the egyptian civization architecture
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The document provides an overview of Egyptian civilization, detailing its geographical, historical, and architectural characteristics. It covers the development of tomb architecture, including pyramids, mastabas, and rock-hewn tombs, highlighting significant monuments such as the Great Pyramid of Khufu and temples dedicated to pharaohs. Additionally, it explores aspects of Egyptian religion, society, and economy within the context of their monumental architecture.
the egyptian civization architecture
- 2. MAP OF EGYPTMAP OF EGYPT
- 3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION • What is Egypt ?What is Egypt ? • River flow and floodRiver flow and flood • DirectionDirection • GeographyGeography • No interruptionNo interruption • BuildingsBuildings
- 4. EARLY HISTORYEARLY HISTORY • SettlersSettlers • Provinces and kingdoms (4500-4000 BC)Provinces and kingdoms (4500-4000 BC) • Two major advancementsTwo major advancements • CalendarCalendar • WritingWriting • HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics
- 5. RELIGIONRELIGION • RaRa • Amon- RaAmon- Ra • OsirisOsiris • IsisIsis • Role of PharoahRole of Pharoah • Life in EgyptLife in Egypt • Religious guidanceReligious guidance
- 6. IDEOLOGYIDEOLOGY • Belief on judgementBelief on judgement • Body preservationBody preservation
- 7. SOCIAL SYSTEMSOCIAL SYSTEM • PharaohsPharaohs • AdministratorsAdministrators • Other officialsOther officials • SoldiersSoldiers
- 8. SOCIETYSOCIETY • Social classesSocial classes PharaohPharaoh Priests and noblesPriests and nobles A middle class of artisans, merchants and professionalsA middle class of artisans, merchants and professionals Agricultural peasantsAgricultural peasants SlavesSlaves • The womenThe women • MarriagesMarriages
- 10. CHARACTERISTICS OFCHARACTERISTICS OF EGYGTIAN CIVILIZATIONEGYGTIAN CIVILIZATION • FortificationFortification • OwnershipOwnership • Principles of Town planningPrinciples of Town planning • SectorsSectors
- 11. Architectural Character of EgyptArchitectural Character of Egypt Major CharacteristicsMajor Characteristics • Readily available material (papyrus, reed,Readily available material (papyrus, reed, clay)clay) • Less stone and more sun dried bricksLess stone and more sun dried bricks • Fiber or reed material for reinforcementFiber or reed material for reinforcement • Very thick walls (30-80ft) around theVery thick walls (30-80ft) around the enclosureenclosure • No true arch but brick vaultsNo true arch but brick vaults
- 12. ARCHITECTURALARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERCHARACTER • ColumnsColumns • Monumental and trabeatedMonumental and trabeated
- 13. • Approach of Temples (sphinxes)Approach of Temples (sphinxes) • Heavy and solid ArchitectureHeavy and solid Architecture
- 14. EGYPTIAN BUILDING TYPESEGYPTIAN BUILDING TYPES 1- Tomb Architecture1- Tomb Architecture MastabaMastaba Royal pyramidsRoyal pyramids Rock hewn tombsRock hewn tombs 2- Temples2- Temples 3- Dwellings3- Dwellings 4- Fortresses4- Fortresses
- 15. TombsTombs • In the beginning, the tombs wereIn the beginning, the tombs were rectangular in shape.rectangular in shape. • Gradually it changed to inclined roofGradually it changed to inclined roof building.building. • Ultimately it reached the true pyramid.Ultimately it reached the true pyramid. • Pyramid has square base and fourPyramid has square base and four triangular planes.triangular planes.
- 17. Mastaba tombsMastaba tombs • The graves looked like a house plan of several rooms.The graves looked like a house plan of several rooms. • The central one contained the sarcophagus.(stone coffinThe central one contained the sarcophagus.(stone coffin with inscription)with inscription) • For the greater security of goods and the body , the tombFor the greater security of goods and the body , the tomb chamber was sunk much deeper and cut in the rockchamber was sunk much deeper and cut in the rock below.below. • After the burial , heavy stone porticullises were droppedAfter the burial , heavy stone porticullises were dropped across the entrance.across the entrance. • Later the walls were covered with colored relief drawingsLater the walls were covered with colored relief drawings showing scenes from the daily life of the dead person.showing scenes from the daily life of the dead person.
- 18. The Mastaba TombThe Mastaba Tomb
- 19. The Royal PyramidsThe Royal Pyramids • Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) • Pyramid of ChephrenPyramid of Chephren • Pyramid of MykerinosPyramid of Mykerinos
- 20. Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) • Built in 2600 BC at GizehBuilt in 2600 BC at Gizeh • Cheops was the second king of the first dynasty.Cheops was the second king of the first dynasty. • It was 480ft high, and covered an area of 13It was 480ft high, and covered an area of 13 acres and built with 2 million tons of stoneacres and built with 2 million tons of stone blocks.blocks. • Among 7 wonders of worldAmong 7 wonders of world • Each stone block measured more than 2 tonsEach stone block measured more than 2 tons each.each. • It was lifted by means of lever.It was lifted by means of lever.
- 21. • The Greek historianThe Greek historian HerodotusHerodotus was toldwas told that it took 100,000 men 20 years to buildthat it took 100,000 men 20 years to build thethe Great PyramidGreat Pyramid at Giza. Scholarsat Giza. Scholars today, however, think it may have beentoday, however, think it may have been built by only 20,000 men over 20 years.built by only 20,000 men over 20 years.
- 22. • Located in Gizeh towards left of River Nile.Located in Gizeh towards left of River Nile. • Cheops was the second king of the 4th dynasty.Cheops was the second king of the 4th dynasty. • The four sides face the cardinal points.The four sides face the cardinal points. • Angles are nearly equilateral i.e 51 degrees 52Angles are nearly equilateral i.e 51 degrees 52 minutes.minutes. Inside 0f the PyramidInside 0f the Pyramid • It has three chambersIt has three chambers 1- King’s Chamber1- King’s Chamber 2- Queen’s Chamber2- Queen’s Chamber 3- Subterranean Chamber3- Subterranean Chamber
- 23. Section through the PyramidSection through the Pyramid
- 24. Inside of the pyramidInside of the pyramid • King’s chamber has sarcophagus made ofKing’s chamber has sarcophagus made of granite.granite. • Entrance is on the north side and 55ftEntrance is on the north side and 55ft above the ground level.above the ground level. • Queen’s chamber was sealed .Queen’s chamber was sealed . • Gallery going to the king’s chamber isGallery going to the king’s chamber is called the grand gallery.called the grand gallery.
- 25. • The grand gallery is 7.5ft high and 7ft wide.The grand gallery is 7.5ft high and 7ft wide. • It is covered by a corbelled vault.It is covered by a corbelled vault. • It was sealed by stone slabs after the burial.It was sealed by stone slabs after the burial. • Two shafts 18inches x 6inches leads from the king’sTwo shafts 18inches x 6inches leads from the king’s chamber to the outside of the pyramid.chamber to the outside of the pyramid. • They may be for ventilation or for the free passage ofThey may be for ventilation or for the free passage of Ka(spirit of the dead)Ka(spirit of the dead)
- 26. • EntranceEntrance King’s chamber and entrance toKing’s chamber and entrance to Queen’s chamberQueen’s chamber
- 27. The shaft and galleryThe shaft and gallery
- 28. The boatsThe boats On the east and west sides are twoOn the east and west sides are two boat shaped pits , cut in the rock.boat shaped pits , cut in the rock. They may be for the king’sThey may be for the king’s transport.transport.
- 29. Material of constructionMaterial of construction • Dressed Tura, limestone blocks were usedDressed Tura, limestone blocks were used for construction.for construction. • Blocks were bedded in thin limestoneBlocks were bedded in thin limestone mortar used as a lubricant rather than formortar used as a lubricant rather than for adhesive.adhesive.
- 30. Rock Hewn TombsRock Hewn Tombs • They were the tombs made by cutting the rocks.They were the tombs made by cutting the rocks. • They were mostly built after the middle kingdom.They were mostly built after the middle kingdom. • The temple's facade is dominated by fourThe temple's facade is dominated by four enormous seated statues of the Pharaoh (eachenormous seated statues of the Pharaoh (each over 20 meters or 67 feet high, although one hasover 20 meters or 67 feet high, although one has been damaged since ancient times.been damaged since ancient times.
- 31. Small and Great temple Abu –Small and Great temple Abu – Simbel 1301 BCSimbel 1301 BC
- 32. • The Great Temple is dedicated to Ramses II and aThe Great Temple is dedicated to Ramses II and a statue of him is seated with three other gods within thestatue of him is seated with three other gods within the innermost part of the rock-cut temple (the sanctuary).innermost part of the rock-cut temple (the sanctuary). The temple's facade is dominated by four enormousThe temple's facade is dominated by four enormous seated statues of the Pharaoh (each over 20 meters orseated statues of the Pharaoh (each over 20 meters or 67 feet high), although one has been damaged since67 feet high), although one has been damaged since ancient times. The Small Temple was probablyancient times. The Small Temple was probably completed ahead of the Great Temple and is dedicatedcompleted ahead of the Great Temple and is dedicated to Ramses' favorite wife, Nefertari. At the entrance standto Ramses' favorite wife, Nefertari. At the entrance stand six 10-metre-high (33 feet) rock-cut statues - two ofsix 10-metre-high (33 feet) rock-cut statues - two of Ramses and one of Nefertari on either side of theRamses and one of Nefertari on either side of the doorway.doorway.