so on. Using the
robot, thanks to the feedback of the sensors children can get in touch with reality according to a different and new
perspective. Children will narrate the story in turn, also imitating the animal verses. This Robotic experience will go
on for the whole school year, and is aimed at promoting children's growth throughout a playful approach, various
expressive forms and new strategies.
In order to build the robots and their programmes, an initial training is needed for allowing students to set
adequate actions and behaviours; therefore, it's necessary to outline the different steps of the process, supplying the
robot with a programme and placing it into the simulated environment, so it will start to interact as the character of
the story.
Among the various aims of the project, it's important to remember the following ones: motivating to reading
activities; promoting expression abilities and creativity; to be able in using a programme language and its simplest
instructions; coordinating the various instructions of the programme language in a spatio-temporal order, according
to the story to be represented; telling the story in the opportune chronological order; understanding simple poetic
texts and their characteristics; taking different points of view; developing abilities in spatio-temporal organization,
being able to measure the distance between two different points, outlining a map of the story; collaborating with
classmates to create a product and in order to find the best solution in a context of problem solving.
While the introduction of Educational Robotics experiences in secondary school could be interesting both in the
field of life-skills, and in the field of cross-disciplinary abilities (in disciplinary learning paths, i.e. in building
scientific notions or literary texts), in primary school Robotics can be introduced through the medium of narration:
in this contexts, it can be considered as a tool both for planning and for refining skills connected to learning tasks
such as listening, speaking, reading, writing. In primary school easy-to-use robotic kits should be proposed,
however, in order to create simple algorithms or hardware (Alessandri and Paciaroni, 2011; Gharaghani et al.,
2011).
You can introduce Robotics in all school grades, both in primary and in secondary school, towards a narrative
approach and by designing experiences with opportune difficulty levels; if combined with the acquisition of specific
disciplinary abilities, Robotic experiences can be usefully employed in disciplinary contexts in secondary school,
both for scientific and for literary subjects.
An example that deals with scientific topics is the one related to programming a 90° right rotation of a robot
simulating a car movement: you must know the concepts of circumference and diameter to solve the problem. In a
problem solving approach, however, the student is not requested to simply apply his/her competences, but an](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tbqylylwr76sjdqlpril-signature-5541d53a800e991e66fc461a33630d47f5c7014c26dc50d9b693d1b82d71858d-poli-160411103403/85/Educational-Robotics-Between-Narration-and-Simulation-5-320.jpg)
Educational Robotics Between Narration and Simulation
- 1. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51 (2012) 104 – 109 1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Ay e Çak r lhan doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.126 ARTSEDU 2012 Educational Robotics between narration and simulation Alessandri Giuseppe a1 , Paciaroni Martina b a Faculty of Education Sciences - University of Macerata, (MC, Italy) b Faculty of Education Sciences - University of Macerata, (MC, Italy) Abstract This contribution wants to show two of the different approaches to Educational Robotics: narration and simulation. One can be independent from another, but they can be put in a sequence made of two steps: first, the creation and organization of a story, then its realization on a stage, where the robot represents a character in the story itself and acts in the real world. You move from a flexible phase (narration) to a rigorous one (simulation).Robotic experiences in educational contexts are particularly important, not only as mediators for activities in disciplinary fields, but also as tools for activating abilities through a didactic approach based on action. According to Varela, Thompson and Rosch (1991), objects are not seen by extracting characteristics from the visual system, but through the visual guide of action. Robotics allows recognizing the world by living, not by observing or listening to stories. Robotic, thus, becomes Educational: you can move from the observation of a device to the immersion in the device itself; through the device, moreover, knowledge can be developed from the awareness of the real world’s segment you are exploring. Keywords: technology learning, educational robotics, storytelling, simulation, narration. 1. Introduction Writing about the problem of determinism, Karl Popper (Popper, 1972) proposed the famous metaphor of clouds and clocks: on one hand, “clouds” represent physical systems which are irregular, chaotic, disorderly and unpredictable (indeterminism), while “clocks” represent physical systems which are regular, orderly, highly predictable (determinism). The Newtonian revolution seemed to suggest that “all clouds are clocks”, so giving a brief definition of physical determinism. Although Newton and Keplero didn't support the proposition according to which “clouds are clocks”, their theories were relevant in demonstrating the regularity of planets movements and physical phenomena: it's just this surrounding regularity that leads us to think clouds are clocks. According to the indeterministic perspective, on the other hand, all clocks are clouds; however, beyond regularity in the world we can also find the causality, a certain level of disorder, a statistic probability. So, there is a clouds-to-clocks continuum: the world has got both laws (predictable dimension) and unpredictable events. This bipolar structure is the theoretical basis of this contribution, with a range of different events among two extreme positions (determinism and indeterminism): it is possible to find this dichotomy in many scientific theories, as well as in a general perspective on universe and its evolution, often in extreme opposition. 1 Alessandri Giuseppe. Tel.: 003907332585950 E-mail address: g.alessandri@unimc.it © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Ayse Cakir Ilhan Available online at www.sciencedirect.com © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Ay e Çak r lhan Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
- 2. 105Alessandri Giuseppe and Paciaroni Martina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51 (2012) 104 – 109 With reference to technologies, there is a long but still lively debate between “technological determinism” and “sociological determinism”. According to Popper's metaphor, both the determinisms can be connected to Popper's determinism, as the technological one leads the other; at the same time, however, due to a certain unpredictability the sociological determinism can be linked to Popper's indeterminism. According to the “technological determinism”, society and its development are determined by the evolution of technology, while “sociological determinism” states that social development leads the evolution of technology. According to some authors, both technological and sociological determinism represent a continuum (Miconi, 2005): social groups determine the prevailing technology, while technology influences society, as well as society adapts to technological rules. The so-called enlarged society tends to suppose technologies are developing motu proprio while, on the contrary, the development of a technology is determined by social groups in the same way it presents itself. Dealing with the social use of technology, in Cyberculture Lévy says that «What we crudely label “new technologies” encompasses the multiform activity of human groups, a complex collective becoming that crystallizes around material objects, computer programs, and communication devices. It is the social process in all its opacity, which returns to the individual in the form of the foreign, inhuman mask of technology» (Lévy, 2001, pp. 9-10). Human groups determine the birth of material objects (hardware), computer programs (software) and communication tools; then technology, with its foreign and inhuman mask, points to the human who is understanding this process as independent and self-sufficient. According to Popper's scheme, however, the first pole may represent strictness and rigidity, while the second pole can express flexibility and reasonable uncertainty. 2. Robotics between determinism and indeterminism The presence of two opposite poles is evident in many research fields: in the context of artefacts planning, for instance, from a rigid and predetermined perspective (that develops according to the process) you can move to a more deterministic and flexible vision. In this new context, it is possible to re-design in itinere the original path, making use of what results from the activity. Dealing with Robotics, it is possible to find the same distinction or dichotomy, between Planning Robotics and Behaviour-based Robotics. In the first approach, the actions are determined by plans, or symbolical actions held by the robot itself; in the second case, the robot triggers reactions to obstacles as far as they appear. Independent Robotics was born together with Artificial Intelligence (AI): according to AI the robotic devices hold both the internal representation of the world they act in, and a wide range of possible actions to perform in the same world, with proper combinations according to the context, so they can achieve the solutions to solve problems they were built for (Alessandri and Paciaroni, 2011). The solution to a problem is not a result of the robot’s action in a real world, but it is achieved from a pattern, a scheme the robot itself is holding: in this perspective, even a tiny change in the real world will invalidate the possibility for the robot to find a solution, if this is not included in the scheme. We can say the robot has a sort of intelligence that symbolically reproduces its context, interacting with the world throughout representations and then activating a consequent behaviour (Marocco, 2006; Nolfi, 2009; Iqbal, Kankaanranta & Neittaanmäki, 2011; Ozdamli, 2011). According to Brooks (Brooks, 1991), a system is intelligent when it activates sensory behaviours into a real dynamic environment: rather than completely separated from the physical world, a clever system has to be interpreted as a body with a sensorial system, that is the concept of embodiment (Marocco, 2006). A behaviour-based system interacts with the real world through sensors; the analysis of the continuous feedback between the robot and the world itself allows the modification of any error or malfunctioning, towards behaviours that are re-designed, properly handling the software which guides the robot's actions. In this way, the child/student can identify himself with the robot, so acting with consciousness and intentionality (Bruner, 1986) as a character in the story: the character's beliefs, values and ambitions fit with the narrator's one, and vice versa. Thanks to this connection, according to which cause-and-effect actions in the real world are based on the intentional states of the
- 3. 106 Alessandri Giuseppe and Paciaroni Martina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51 (2012) 104 – 109 robot, the child as a narrator gets in touch with the robot's world, studying its behaviours and so learning by doing within the world. A robotic experience, particularly an Educational Robotics experience, allows the shifting from the observation of a device to the immersion in the device itself; throughout the device, moreover, it's possible to build knowledge, so gaining awareness of the segment of real world you are exploring. Mentioning the famous kitten experience from Held and Hein, Varela, Thompson and Rosch confirm their enactiv idea, according to which objects are not seen by extracting characteristics from the visual system, but through the visual guide of action (Varela et al., 1991) It's possible to gather two research perspectives from Enactivism, and applying them to Robotics according to behaviour-based approach. The first position can be referred to the fact that Enactivism perspective is in disagree with the idea of knowledge as a world representation: the representation of a predetermined world from a predetermined mind (Varela et al., 1991). In this sense, Brooks' idea of behaviour-based system is in step with the Enactivism thinking, while Planning Robotics can be connected both with the idea of knowledge as a representation, and with a deterministic approach (according to Popper's metaphor), as it is made of facts and rules due to rigid laws for robots in order to produce specific and highly predictable behaviours. A second perspective, instead, is linked to knowledge building as immersion in action; for a student it will be not enough seeing robot in action in order to understand the fragment of reality he is exploring, but he has to identify with the robot itself, really interacting with the world. The body (that is, specifically, the robotic device) and its environment (the fragment of reality in which robot is acting) are essential and unavoidable elements for cognition: there is no knowledge without interaction between body and environment. In this way, behaviour-based systems are a technology which are “interpreting” the Enactivism approach to cognition, while planning systems represent the Cognitivism approach to Artificial Intelligence. According to Popper's metaphor, we can also say that the behaviour-based approach can be placed in the indeterministic pole, while planning systems can be placed in the deterministic one. 3. Narration and Robots Dealing with Robotics in educational contexts, we can find a further dichotomy between simulation and narration. Simulation appears as characterized by rigour in design, for showing the virtualization of natural phenomena; narration, instead, can be characterized by fantasy in creating stories. According to Popper's clouds and clocks metaphor, in Educational Robotics both the two dimensions can cohabit in a model similar to the one outlining the development of technologies: in a first phase narration allows thinking, designing and realizing the development of a story, as it happens when a new technology is born from the society in a semi-organized chaos; simulation, then, allows the robot to live in a human context, performing and representing human “bodies” and “behaviours”, with a rigorous and scientific vision managing the simulated experience. “Clouds”, so, are represented by the story that has to be invented and narrated, as far as “clocks” are represented by the rules in creating the fantastic object of the story. The storytelling itself holds two levels: the fabula, that is the chronological development of a story, and the script; the fabula can be linked to the “clouds” pole, while the script can be linked to the “clocks” pole. Narration, so, and in particular storytelling, are an approach for building knowledge in the real world, towards the interaction between knowledge and creation, that is between the progressive knowledge of reality and the personal story. The narrator creates stories with characters and plots, setting a stage with actors (i.e. the robots) developing a screenplay made of simulations, in order to acknowledge the real world through action (Enactivism). The development of Robotics itself is a process that bridges between fantasy and reality. Robots are often the leading actors in the fantastic and literary production of ever. In the past, we can find a lot of examples: between 130 and 180 A.D., for instance, Aulo Gellio speaks about Archita, a 5th century philosopher and mathematician, who designed and realized clever mechanical toys; one of these toys, a dove, was able to fly, maybe thanks to a pneumatic system, but just for one time. In his fairy tales, also Somadeva, an Indian writer of the 11th century, introduces dolls acting actually like a robot or an automaton (Battaglia, 2006). Robots are also present in
- 4. 107Alessandri Giuseppe and Paciaroni Martina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51 (2012) 104 – 109 research activities and projects: in the past, Leonardo Da Vinci created an artifact settled to represent a kind of robot similar to a human being; nowadays, there are several researches about robots and humanoids (Battaglia 2006). Over the time, we can say that storytelling has been the main theme in the developing process of Robotics, bridging across fantasy and reality, dream and fulfilment, drawing a path in which theory and practice are variously combined in order to start new experiences. This process develops into two directions: narration and script; the dimension of narration represents the evolution of knowledge building process of Robotics itself, while the dimension of the script is dealing with the realization of robotic devices (Alessandri and Paciaroni, 2011). This is also the personal process of everyone having experiences dealing in Educational Robotics: on one hand, narration is the development of the knowledge building process between Robotics and Didactics, while on the other hand the script comes from the reifications proposed to the communities, The reifications realized through robotic devices determine the storytelling of your own personal experience within the community or the social group, that are giving their own “what” in the story (Alessandri and Paciaroni, 2011). Combining narration and script can be a useful input to create personal experiences of Educational Robotics by creating stories in which robots are actors in the plot. The result of this process is a digital tale, that is the narration of an event with a specific screenplay also developing into the real world, through the interaction between characters (the robots) and the writer/narrator. At school, students build their own narration through a script, so improving and developing skills in communicating, understanding and producing texts. According to a recent study (Prejean et al., 2009), narrative can represent an authentic context for situated learning (Brown et al., 1989; Lave and Wenger, 1990), or to grant instruction (Bransford et al., 1990) through the description in rich details, with engaging characters and illustration of knowledge in context. The authors say that “in contrast with typical methods of knowledge representation, stories provide a rich context and framework for content knowledge transfer, because storytelling can assist in defining technical aspects of texts by providing concise, concrete examples of the written materials studied; eventually storytelling helps get one’s attention and fosters knowledge retention (Abrahamson, 1998)” (Prejean et al., 2009). 4. Narration and robots at school According to Anthony G. Amsterdam and Jerome Bruner (Smorti, 1998), stories are plots of facts and events due to imagination, or real events performed by actors who, in a process with a start, a development and an end, are acting in compliance with their intentions, beliefs and feelings, according to the characterization pointed out by the narrator. In its development process, a story need some elements: 1. the identification of an initial focus on the context in which the story will growth; 2. the presence of a problem causing a modification of the initial situation and of its balance, and which has to be interpreted as an event that goes out of the ordinary; 3. a range of attempts in order to establish the story balance, through a solution of the problem or, on the contrary, a failure; 4. the achievement of a new balance, which can represent a new status or the restoration of the initial one; 5. the conclusion of the story, giving sensations and indications obtained from the narration plot in order to be reproduced in the real life. This contribution aims to propose an enactive use of narration: through a fabulous plot, students can draw up a contact with reality which will afford their knowledge building while really trying out an event or a phenomenon, not only looking at its growing up. In a digital world, therefore, a story can be virtually rebuilt through a lot of ways, devices and procedures. Jason Ohler (Ohler, 2007) points out two different methods for creating stories: a green screen-based storytelling and a computer-based storytelling. This one implies the following steps: the map is created by the student, who receives a feedback from the group, so adding new elements to the story if it's necessary; then the story is written and recorded; the final step is listening to the story and activate a process of adequate revision. If the product doesn't fulfil the expectations, it's possible to adjust the realization process, otherwise the story is digitalized. This
- 5. 108 Alessandri Giuseppe and Paciaroni Martina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51 (2012) 104 – 109 digitalization process may occur in different ways: only within the computer (according to Ohler's argumentation), in an hybrid form with robot immersed in a continuum between real world and computer, or in a virtual simulation in which robots are acting as characters. In the second and third case, as robots live and act in a real world, simulations are built in a real context. The Faculty of Education Sciences of Macerata University is developing a project dealing with storytelling Robotics, in collaboration with Barbara Vagnoni and Antonella Maggini, teachers of a primary school (III A class, Primary School “ SAN VITO”, Circolo Didattico “ Viale C. Battisti” in Recanati, MC). They tried to organize an experience of storytelling with robots using Lego Mindstorm NXT ; the NXT is the brain of a MINDSTORMS®robot, an intelligent computer-controlled LEGO® brick that lets a robot come alive and perform different operations [http://mindstorms.lego.com/en-us/Default.aspx]. Together with NXT, the software “Enchanting” has been used for two reasons: first, it's of very simple use for little children thanks to its 'puzzle' structure; then, this software is really near to a programming language. To let the students being familiar with this language, they started using Scratch, an easy programming language created by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab, which makes it easy to create interactive stories, animations, games, then sharing these creations on the web [http://scratch.mit.edu/]. For two weeks students used Scratch to learn a programming language with the support of teacher Barbara, while teacher Antonella selected a tale of young Giacomo Leopardi, “The donkey and the sheep”, written in 1810. The tale has been written in prose for the children, who collaborated with the teachers in preparing the requested elements for creating the story: the stage, backgrounds, music and sounds. The behaviours of the donkey - robot will be guided by a software realized with Enchanting; in this way, the donkey (that is the robot) will act into a real context with a forest, the other characters of the story, and so on. Using the robot, thanks to the feedback of the sensors children can get in touch with reality according to a different and new perspective. Children will narrate the story in turn, also imitating the animal verses. This Robotic experience will go on for the whole school year, and is aimed at promoting children's growth throughout a playful approach, various expressive forms and new strategies. In order to build the robots and their programmes, an initial training is needed for allowing students to set adequate actions and behaviours; therefore, it's necessary to outline the different steps of the process, supplying the robot with a programme and placing it into the simulated environment, so it will start to interact as the character of the story. Among the various aims of the project, it's important to remember the following ones: motivating to reading activities; promoting expression abilities and creativity; to be able in using a programme language and its simplest instructions; coordinating the various instructions of the programme language in a spatio-temporal order, according to the story to be represented; telling the story in the opportune chronological order; understanding simple poetic texts and their characteristics; taking different points of view; developing abilities in spatio-temporal organization, being able to measure the distance between two different points, outlining a map of the story; collaborating with classmates to create a product and in order to find the best solution in a context of problem solving. While the introduction of Educational Robotics experiences in secondary school could be interesting both in the field of life-skills, and in the field of cross-disciplinary abilities (in disciplinary learning paths, i.e. in building scientific notions or literary texts), in primary school Robotics can be introduced through the medium of narration: in this contexts, it can be considered as a tool both for planning and for refining skills connected to learning tasks such as listening, speaking, reading, writing. In primary school easy-to-use robotic kits should be proposed, however, in order to create simple algorithms or hardware (Alessandri and Paciaroni, 2011; Gharaghani et al., 2011). You can introduce Robotics in all school grades, both in primary and in secondary school, towards a narrative approach and by designing experiences with opportune difficulty levels; if combined with the acquisition of specific disciplinary abilities, Robotic experiences can be usefully employed in disciplinary contexts in secondary school, both for scientific and for literary subjects. An example that deals with scientific topics is the one related to programming a 90° right rotation of a robot simulating a car movement: you must know the concepts of circumference and diameter to solve the problem. In a problem solving approach, however, the student is not requested to simply apply his/her competences, but an
- 6. 109Alessandri Giuseppe and Paciaroni Martina / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51 (2012) 104 – 109 opportune combination of them to achieve the solution. Differently from what happens in solving a simple exercise, a context a problem solving implies a really creative activity and the student has to arrange his/her own abilities to create and use new strategies. With regards to Italian language, for instance, students can use different types of text: a descriptive one to draw a description of the robot's programme, an instructional one to number the different steps of the artefact’s building, an informative one to share the experience with other group members. In addition, they can usefully draw a diary (personal or social, private or public) in the form of a narrative text. Finally, the argumentative text will be a valid support for the final step, when different solutions are compared from different groups of students. (Alessandri and Paciaroni, 2011). 5. Conclusions The various Robotics experiences, both in primary and in secondary school, are connected by narration and simulation. According to the dimension of narration, a didactic approach to robotic devices grants students to describe their own world, realizing and manipulating robots, who are playing the role of main character in the stories. Simulation, hence, is involved in the practical setting-up of the robotic devices, who are simulating fantastic or real worlds to use in the different disciplines and areas. Thus, a new approach to contents and a higher motivations are replacing the traditional way of studying: students act as researchers when creating artificial worlds based on their own representations and trying out real events; in this process, they are continuously discovering and verifying if their intuitions are valid, according to a coherence between research and trial (Alessandri and Paciaroni, 2011). Throughout storytelling and simulation, Educational Robotics leads Didactics to the integration of real and artificial, through an approach that is functional both to contents and to methodology, promoting the motivation with a positive effect on learning process. References Alessandri G. (2008), Dal Desktop a Second Life. Tecnologie nella didattica, Perugia, Morlacchi. Alessandri G., Paciaroni M. (2011), Robotica Educativa, in: Minerva T., Colazzo L. (eds), Connessi! 37-45, Milano, Ledizioni. Battaglia P. (2006), L’intelligenza artificiale. Dagli automi ai robot intelligenti, Torino, UTET. Bertacchini P.A. (2006), Apprendere con le mani, Milano, FrancoAngeli. Bransford J. D., Sherwood R. D., Hasselbring T. S., Kinzer C. K., Williams S. M. (1990). Anchored instruction: Why we need it and how technology can help. In D. Nix & R. Spiro (Eds.), Cogniti Brooks R.A., Intelligence without representation, Artificial Intelligence, 47:139-159. Brown J. S., Collins, A., Duguid P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18 (1): 32-42. Bruner J. (1986), Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Gharaghani,Z., Rasekh, A.E., Dabaghi,A., & Tohidian, I. (2011).Effect of gender on politeness strategies in greetings of native speakers of persian; english and efl learners. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 6(3). Iqbal, A., Kankaanranta, M., & Neittaanmäki, P. (2011). Participation of the young ones in virtual worlds: a look at experiences and motivations. World Journal on Educational Technology, 3(1), 16-27. Lave, J., Wenger, E. (1990). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Levy P. (2001), Cyberculture. (Robert Bononno, Trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,. (pp. 9-10) Marocco D. (2006), Intelligenza Artificiale. Introduzione ai nuovi modelli, Roma, Bonanno. Miconi A. (2005), Una scienza normale, Meltemi, Roma. Nolfi S. (2009), Che cos’è la Robotica autonoma, Carocci, Roma Ohler J. (2007), Digital Storytelling in the Classroom: New Media Pathways to Literacy, Learning, and Creativity, Thousand Oaks , Corwin Press Inc. Ozdamli, F. (2011). Mobile learning perception and competence of teachers and learners according to the geographical areas in North Cyprus. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 3 (2) 35-46. Popper, K. R., Objective Knowledge. An Evolutionary Approach, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1972 Prejean L., Ford M.J., Ma Y., Williams, D. (2009).Integrating Fictional Narrative in Robotics Activities. In I. Gibson et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2009 (pp. 3830-3835). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Smorti A. (1998), Il pensiero narrativo, Firenze, Giunti Editore. Varela F. J., Thompson E., Rosch E. (1991)., The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience , MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA..