E-Governance Slide.pdf
- 1. B.Tech. (6th Sem.) - CS6435
- 2. Unit-I (E-Governance) ◦ What is E-Governance? ◦ Goals, Types, Need of E-Governance ◦ Advantages/ Disadvantages of E-Governance ◦ Issues/Challenges of E-Governance ◦ Evolution of E-Governance Unit – II (E-Governance Models) ◦ Six models of Digital Governance ◦ Evolution in E-Governance and Maturity Models
- 3. Unit - I
- 4. E-governance can be defined as the process to integrate the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) for carrying out the daily operations of governance. The main aim of this technology is to boost the ability of government for addressing the requirements for normal public.
- 5. Creating a better business environment Strengthening good governance and broadening public participation Improving the productivity and efficiency of government agencies Efficiency gains Improving the quality of life for disadvantaged communities
- 6. (G2G): Government-to-Government (G2C): services by the Government -to-citizen (C2G): Interaction of Citizens with the Government (G2B): services of the Government-to- business (B2G): Business Interaction with the Government
- 7. Speed Saving Costs Transparency Accountability
- 8. Loss of Interpersonal Communication High Setup Cost and Technical Difficulties Illiteracy Cybercrime/Leakage of Personal Information
- 9. E-Governance is the public sector’s use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) with the aim of: ◦ Improving information and service delivery ◦ Encouraging citizen’s participation in the decision- making process ◦ Making government more accountable, transparent, and effective The word ‘E-Governance’ can be viewed as governance and the ICT revolution
- 10. To provide SMART government ◦ S - Simple ◦ M - Moral ◦ A - Accountable ◦ R - Responsive ◦ T - Government To provide difficult but ideal Models for ◦ Smart Village ◦ Smart Municipality ◦ Smart State Disintermediation – eliminating the middleman or tout between the government and the people
- 11. To cut costs and minimize governance complexities by business process reengineering To include an online system based on the Internet for: ◦ reducing middlemen and malpractices ◦ tackling corruption
- 12. Trust Digital divide Lack of Awareness Cost Privacy and Security Accessibility Low Computer Literacy Resistance to Change
- 13. The e-governance issues that need to be focused on: ◦ How will the performance of government departments/public bodies be improved by e- governance initiatives? ◦ What are the organizational effects of e-government and IT? ◦ What are the correct strategies for success in e- governance projects? ◦ What are the skills that are required by government employees in an e-governance environment in the Information Age?
- 14. The unequal access to digital technology, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and the internet Creates a division and inequality around access to information and resources Characterized by 3 types of gaps: ◦ Availability – Lack of available options for technology ◦ Adoption – Lack of user readiness and digital literacy skills ◦ Affordability – Lack of affordable services and products
- 15. Real E-Governance solutions were initially implemented in Chile in the early seventies. The current interest in e-governance applications has its root in the “Information Super Highway”, a concept initiated by the US in 1990. The focus was on the development of IT infrastructure including the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and India. The interest widened to include socio- economic considerations encapsulated in the concept of an Information Society or Knowledge Society.
- 16. Today, Commercial enterprises utilized ICT to enhance their service quality, speed, and convenience. E-commerce became a boom and visible success cases of ICT applications include: ◦ 24 hours ATM ◦ 24 hours call centres ◦ electronic shopping on the Web ◦ integrating TV with the Internet, etc. Information system runs ‘back offices’ in various sectors including financial, services, etc. These ‘back offices’ are being handled offshore in developing countries like India where manpower available at low cost
- 17. The scope of ICT implementation in government machinery results in: ◦ improvement of efficiency and effectiveness of the executive functions of government ◦ greater transparency to citizens and businesses in terms of greater access to the information generated or collated by the government ◦ fundamental changes and improvement in relations between citizens and the state thereby improving the democratic process ◦ better interactions and relationships among different wings of the same government, state or local governments within a country. countries whose governments are web-enabled
- 18. Any e-governance activity/project involves appropriate: ◦ hardware and corresponding system software ◦ networking of the hardware identified above-both the Internet and Intranet environment ◦ application software along with appropriate database management software
- 20. Unit - II
- 21. ICT to governance activities can be manifested in multifarious ways and models Models are essential for the right perspective on e-governance implementation Each Model is based on the inherent characteristics of ICT: ◦ Enabling equal access to anyone who is linked to the digital network ◦ De-concentration of information across the entire digital network ◦ Connecting all sources of information
- 22. Few Generic models have shaped up, found greater recognition, and are being replicated The information in these models does not reside at any one particular level (or node) but gets distributed across all nodes This distribution of information may happen through ◦ direct access ◦ public access ◦ convergent modes Hierarchy-based information flow instead of Equity-based
- 23. Governance models are ◦ fundamentally different in developed and developing countries in terms of expectations of good governance. ◦ still evolving in developing countries Each model exhibits several variations depending on ◦ Local situation ◦ Governance activities being carried out by them
- 24. Broadcasting/Wider Dissemination Model Critical Flow Model Comparative Analysis Model Mobilisation and Lobbying Model Interactive-Service Model E-governance Maturity Model
- 25. Based on the mass dissemination of information relevant to better governance into the wider public domain using ICTs and convergent media This raises awareness among the citizens about ongoing governance processes and government services that are available to them and how they can benefit from them The application of this model using appropriate technologies could reduce the "information failure situations”
- 26. Putting government laws and legislation online Making available the names, contact addresses, e-mails, and fax numbers of local government officials online Making available key information pertaining to governmental plans, budgets, expenditures, and performances online
- 27. Putting key court judgments/judicial statements that are of value to common citizens and creating a precedence or future actions online, viz. key environment-related judgments, State vs Citizen court rulings, etc. Project GISTNIC (General Information Services Terminal of National Informatics Centre) ◦ NIC disseminates general information on 25 subjects such as Economy, Education, Census, Tourism, etc. ◦ Setting up or maintaining websites for the public using www.nic.in
- 28. Evaluation ◦ The first step to more evolved forms of digital governance models ◦ It is a crucial model as Enhances 'access' and 'flow' of information to all segments of the society Serves as a building block to better governance ◦ Government can use this model to provide greater governance services to their constituencies and to enhance the participation of citizens in governance processes
- 29. Evaluation ◦ The model can lose its effectiveness In the situation of optimal ignorance In societies, where the free flow of information is not encouraged
- 30. The model is based on channeling information of ‘critical value’ to a targeted audience or wider public domain using ICTs The targeted audience may include media, affected parties, opposition parties, judicial bench, independent investigators, or the general public Those who would divulge such information could include upright officials and workers, whistleblowers, affected parties, and those who were themselves involved in bad governance practices but have now changed their minds
- 31. The use of this model requires foresight of ◦ Understanding the "critical and use value" of a particular information set ◦ How or from where this information could be obtained? ◦ How could the information be used strategically? ◦ Who are the best target group for such information? The strength of ‘Critical Flow Model’ is the inherent characteristic of ICT that makes the notion of distance and time redundant.
- 32. Information on corruption (by an appropriate legal authority) of a particular government ministry or government officials, to its electoral constituency or to the concerned governing body (e.g., the websites of Central Vigilance Commission) Research studies, inquiry reports, and appraisals commissioned by the government to the affected parties
- 33. Human rights violation and criminal impeachment records against government officials to NGOs and concerned citizens Environment-related information to local communities, for example, information on radioactivity spills, effluent discharge in rivers, green ratings of a company
- 34. Evaluation: ◦ This model is more focused in terms of its information content and its intended users ◦ Due to critical aspect, the model exposed the weakest aspect of governance and decision making Different organizations can use it differently depending on the situation they want to address ◦ The model corrects information failure, raises awareness about bad governance practices, and acts as a hindrance to bad governance practices
- 35. ◦ The model exerts indirect pressure on the concerned governance institution / policy-making body to move away from optimal ignorance attitude to reform, and take into cognizance the interest and opinion of the masses in decision-making processes ◦ The model may not work In cases where the governance mechanism does not allow public debates and opinions and censures all information of critical nature Where the government maintains tight control over all information
- 36. This model empowers people by comparing cases of bad governance with those of good governance and identifying specific aspects of bad governance, the reasons and people behind them, and how the situation can be improved The model continuously assimilates new knowledge products and uses them as a benchmark to evaluate, influence or advocate changes in current government policies and actions
- 37. The comparison could be made over a time scale to get a snapshot of the past and the present situation or could be used to compare the effectiveness of an intervention by comparing two similar situation The strength of this model lies in the infinite capacity of digital networks to store varied information, retrieve and transmit it instantly across all geographical and hierarchical barriers
- 38. Gauging the effectiveness of current policies by learnings from government policies and actions of the past Establishing conditions of prior precedence, especially in the case of judicial or legal decision-making, and use it to influence future decision-making. This could be useful in resolving patent-related disputes, public goods ownership rights, etc.
- 39. Enabling informed decision-making at all levels by enhancing the background knowledge and provide a rationale for future course of action. Evaluating the performance record of a particular government official or ministry.
- 40. Evaluations: ◦ Developing countries can effectively use this model to their advantage as ICT opens access to global and local knowledge ◦ Watch-guard organizations and monitor groups can use this model to continuously track the governance past record and performance and compare with different information sets ◦ Requires the ability to analyze and bring out strong arguments ◦ Ineffective in absence of a strong civil society interest and public memory which is essential to force decision-makers to improve existing governance practices
- 41. Mobilization and Lobbying Model is one of the most frequently used digital governance models and has often come to the aid of civil society organizations in developing countries The model is based on planned, directed, strategic flow of information to build strong virtual allies to strengthen action in the real world It takes up the proactive approach of forming virtual communities which share similar values and concerns, promoting active sharing of information between these communities, and linking them with real-world activities
- 42. The strength of this model is in the diversity of its virtual community, and the ideas, expertise, and resources accumulated through virtual forms of networking The model is able to effectively overcome geographical, institutional and bureaucratic barriers to shape concerted action It also provides a strong virtual arm to several activities such as directing campaigns against a particular individual or decision-making body
- 43. Fostering public debates on global issues, themes of upcoming conferences, treaties, etc. Formation of pressure groups to pressurize decision-makers to take their common concerns into cognizance Amplifying the voices of marginalized groups such as backward classes or minorities who are traditionally marginalized from the decision- making process
- 44. Encouraging wider participation in decision- making processes Developing global expertise on a particular theme in the absence of localized information to aid decision-making
- 45. The model enhances the scope of participation of individuals and communities in debates that affect them and helps them build a global alliance A community may no longer find itself isolated but may find an ally for mobilizing effective action through this model It also creates an effective deterrent for governments and decision-making bodies that are responsive to people's opinions to provide better governance
- 46. The model could also be used favorably by the government in a positive manner to encourage public debates on issues where the opinion and expertise of civil society are of great importance and therefore could become a tool to enhance democratic practices and improve governance practices (especially in Developing Countries
- 47. It is a consolidation of the other digital governance models and opens up possibilities for one-to-one and self-serviced participation of individuals in governance processes The participation is direct as this model fully captures the potential of ICT and leverages it for greater participation, efficiency, and transparency in the functioning of government as well as savings in time and costs relating to decision-making It can bring greater objectivity and transparency in decision-making processes, and give a greater feeling of involvement and empowerment, provided that individuals are willing to engage in the governance processes
- 48. Under this model, the various services offered by the government become directly available to its citizens by opening up an interactive Government to Consumer to Government (G2C2G) channel in various aspects of governance The interactive Government-to-Consumer-to- Government (G2C2G) channel in various functions such as the election of government officials (e- ballots), filing of tax returns, procurement of government services, sharing concerns and providing expertise, conducting opinion polls on public issues, and grievance redressal
- 49. Establishing an interactive communication channel with policy-makers such as videoconferencing and online dialoguing Conducting electronic ballots for the election of government officials and other office bearers Conducting public debates/opinion polls on issues of wider concern before the formulation of policies and legislative frameworks
- 50. Filing of grievance petitions, feedback, and reports by citizens with the concerned governmental body Performing governance functions online such as revenue collection, filing of taxes, governmental procurement, payment transfers, etc. Carrying out videoconferencing, and online discussion with policymakers
- 51. This model is more embedded in e-governance initiatives in the developed countries The model is on the higher end of technology reliance than the other models, making it difficult to replicate in developing countries without individual and secure ICT access
- 52. The E-governance Maturity Model, based on the conventional software maturity models, proposes some levels of maturity, depending on the effectiveness with which the e- governance efforts have been initiated, implemented, or successfully completed The E-governance Maturity Model proposes five levels of maturity, depending upon the effectiveness with which the e-governance efforts have been initiated, pursued, utilized, and institutionalized
- 54. Level 1: Closed ◦ This is the stage when an organization does not use ICT as a facilitator for good governance and has no plans to do so in the near future ◦ This situation may arise due to a lack of exposure to ICTs and associated benefits due to : remoteness from the mainstream in terms of location lack of resources and strategic thinking ◦ The organization is 'closed' in terms of being connected and sharing information in the context of e-governance
- 55. Level 2: Initial ◦ The stage when an organization has initiated the automation of its processes but on an ad-hoc basis ◦ No organized efforts are made to undertake the e- governance initiatives ◦ Due to a lack of direction many such e-governance efforts are abandoned at a subsequent date
- 56. Level 3: Planned ◦ The e-governance initiative, at this level, is undertaken with a systematic approach ◦ The organization has a clearly defined vision, objectives, and goals for e-governance ◦ A need assessment study is conducted to prioritize areas of implementation and gauge the extent of e- readiness. ◦ Taking input from the need assessment study, extensive planning has been carried out indicating policies, strategies, various activities, stakeholders, roles, responsibilities, and resources required in terms of time, money, and manpower to undertake the e- governance exercise
- 57. Level 4: Realized ◦ This level corresponds to the stage when the organization actually realizes the complete e- governance plan ◦ An integrated system is established where all the internal processes of the organization are computerized and there is a seamless information exchange among all concerned entities ◦ A further classification within this level has been proposed that measures the extent of realization of the plan over a period of time.
- 58. Level 4: Realized ◦ These sub-levels are also indicative of the openness and effectiveness with which the information is exchanged among the various entities of the organization (external and internal) Retrospected E-ready Partially open Open
- 59. Level 5: Institutionalized ◦ The organizations sustain the realized state over a period of time so that e-governance becomes part of its work culture ◦ Several iterations between planned and realized states lead to institutionalization, when e-governance becomes a way of life
- 60. Key Focus Areas (KFAs) indicate the areas that need to be focused by an organization A set of related activities when performed collectively, help achieve a particular level of maturity KFAs are defined from level 3 (Planned) onwards, as this is the stage from where e- governance effort is systematically attempted
- 61. The digital governance models bring about a transformation in the existing forms of governance by changing the citizen- governance relationship and bringing in new agents and mechanisms to influence the governance processes The changes brought through digital governance are fourfold ◦ They open up avenues for the flow of information both vertically and laterally to encompass a wider foundation of the civil society
- 62. ◦ The power equations shit from being concentrated at select nodes to its even distribution among citizens, opposition parties, and watchguard groups ◦ There is a greater scope to influence policy-makers and members of civil society through collective opinion, direct participation, participation in public debates, and the use of advocacy tools ◦ Policy-makers become more aware of the voices of people and can effectively involve them in policy- making mechanisms
- 64. Many nations have successfully implemented the e-governance. It can only be applied if the government of the respective country is ready to apply it. Also, it improves the quality of work between the two.
- 65. www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.studymafia.org