Embedded system in automobile

Embedded System in Automobile
By : Amit Kumar Sah
Roll No: 09/ECE/73
NIT Durgapur

Embedded System- Definition?
“An embedded system is a
combination of hardware and
software which creates a
dedicated computer system
that performs specific, pre-
defined tasks and which is
encapsulated within the
device it controls (if it is part
of a larger device).”

• FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) : A type of logic chip that can be programmed & supports
thousands of gates
•ASIC (Application-specific integrated circuit): An integrated circuit (IC) that has been customized for
a specific use
Embedded system components

Characteristics of embedded systems
 Sophisticated functionality.
 Often have to run sophisticated algorithms or multiple algorithms.
 Often provide sophisticated user interfaces.
 Real-time operation .
 Must finish operations by deadlines
 Many systems are multi-rate must handle operations at widely varying
rates
 Low manufacturing cost.
 Low power.
 Designed to tight deadlines by small teams.

Automotive Systems: Technology in today's vehicle
 Air Bags
 The Black Box
 Anti-lock Brake System(ABS)
 Adaptive Cruise Control
 Drive by wire
 Satellite Radio Eg:XM
 Telematics Eg:OnStar
 Rain-sensing Wipers
 Emission Control
 Traction Control
 Automatic Parking
 In-vehicle entertainment
 Heads-up display
 Night Vision
 Back-up collision sensor
 Navigation Systems
 Tire Pressure Monitor
 Climate Control

Air Bags : Principle of function
 It is from the Newton's 2nd law of
motion
 It basically restrains the
continuous motion of the
passenger, by giving a soft surface
to land on.
 AIR BAGS are among the most
important safety improvements
added to cars and light trucks in
recent years, providing extra
protection for front-seat occupants
in head-on crashes.
 And of late, every passengers
protection
Fig : Air Bag- Working

Event Data Recorder-EDR or the The "Black Box"
 The Event Data Recorder (EDR) in
an automobile is based upon the
sensors and microprocessor
computer system that are used to
activate the airbag in the vehicle
during a crash.
 The SDM, which is controlled by a
microprocessor, has multiple
functions:
(1) It determines if a severe enough
impact has occurred to warrant
deployment of the air bag;
(2) It monitors the air bags components;
(3) It permanently records information.
Black Box – Exterior View
Black Box – Interior View

Anti-lock Braking System(ABS)
 Up until the seventies, hitting the brakes too
hard could lead to an accident.
 The reason: When the coefficient of slip
between tires and road surface is too low,
hitting the brakes can cause wheel lock-up.
The vehicle is no longer steerable and goes
into a skid.
 In particular, this danger is present
 On wet or slippery road surfaces with different
levels of grip between tires and road
 On preventing wheel lock-up:
 Reduces the total braking distance as far
as possible
 Increase vehicle stability
 Maintains steer ability even in case of all-out
braking
Without ABS
The vehicle in no longer
steerable when driver
hits the brake
With ABS
The vehicle remains
steerable even during
panic

Principle of functioning
 Wheel-speed sensors detect whether a wheel is showing a tendency to
lock-up
 In case of a lock-up tendency, the electronic control unit reduces the
braking pressure individually at the wheel concerned
 High-speed correction of the braking pressure up to shortly before the
lock-up threshold
 The brake-fluid return together with the closed-loop brake circuits makes
this a safe, reliable, and cost-effective system
Advantage
 A gain for driving safety
 The vehicle remains steerable, even in case of panic braking
 Shorter stopping distances on practically all road surfaces
 Many accidents are avoided

Dynamic Traction & Stability Control
 The traction control system is required to prevent driver error from
overloading any of the four wheels and causing slip, through either
throttle or brake application
 Drastically improve vehicle performance and safety by maintaining
optimal wheel traction in all road conditions
 The basic principle is always the adaptation of the wheel torque to the
coefficient of friction between the wheel and the road surface.
 To this end, the systems make use of different intervention methods
 In the wheel brakes
 In the drivetrain control

Dynamic Traction & Stability Control
Fig: The Principle of Functioning of TCS with brakes

Intelligent Cruise Control
 Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control with Collision Warning (CACC +
CW)
 CACC: Cruise at given speed when the road is clear (cruise control)
otherwise follow the car in front, using radar (adaptive) and/or
communications (cooperative).
 CW: Warn the driver when an object is being approached too fast, or
is too close
How it works :
 Uses forward-looking radar, installed behind the grill of a vehicle, to
detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it.
 Can automatically adjust speed in order to maintain a proper distance
between vehicles in the same lane

Drive by wire
 Drive-by-Wire replaces mechanical connections – push rods,rack
& pinion, steering columns, overhead cams, cables – by
mechatronic connections – sensors, actuators, embedded
microprocessors, control software
Fig: Drive-by-Wire Throttle Control Fig: Future Car with drive by wire technology

Toyota’s Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Conclusion : It’s a connected drive

Embedded system in automobile

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