Egyptian architecture to upload
- 2. • Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile • Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs prevented attack from invaders • Mediterranean and Red seas • Climate spring and summer with brilliant sunshine • After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal life in kingdom of the God Osiris - imagined this kingdom as a perfect version of Egypt • Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the things they might need in the afterlife, even living people • Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites, and a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling" • Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit • Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen, masked and bandaged
- 3. ANCIENT KINGDOM ( 1ST – 10TH DYNASTY ) Development of two types of tombs Mastaba Pyramid MIDDLE KINGDOM ( 11TH – 17TH DYNASTY ) Important Personalities MENTUHETEP II SENUSRETS AMENEMHAT I NEW EMPIRE ( 18TH – 30TH DYNASTY ) Important Personalities THOTMES 1 HATSHEPSUT THOTMES 1V AMENOPHIS III RAMESES I RAMESES II THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD Important Personalities PTOLEMY II PTOLEMY III
- 4. Due to the scarcity of wood, the two predominant building materials used in ancient Egypt were sun-baked mud bricks and stone, mainly limestone, but also sandstone and granite in considerable. Stone was generally reserved for tombs and temples, while bricks were used even for royal palaces, fortresses, the walls of temple precincts and towns, and for subsidiary buildings in temple complexes. • Flat roof to cover and exclude heat • No windows • Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits and clerestories • Use of batter walls which diminish in width towards the top for stability • Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for hieroglyphics • use of torus mouldings • mouldings such as gorge or hollow and roll
- 5. CAPITALS & COLUMNS • Bud & Bell Capital •Volute Capital •Hathor – Headed Capital •Polygonal Columns •Palm type Capital •Osiris Pillars •Papyrus Capital •Square Pillars
- 6. ORNAMENTS • Lotus Papyrus & Palm – for “ fertility” • Solar Discs & Vutures w/ wings – for “ protection ” • Spiral & feather ornament – for “ eternity ” • Scarab or sacred beetle – for “ resurrection”
- 7. • Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered side, covering a burial chamber below ground • First type of Egyptian tomb • Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge and imposing. Parts: • Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false door for spirits • Column Hall • Offering Chapel • Serdab (contains statue of deceased) • Offering room with Stelae (upright stone slab with name of deceased inscribed) • Offering table • Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin
- 8. The most famous surviving examples of monumental architecture in Egypt. The word 'pyramid' actually comes from the Greek word 'pyramis' which means 'wheat cake'. Sides are facing the cardinal points meeting at an apex. Parts: • Pyramid Entrance and Descending Corridor • The Subterranean Chamber • Grand Gallery • Escape Shaft • The Middle, or Queen's Chamber • The Queen's Chamber Shafts • The Upper or King's Chamber
- 9. 1. STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER - can be found in Saqqara necropolis - built by Imhotep, the first recorded architect - 62 meters high - evolved from 6 mastabas - cladded with polished limestone 2. MAIDUN PYRAMID OF SNEFERU - can be found in necropolis of Dashur 40 kilometers south of Cairo - 65 meters high
- 10. 4. RED PYRAMID OF SNEFERU - largest of the 3 main pyramid in Dashur, necropolis - named for the rusty reddish hue of its red limestone stones - 104 meters high - also known as Shining Northern Pyramid 3. BENT PYRAMID OF SNEFERU - can be found in necropolis of Dashur 40 kilometers south of Cairo - The lower part of the pyramid rises from the desert at a 54-degree inclination, but the top section is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid its very obvious 'bent' appearance. This is to make the pyramid lighter and prevent it from collapsing. - 105 meters high - cladded with polished limestone
- 11. 3. The Giza Pyramid complex -were built in the Fourth Dynasty, testify to the power of the pharaonic religion and state. They were built to serve both as grave sites and also as a way to make their names last forever. The size and simple design show the high skill level of Egyptian design and engineering on a large scale. -The Giza Necropolis stands on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. - Equilateral sides faces the cardinal points. -This ancient Egyptian necropolis consists of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Cheops), the somewhat smaller Pyamid of Khafre (or Kephren/Chefren), and the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus/Mycerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, and the Great Sphinx.
- 12. a. PYRAMID OF THE CHEOPS OR KHUFU (146.4 mts. High & ( 750 sq. ft. ) the biggest pyramid and the plan is two times the area of the famous “ St. Peter Basilica in Rome”. -base is 230.25 mts.
- 13. b. PYRAMID OF CHEPHREN or “Khafre” ( 143.50 mts. high ) & (705 sq. ft. ) in plan. - It has the impression of appearing taller by building it on a site with a foundation 33 feet higher than his father‘s. - Base is 215.50 mts.
- 14. c. PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS or “Menkaura “ (65.5 mts. high) & (215 ft. high). -base is 108.5 mtrs. - Smallest of the three pyramids
- 15. d. SPHINX – is a mythical creature which has a body of a lion and a human head. - is carved out of sandstone & its body is 200’ long and 65’ tall. The face is 13’ wide & it was buried in the desert sand until a Pharaoh of the 5th dynasty excavated it. The pyramid is widely considered to be a depiction of royal power of the Pharaoh.
- 16. • is a burial chamber that is cut into the rock usually along the side of the hill. • it is a common form of burial for the wealthy/ nobility Tomb of Beni Hasan Tombs of the Kings, Thebes
- 17. 2 TYPES OF TEMPLE Mortuary – built in honor of the Pharaohs Cult – built for the worship of the gods, only high priest can enter in both types of temple. PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE Entrance Pylon – massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks known as gateways in Egypt . Hypaethral Court – large outer court open to the sky Hypostyle Hall - a pillared hall in which the roofs rest on column. Sanctuary – usually surrounded by passages & chambers used in connection w/ the temple service. Avenue of Sphinx – where mystical monster were placed.
- 19. 1. GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK - temple building was begun in the 12th dynasty (1991-1785 BC) and was continued over centuries. With an area of about 100 h, Karnak is the largest and probably also the most impressive temple complex in the world. The main temple in the heart of the complex is dedicated to God Amun and was built in the 18th dynasty (1552-1306 BC) The gem of Karnak however is the famous and well preserved hypostyle hall (columns hall) with its 134 columns - a masterstroke of ancient Egyptian architecture under Setos I and Ramses II (19. dynasty, 1306-1186 BC - avenue of ram-headed sphinxes leads the visitor towards the main entrance of the temple. Monumental Pylons, of a height of more than 40 m, colossal statues such as those of Ramses II, the gigantic obelisks of the Hapschepsut and above all the gigantic columns of the famous hypostyle hall – which reach at the middle road a height of 24m.
- 20. 1. GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK
- 21. 2. TEMPLE OF LUXOR - The temple of Luxor was erected in the very heart of the ancient city of Thebes. It is consecrated to God Amun and connected to the Temple of Kamak by a 1.84 ml (3 km) long processional way, which Amenophis III lined with ram headed Sphinxes, like those still to be seen in Kamak. - The temple of Luxor is much smaller than that of Kamak; however it is also magnificent and of majestic beauty. As in Kamak, a monumental entrance gate leads into a large courtyard beyond which is a hypostyle hall with gigantic columns, followed by the actual sanctuary, to which only pharaohs and priests were allowed access. Colossal statues, as well as fascinating reliefs with hieroglyphic inscriptions and graphic representations, tell of the heroic deeds of the Pharaohs and the history of Egypt. - The temple building dates back to the XVIII. Dynasty (1567- 1320 BC) or earlier and was continued over centuries. In the course of the time, it reached a dimension of almost 284 yd (260 m)! In the present temple building Amenophis III (1402-1364 BC) and Ramses II (1279-1213 BC) were essentially involved, but also also Hatshepsut, Tuthmose III and other pharaohs left behind their traces.
- 22. 2. TEMPLE OF LUXOR
- 23. 2. THE GREAT TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL - It is one of the rock- hewn temples at this place commanded by the indefatigable Rameses II. An entrance forecourt leads to the imposing façade, 36 m ( 119 ft. ) wide and 32 m ( 105 ft. ) high formed as pylon, immediately in front of which are four rock-cut seated colossal statues of Rameses, over 20 m ( 65 ft. ) high. - complex was relocated in its entirety in 1968, on an artificial hill made from a domed structure, high above the Aswan high dam reservoir. The relocation of the temples was necessary to avoid their being submerged during the creation of Lake Nasser, the massive artificial water reservoir formed after the building of the Aswan high dam on the Nile River.
- 24. 2. TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT - The mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Der – el Bahari is quite interesting as it consists of 3 terraced courts cut out of the rock & connected by a ramp. The upper court if flanked by 2 sacrificial halls, while on the central axis is the sanctuary, cut deep into the rock. The fluted columns with square capitals are fore runners of the Greek columns & the walls have fine relief sculptures. - Hatshepsut's chancellor, royal architect Senenmut oversaw construction.
- 25. • monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting walls flanking the entrance. PYLON OBELISKS • upright stone square in plan, with an electrum- capped pyramidion on top • sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis • usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances • height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base • four sides feature hieroglyphics
- 26. DWELLING DWELLINGS • Made of crude brick • One or two storey high • Flat roof deck 3 parts: • Reception suite on north side - central hall or living room with high ceiling and clerestory • Service quarters • Private quarters FORTRESSES • Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands • Close communications with other fortresses Fortress of Buhen • Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia • From here they could trade and invade lands to the south FORTRESS