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This document outlines an embedded systems course, including: 1. An overview of topics like embedded hardware, platforms, and development. 2. Evaluation will be based on term papers, seminars, projects (60%), midterm (20%), and final exam (40%). 3. An embedded system is a microprocessor-based subsystem within a larger system, with applications in automotive, medical, and more.
![Importance of Embedded Software
and Embedded Processors
“... the New York Times has
estimated that the average Most of the
American comes into contact functionality
with about 60 micro- of embedded
processors every day....” systems
[Camposano, 1996] will be
implemented
in software!
Latest top-level BMWs
contain over 100 micro-
processors
[Personal communication]
BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 25
9540854414](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/64250957-embedded-systems-ppt-120611064918-phpapp02/85/Buy-Embedded-Systems-Projects-Online-25-320.jpg)
![Views on embedded System
• It is estimated that each year embedded software is
written five times as much as 'regular' software
• The vast majority of CPU-chips produced world-wide
today are used in the embedded market ... ; only a small
portion of CPU's is applied in PC's
• ... the number of software-constructors of Embedded
Systems will rise from 2 million in 1994 to 10 million
in 2010;
... the number of constructors employed by software-
producers 'merely' rises from 0.6 million to 1.1 million.
[Department of Trade and Industry/ IDC Benelux BV: Embedded software
research in the Netherlands. Analysis and results, 1997
(according to: www.scintilla.utwente.nl/shintabi/engels/thema_text.html)]
BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 26
9540854414](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/64250957-embedded-systems-ppt-120611064918-phpapp02/85/Buy-Embedded-Systems-Projects-Online-26-320.jpg)
Buy Embedded Systems Projects Online
- 1. BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 9540854414 Embedded Systems Theory and Design 1
- 2. Course overview (contd) Tentative contents: 2. Introduction to Embedded Computing 3. Embedded System Hardware 4. Embedded Computing Platform 5. Programming Embedded Systems 6. Embedded System Development 6. Case Study and Assignments for Designing a Complete System BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 2 9540854414
- 3. Course Overview • Evaluation criteria: • Term papers / Seminars/ Projects : 40% (20% will be clubbed with end term marks and 20% will contribute as Teacher's Assessment) • Mid Term (written): 20% • End Term (written): 40% BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 3 9540854414
- 4. What is an Embedded System An Embedded System is a microprocessor based system that is embedded as a subsystem, in a larger system (which may or may not be a computer system). I O BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 4 9540854414
- 5. Application areas • Automotive electronics • Aircraft electronics • Trains • Telecommunication BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 5 9540854414
- 6. Application areas • Medical systems • Military applications • Authentication BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 6 9540854414
- 7. Application areas • Consumer electronics • Fabrication equipment • Smart buildings BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 7 9540854414
- 8. Essential Components • Microprocessor / DSP • Sensors • Converters (A-D and D-A) • Actuators • Memory (On-chip and Off chip) • Communication path with the interacting environment BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 8 9540854414
- 9. Embedded System Structure (Generic) A- Processor & D- Actuator Sensor ASICs D A Memory BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 9 9540854414
- 10. Essential Considerations • Response Time -- Real Time Systems • Area • Cost • Portability • Low Power (Battery Life) Fault Tolerance BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 10 9540854414
- 11. Design Issues (Hardware-Software Co-design) • System Specification – Functions, Real Time Constraints, Cost and Power Constraints • Hardware Software Partitioning • Hardware Synthesis • Software Synthesis and Code Generation • Simulation • Implementation BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 11 9540854414
- 12. ES, MS and RTS • All embedded systems are microprocessor based systems, but all microprocessor based systems may not be amenable to embedding (Area, Power, Cost, Payload parameters). • Most of the embedded systems have real time constraints, but there may be ES which are not hard RTS (for example off line Palm tops) • There may be RTS which are not embedded (e.g. Separate Process Control Computers in a network) • Embedded Systems are not GPS; they are designed for dedicated applications with specific interfaces with the sphere of control BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 12 9540854414
- 13. General Characteristics of Embedded Systems • Perform a single task – Usually not general purpose • Increasingly high performance and real time constrained • Power, cost and reliability are important considerations • HW-SW systems – Software is used for more features and flexibility – Hardware (processors, ASICs, memory etc. are used for performance and security BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 13 9540854414
- 14. General Characteristics of Embedded Systems (contd.) Analog ASIC s IO Mem Digital Processor Cores ASIPs and ASICs form a significant component – Adv: customization lower power, cost and enhanced performance – Disadv: higher development effort (debuggers, compilers etc.) and BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ larger time to market 9540854414 14
- 15. Classification of Embedded Systems • Distributed and Non distributed • Reactive and Transformational • Control dominated and Data dominated BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 15 9540854414
- 16. Application Specific Characteristics • Application is known before the system is designed • System is however made programmable for – Feature upgrades – Product differentiation • Often application development occurs in parallel to system development – Hw-Sw partitioning should be as delayed as possible • For upgrades design reuse is an important criterion – IP reuse, object oriented development BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 16 9540854414
- 17. DSP Characteristics • Signals are increasingly being represented digitally as a sequence of samples • ADCs are moving closer to signals; RFs are also treated digitally • Typical DSP processing includes: – Filtering, DFT, DCT etc. – Speech and image: Compression, decompression, encryption, decryption etc. – Modems: Equalization, noise and echo cancellation, better SNR – Communication channel: encoding, decoding, equalization etc. BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 17 9540854414
- 18. Distributed Characteristics • Components may be physically distributed • Communicating processes on multiple processors • Dedicated hw connected through communicating channels • Often economical – 4 x 8 Bit controllers may be cheaper than a 32 bit microcontroller – Multiple processors can perform multiple time critical tasks – Better logistics – devices being controlled may be BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ physically distributed 9540854414 18
- 19. Design Metrics • Unit cost – the $ cost for each unit excluding development cost • NRE cost: $ cost for design and development • Size: The physical space reqd. – determined by bytes of sw, number of gates and transistors in hw • Performance: execution time or throughput of the system • Power: lifetime of battery, cooling provisions • Flexibility: ability to change functionality without heavy NRE cost BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 19 9540854414
- 20. Design Metrics (contd.) • Time to market = Time to prototype + Time to refine + Time to produce in bulk • Correctness: Test and Validation • Safety: • Often these metrics are contradictory – hence calls for optimization • Processor choice, partitioning decisions, compilation knowledge • Requires expertise in hw and sw both BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 20 9540854414
- 21. Major Subtasks of Embedded System Design • Modeling the system to be designed and constraints – Experimenting with different algorithms and their preliminary evaluation – Factoring the task into smaller subtasks and modeling their interaction • Refinement • HW-SW partitioning – Allocating the tasks into hw, sw running on custom hw or general purpose hw • Scheduling – allocation of time steps for several modules sharing the same resource • Implementation: Actual hw binding and sw code generation • Simulation and Validation • Iterate if necessary BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 21 9540854414
- 22. What is Co-design? • Traditional design – SW and HW partitioning done at an early stage and development henceforth proceeds independently • CAD tools are focussed towards hardware synthesis • For embedded systems we need several components – DSPs, microprocessors, network and bus interface etc. • HW-SW codesign allow hw and sw design to proceed in parallel with interactions and feedback between the two processes • Evaluation of trade offs and performance yields ultimate result BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 22 9540854414
- 23. CAD for Embedded Systems • Co-design: Joint optimization of hw and sw to optimize design metrics • Co-synthesis: Synthesizes designs from formal specifications • Rapid prototyping and design space exploration • Many of the tasks are interrelated • Intermediate evaluation is not easy as a later decision in one path affects the other BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 23 9540854414
- 24. A Mix of Disciplines • Application Domain (Signal processing, control …) • Software Engg. ( Design Process plays an important role) • Programming Language • Compilers and Operating System • Architecture – Processor and IO techniques • Parallel and Distributed Computing • Real Time Systems BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 24 9540854414
- 25. Importance of Embedded Software and Embedded Processors “... the New York Times has estimated that the average Most of the American comes into contact functionality with about 60 micro- of embedded processors every day....” systems [Camposano, 1996] will be implemented in software! Latest top-level BMWs contain over 100 micro- processors [Personal communication] BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 25 9540854414
- 26. Views on embedded System • It is estimated that each year embedded software is written five times as much as 'regular' software • The vast majority of CPU-chips produced world-wide today are used in the embedded market ... ; only a small portion of CPU's is applied in PC's • ... the number of software-constructors of Embedded Systems will rise from 2 million in 1994 to 10 million in 2010; ... the number of constructors employed by software- producers 'merely' rises from 0.6 million to 1.1 million. [Department of Trade and Industry/ IDC Benelux BV: Embedded software research in the Netherlands. Analysis and results, 1997 (according to: www.scintilla.utwente.nl/shintabi/engels/thema_text.html)] BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 26 9540854414
- 27. Some problems • How can we capture the required behaviour of complex systems ? • How do we validate specifications? • How do we translate specifications efficiently into implementation? • Do software engineers ever consider electrical power? • How can we check that we meet real-time constraints? •How do we validate embedded real-time software? (large volumes of data, testing may be safety-critical) BY TECNOCRATS INFOTECH @ 27 9540854414
Editor's Notes
- #2: This lecture is intended to introduce the basic concept of embedded systems. At the end of this lecture the student will be able to define embedded systems identify embedded systems differentiate embedded systems with non-embedded systems and non-embedded real time systems
- #5: Highlight the interaction with the environment Input output communications require proper transduction and actuation So A/D conversion requirements can also be mentioned here A very important aspect that should be mentioned is that the design of the hardware and software of the ES derives its specifications from the environment with which it will interact