Electromagnetic Braking System using Ultrasonic Sensor

International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science, 7(4)
Jul-Aug, 2021
Available: https://aipublications.com/ijcmes/
Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2455-5304
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijcmes.74.1 1
Electromagnetic Braking System using Ultrasonic Sensor
Mohd. Sabir Khan, Arun Kumar Rao, Naresh Choudhary, Jeetendra Kumar Sharma,
Tejeshwar, Mr. Naween Jha, Mr. Ghanshyam Mishra
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Global Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
Received: 15 Jun 2021; Received in revised form: 27 Jun 2021; Accepted: 04 Jul 2021; Available online: 08 Jul 2021
©2021 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Abstract— The concept of our paper is based on the automatic braking system. As we know that most time
the accident takes place due to loss of control, drunk & drive and much more breaking reason.In our
system there is a sensor that detects the speed of movement of the vehicle and an ultrasonic sensor, that
sense the distance of the object in front of the vehicle. The sensor system will sense the speed of the vehicle
or object in the front while the microcontroller calculates the distance required to stop the moving vehicle.
The whole system is automatic and the braking application will take place without any manual input
therefore it will decrease the rate of error hence the rate of road accidents.
Keywords— Embedded System, Ultrasonic Sensor, Microcontroller, Transmitter, Automatic Braking
I. INTRODUCTION
A most important part of a vehicle system is a braking
system. In a conventional braking system, the kinetic
energy is converted into thermal energy. But in this
system, we are going to use an electromagnetic braking
system with a combination of sensors and
microcontrollers. In an electromagnetic braking system,
we use the electromagnetic property such as lenz law and
farady law. We have used an ultrasonic sensor and
microcontroller so that we can control and calculate the
distance required for safe breaking with high efficiency.
Fig1 Project Prototype
A. Problem Statement:
The motive of the project is “Safe Drive, Save Life”
therefore we have designed a fabricated automatic braking
system to decrease the rate of accidents due to Driver’s
irresponsibility.
B. Solution Proposed
An automatic braking system using an ultrasonic sensor
which can detect the obstacle in the way of the vehicle and
can take the decision of brake application.
II. UTILITIES USED
A. Ultrasonic Sensor
It is an electronic device that measures the distance
between the source and the obstacle in front of it. It has
two main component transistor and receiver.[4] The speed
of ultrasonic waves is faster than the speed of audible
sound. There are two main components in the ultrasonic
sensor: the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter
emits the ultrasonic wave while the receiver detects the
wave after reflection from the obstacle in front.[4]
Fig. 2 Ultrasonic Sensor

Mohd. Sabir Khan et al. Electromagnetic Braking System using Ultrasonic Sensor
ISSN: 2455-5304
B. Electromagnetic Coil
An electromagnetic coil is an electrical component. It is
made up of an electrical conductor such as conducting
wire in the shape of a spiral, coil or helix. In many
mechatronic system, we use the coil as a temporary
magnet.
Fig. 3 Electromagnetic Coil
C. DC Motor
DC motor is an electronic device that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. Since it works on direct
current therefore it is called as DC motor..
Fig. 4 DC Motor
D. Arduino UNO
The Arduino UNO is ATmega328 based microcontroller.
It has 20 digital input/output pins, a 16 MHz resonator, a
USB connection, a power jack, rest button and an in-
circuit system programming (ICSP) header. [5] We can
use USB cable or external 9-volt battery for powering it,
though it works between 7 to 20 volts.
Fig.5 Arduino UNO
E. BC548
BC548 is a transistor. It is an NPN transistor in which the
collector and emitter will left open. It works on reversed
biased.
Fig.6 BC548
F. Crystal Oscillitor
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit. It is
used for the mechanical resonance of a vibrating
piezoelectric crystal. It creates an electrical signal with a
given frequency.
Fig.7 Crystal Oscillator
G. PCB
PCB also known as printed circuit board provide
mechanical support electrical connection between the
electric component. It uses conductive tracks, pads and
other features echoed from one or more sheet layers of
copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a
non-conductive substrate.
Fig.8 Printed Circuit Board

ISSN: 2455-5304
III. CONFIGURING AND CALCULATIONS
A. Code Configuration
inttrigPin = 9;
intechoPin = 10;
int led1 = 8;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
long duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigPin,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(1000);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration=pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
if((distance<=30))
{
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led1, HIGH);
}
else if(distance>30)
{
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
digitalWrite(led1, LOW );
} }
B. Calculation
Braking Distance = V2
/ 2µg (meter)
Where V= Velocity of the vehicle (m/s)
µ = Friction Coefficient = 0.8
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81(m/s2
)
In this formula the condition of brakes and the
road conditions are not considered for coefficient
of friction µ. [2]
Table 1 Braking Distance
Velocity
(km/hr)
Braking
Distance (m)
60 17.69
50 12.28
40 7.86
30 4.42
05 0.12
IV. WORKING
A. Working of Electromagnetic Brake
The principle of a conventional braking system is the
conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy.[1] When
the brake is activated in the vehicle, a huge retarding force
which is several times as powerful as the force required to
put the car in motion is activated and emitt the associated
kinetic energy as thermal energy.
It transmits torque mechanically but uses an electric
actuation. A magnetic field is created when the brake
receives a current and due to which the coil is turned into
an electromagnet that creates magnetic lines of flux. This
flux attracts the armature.[1] Usually, the armature and
hub are mounted on a rotating shaft. The attraction force
between coil and armature brings the rotating shaft to stop
in a short amount of time.
When there is no current supply, then the armature can
turn with the shaft smoothly. In most cases of
electromagnetic brakes, the armature is held away from the
braking surface with the help of spring.
B. Working of EMBUS
EMBUS consist of an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver
on the front of the vehicle. The transmitter emits an
ultrasonic wave regularly. [3] These waves are reflected by
the obstacle and are received by the ultrasonic receiver.
Then the microcontroller controls the speed of the vehicle
on the base of the detection pulse information. The quick
response time provide is used to shorten the braking
distance by introducing advanced control of braking
system operation.

ISSN: 2455-5304
Fig.9 Circuit Pin Diagram
V. CONCLUSION
Our motive was to reduce the error from the braking
system by introducing automation in braking system. In
our prototype when the sensor senses the obstacle in front
of the vehicle, it will send a signal to the control unit
which will give the command for braking. Hence, we have
reduced the rate of error by introducing automation in the
braking system.
REFERENCES
[1] Vtechworks.lib.vt.edu. 2021. General Principles OF
Electromagnetic Brakes. [online] Available at:
<https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/3059
8/CHAP1_DOC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y> [Accessed
1 July 2021].
[2] S. Deotale, M. and Shivankar, H., 2016. Review on
Intelligent Braking System. [online] Ijritcc.org. Available at:
<https://ijritcc.org/download/conferences/ICMTEST_2016/I
CMTEST_2016_Track/1461913781_29-04-2016.pdf>
[Accessed 1 July 2021].
[3] Kavatkar, T., Salvi, H. and Rahate, M., 2017. Design and
Analysis of Intelligent Braking System. [online] Jetir.org.
Available at:
<https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRAE06056.pdf>
[Accessed 1 July 2021].
[4] Carullo, Alessio & Parvis, Marco. (2001). An ultrasonic
sensor for distance measurement in automotive applications.
Sensors Journal, IEEE. 1. 143 - 147.
10.1109/JSEN.2001.936931. [Accessed 1 July 2021].
[5] Louis, Leo. (2018). Working Principle of Arduino and
Using it as a Tool for Study and Research. International
Journal of Control, Automation, Communication and
Systems. 1. 10.5121/ijcacs.2016.1203. [Accessed 1 July
2021].

Electromagnetic Braking System using Ultrasonic Sensor

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